Ochrovirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., A Novel Agar-Lytic Marine Bacterium of the Family Flavobacteriaceae Isolated From A Seaweed

A strain designated as S85^T was isolated from a seaweed collected from coastal area of Chuuk State in Micronesia. The strain was gram-negative, rod-shaped, and non-motile and formed yellow colonies on the SWY agar (0.2 % yeast extract and 1.5 % agar in seawater) and Marine agar 2216. The strain grew at pH 5–9 (optimum, pH 8), at 15–40 °C (optimum, 25–28 °C), and with 1–9 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain S85^T was related to Lutibacter litoralis CL-TF09^T and Maritimimonas rapanae A31^T with 91.4 % and with 90.5 % similarity, respectively. The dominant fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH and iso-C_17:0 3-OH, C_16:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH). The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 34.6 mol %. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown glycolipid and two unknown polar lipids. Based on this polyphasic taxonomic data, strain S85^T stands for a novel species of a new genus, and we propose the name Ochrovirga pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of O. pacifica is S85^T (=KCCM 90106 =JCM 18327^T).     

Bacillus borbori sp. Nov., Isolated From an Electrochemically Active Biofilm

A Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, motile, endospore-forming rod strain, designated DX-4^T, was isolated from an electrochemically active biofilm. Growth occurred at 30–65 °C (optimum 55 °C), at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5) and with <6 % (w/v) NaCl. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The main respiratory quinone was MK-7, the predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, and unidentified aminophospholipid, the DNA G+C content was 38.6 mol% and the major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C_15:0 (38.9 %), iso-C_17:0 (30.5 %), iso-C_16:0 (5.6 %), and anteiso-C_17:0 (5.2 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain DX-4^T is a member of the genus Bacillus. The results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that strain DX-4^T represents a novel species, for which the name Bacillus borbori sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DX-4^T (= CCTCC AB2012196^T = KCTC 33103^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Virgibacillus kimchii</Emphasis> sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from kimchi

A Gram-stain-positive, halophilic, rod-shaped, non-motile, spore forming bacterium, strain NKC1-2^T, was isolated from kimchi, a Korean fermented food. Comparative analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence demonstrated that the isolated strain was a species of the genus Virgibacillus. Strain NKC1-2^T exhibited high level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of Virgibacillus xinjiangensis SL6-1^T (96.9%), V. sediminis YIM kkny3^T (96.8%), and V. salarius SA-Vb1^T (96.7%). The isolate grew at pH 6.5–10.0 (optimum, pH 8.5–9.0), 0.0–25.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10–15% NaCl), and 15–50°C (optimum, 37°C). The major menaquinone in the strain was menaquinone-7, and the main peptidoglycan of the strain was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant fatty acids of the strain were iso-C_14:0, anteisio-C_15:0, iso- C_15:0, and iso-C_16:0 (other components were < 10.0%). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G + C content of NKC1-2^T was 42.5 mol%. On the basis of these findings, strain NKC1-2^T is proposed as a novel species in the genus Virgibacillus, for which the name Virgibacillus kimchii sp. nov. is proposed (=KACC 19404^T =JCM 32284^T). The type strain of Virgibacillus kimchii is NKC1-2T.     

Aquimarina penaei sp. nov., isolated from intestinal tract contents of Pacific white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei

A novel bacterial strain designated P3-1^T was isolated from the intestinal tract contents of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) in Zhangpu, Fujian province, China. The isolate was found to be Gram-negative, long rod shaped, oxidase- and catalase- positive. Growth was observed at 1–7 % sea salt (w/v, optimum, 3 %), at pH 7.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 10–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C). The isolate was capable of hydrolysing gelatin, casein, starch and DNA but unable to degrade Tween 20, 40, 80 and cellulose. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain P3-1^T belongs to the genus Aquimarina, with highest sequence similarity to Aquimarina gracilis PSC32^T (96.2 %), followed by Aquimarina intermedia KMM 6258^T (96.1 %), Aquimarina spongiae A6^T (95.9 %) and Aquimarina muelleri KMM 6020^T (95.8 %). The principal cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3OH, C_16:1 ω7c/ω6c, iso-C_15:1 G, iso-C_15:0 3OH, iso-C_17:1 ω9c/C_16:0 10-methyl and C_16:0. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was determined to be 33.3 mol%. The respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-6 (100 %). The combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain P3-1^T represents a novel species within the genus Aquimarina, for which the name Aquimarina penaei sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain P3-1^T (=MCCC 1A09871^T = LMG 27943^T).     

Oceanobacillus halophilum sp. nov. Isolated from a Mangrove Forest Soil

A halophilic, aerobic bacterium, designated GD01^T, was isolated from a mangrove forest soil near the South China Sea. Cells of strain GD01^T were Gram staining positive, oxidase positive, and catalase positive. The strain was rod shaped and motile by means of peritrichous flagella and produced ellipsoidal endospores. The strain was able to grow with NaCl at concentrations of 0.5–12 % (optimum 3–5 %, w/v), at temperatures of 20–50 °C (optimum 30 °C), and at pH 6.0–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GD01^T formed a cluster with O. profundus DSM 18246^T (96.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), O. caeni KCTC 13061^T (95.4 %), and O. oncorhynchi JCM 12661^T (94.5 %). The G+C content of strain GD01^T was 38.7 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_16:0 (13.7 %), anteiso-C_17:0 (12.6 %), iso-C_15:0 (9.9 %), iso-C_14:0 (9.5 %), and C_16:0 (5.0 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, four unknown lipids, and four unknown phospholipids. Based on phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic features, and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the strain was identified to represent a distinct novel species in the genus Oceanobacillus, and the name proposed is Oceanobacillus halophilum sp. nov. with type train GD01^T (=CCTCC AB 2012863^T = KCTC 33101^T).     

Lysobacter thermophilus sp. nov., isolated from a geothermal soil sample in Tengchong, south-west China

A Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 77875^T, was isolated from a geothermal soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan Province, south-west China. Bacterial growth occurred from 37 to 65 °C (optimum 50 °C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–1 % NaCl (w/v). Cells were rod-shaped and colonies were convex, circular, smooth, yellow and non-transparent. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 77875^T belongs to the genus Lysobacter. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain YIM 77875^T and other species of the genus Lysobacter were all below 94.7 %. The polar lipids of strain YIM 77875^T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-8 and the G+C content was 68.8 mol%. Major fatty acids were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_11:0. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, as well as genotypic data, strain YIM 77875^T represents a novel species, Lysobacter thermophilus sp. nov., in the genus Lysobacter. The type strain is YIM 77875^T (CCTCC AB 2012064^T = KCTC 32020^T).     

Niabella thaonhiensis sp. nov., Isolated From the Forest Soil of Kyonggi University in Korea

Strain NHI-24^T was isolated from forest soil by a polycarbonate membrane transwell plate. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore-forming bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that strain NHI-24^T is closely related to members of the genus Niabella: N. drilacis E90^T (97.7 %), N. tibetensis 15-4^T (96.7 %), N. aurantiaca R2A15-11^T (96.5 %), N. hirudinis E96^T (95.8 %), N. soli JS13-8^T (94.7 %), N. ginsengisoli NBRC106414^T (94.4 %), and N. yanshanensis CCBAU 05354^T (94.2 %). Growth temperatures range widely, from 15 to 37 °C, with 30 °C as the optimum. Salt tolerance ranges from 0 to 2 %. The strain grows at pH 6.5–11.0, with an optimal range of pH 7.0–9.5. Cells produce flexirubin-type pigments, and the predominant menaquinone is MK-7. The major fatty acids of strain NHI-24^T are iso-C_15:0 (36.72 %), iso-C_15:1 G (20.8 %), and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 15.2 %). DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain NHI-24^T and members of the genus Niabella range from 37 to 53 %. Based on these results, it is proposed that strain NHI-24^T represents a novel species of the genus Niabella with the name Niabella thaonhiensis (= KACC 17215^T = KEMB 9005-018^T = JCM 18864^T).     

Winogradskyella jejuensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a brown alga Carpopeltis affinis

A Gram-negative, orange-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CP32^T was isolated from a brown alga Carpopeltis affinis collected on the coast of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The isolate grew at 10–37°C (optimum 25°C) and at pH 6.5–9.5 (optimum pH 7.0). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate showed much similarity with the type strains of recognized species of the genus Winogradskyella (94.0–96.6%). The most closely related species were Winogradskyella echinorum KMM 6211^T, Winogradskyella ulvae KMM 6390^T, Winogradskyella thalassocola KMM 3907^T, Winogradskyella poriferorum UST030701-295^T, and Winogradskyella eximia KMM 3944^T. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:1 G (24.8%), iso-C_15:0 (23.4%), and iso-C_17:0 3-OH (11.6 %). The DNA G+C content was 33.3 mol%. The polar lipid profile was composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminolipids, and five unknown lipids. On the basis of phenotypic features, and the result of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CP32^T (=KCTC 23835^T =JCM 18454^T) represents a novel species of the genus Winogradskyella, for which the name Winogradskyella jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robiginitalea sediminis</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from a sea cucumber culture pond

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile, orange and rod/coccoid-shaped bacterium, designated O458^T, was isolated from sediment collected from a sea cucumber culture pond located in Rongcheng, Shandong province, China (122°14′E, 36°54′N). Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain O458^T is a member of the genus Robiginitalea and is closely related to Robiginitalea biformata (95.7% sequence similarity) and Robiginitalea myxolifaciens (94.9%). Its DNA G+C content was 55.2 mol%. The strain grew at temperatures between 15 and 45 °C (optimum 33 °C), from pH 6.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5) and between 1.0 and 6.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.0%). Strain O458^T was found to contain menaquinon-6 (MK-6) as the only respiratory quinone, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and Summed feature 1 (iso-C_15:1 H and/or iso-C_13:0 3-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and four unidentified lipids (L1, L2, L3 and L4). On the basis of the results of the phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses it is suggested that strain O458^T represents a novel species of the genus Robiginitalea, for which the name Robiginitalea sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is O458^T (=KCTC 52898^T=MCCC 1H00190^T).     

Isolation of Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. from forest soil in Gyeonggi-Do,Korea

Using a new culture method for unculturable soil bacteria, strain NB5^T was isolated from forest soil at Kyonggi University, and characterized taxonomically on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics. The novel strain was a Gram- and catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, which grew in the pH range 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 6.5–9.5) and at temperatures between 15°C and 45°C (optimum, 25–40°C). Growth was possible at 0–5% NaCl (optimum, 0% to 3%) in nutrient, Luria-Bertani, and trypticase soy broths (TSB), as well as R2A medium (with optimal growth in TSB). A phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the novel strain was affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus and had 96.8% and 96.5% similarity to P. nanensis MX2-3^T and P. agaridevorans DSM 1355^T, respectively. The predominant menaquinone in NB5^T was MK-7; the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0; and the DNA G+C content was 54.5 mol%. We propose this strain as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, and suggest the name Paenibacillus pinesoli sp. nov. (type strain, KACC 17472^T=KEMB 9005-025^T=JCM 19203^T).     

Thermus tengchongensis sp. nov., isolated from a geothermally heated soil sample in Tengchong, Yunnan, south-west China

A Gram-stain negative aerobic bacterium, designated YIM 77924^T, was isolated from a geothermally heated soil sample collected at Rehai National Park, Tengchong, Yunnan province, south-west China. Growth was found to occur from 55 to 75 °C (optimum 65 °C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–1 % NaCl (w/v). Cells were observed to be rod-shaped and the colonies convex, circular, smooth, yellow and non-transparent. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain YIM 77924^T belongs to the genus Thermus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain YIM 77924^T and other species of the genus Thermus were all below 97 %. The polar lipids of strain YIM 77924^T were determined to be aminophospholipid, phospholipid and glycolipid. The predominant respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-8 and the G+C content was 66.64 mol%. The major fatty acids identified were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. On the basis of the morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as genotypic data, strain YIM 77924^T is proposed to represent a novel species, Thermus tengchongensis sp. nov., in the genus Thermus. The type strain is YIM 77924^T (=KCTC 32025^T = CCTCC AB2012063^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spirosoma metallicus</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from an automobile air conditioning system

A Gram-stain-negative and orangish yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated PR1014K^T, was isolated from an automobile evaporator core collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PR1014K^T was related with the members of the genus Spirosoma (94.7–90.2%) and closely related with Spirosoma lacussanchae CPCC 100624^T (94.7%), Spirosoma knui 15J8-12^T (94.3%), and Spirosoma soli MIMBbqt12^T (93.3%). The strain grew at 15–40°C (optimum, 25°C), pH 6.5–7.0 (optimum, 6.5) and 0–1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), C_16:0, iso-C_15:0, C_16:1 ω5c, and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile of the strain indicated that the presence of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 47.4 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain PR1014K^T represents a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma metallicus sp. nov. (=KACC 17940^T =NBRC 110792^T) is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilibacillus kimchii</Emphasis> sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from kimchi

A novel halophilic bacterium, strain K7^T, was isolated from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented food. The strain is Gram-positive, motile, and produces terminal endospores. The isolate is facultative aerobic and grows at salinities of 0.0–25.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 10–15% NaCl), pH 5.5–8.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5), and 15–42°C (optimum 37°C). The predominant isoprenoid quinone in the strain is menaquinone-7 and the peptidoglycan of the strain is meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids of the strain are anteisio-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, and, C_16:0 (other components were < 10.0%), while the major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and three unidentified lipids. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the isolated strain was a cluster of the genus Gracilibacillus. High levels of gene sequence similarity were observed between strain K7^T and Gracilibacillus orientalis XH-63^T (96.5%), and between the present strain and Gracilibacillus xinjiangensis (96.5%). The DNA G+C content of this strain is 37.7 mol%. Based on these findings, strain K7^T is proposed as a novel species: Gracilibacillus kimchii sp. nov. The type strain is K7^T (KACC 18669^T; JCM 31344^T).     

Salegentibacter echinorum sp. nov., isolated from the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

A novel Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated HD4^T, was isolated from the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus collected from the Yellow Sea in China. Optimal growth of the strain was observed at 28–30 °C, pH 6.8–7.3, and in the presence of 3–5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain HD4^T exhibited high similarity with the members of Salegentibacter (92.3–95.4 %). The DNA G+C content was 37.0 mol%, MK-6 was the main respiratory quinone and summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C_15:0 2-OH/C_16:1ω7c), iso-C_15:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and anteiso-C_15:0 were the major cellular fatty acids. The predominant polar lipids in strain HD4^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unknown lipids (L2, L4). Based on the phylogenetic, physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain HD4^T should be classified as a novel species within the genus Salegentibacter, for which the name Salegentibacter echinorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HD4^T (=CICC 10466^T = NRRL B-59666^T).     

Pedobacter namyangjuensis sp. nov. isolated from soil and reclassification of Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens Asker et al. 2008 as Pedobacter zeaxanthinifaciens comb. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic, yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated strain 5G38^T, was isolated from a field cultivated with Chinese cabbage in Korea. The strain grew at 5–40°C and at pH 6.0–8.0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain 5G38^T represented a distinct lineage within the family Sphingobacteriaceae and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.2% with Pedobacter koreensis WPCB189^T, followed by Pedobacter agri PB92^T (94.6%), Pedobacter suwonensis 15–52^T (94.4%), Pedobacter rhizosphaerae 01–96^T (94.4%), Pedobacter sandarakinus DS-27^T (94.4%), and Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens TDMA-5^T (94.3%). Strain 5G38^T formed monophyletic clade with Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens in the cluster comprised of species of the genus Pedobacter. Chemotaxonomic characteristics of the novel strains, including DNA G+C content of genomic DNA (37.0 mol%), the predominant respiratory quinine (MK-7), and the major fatty acids which were iso-C_15:0, summed feature 3 (comprising C_16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C_15:0 2-OH) and iso-C_17:0 3-OH, are similar to those of the genus Pedobacter. However, the novel strains can be distinguished from the other species of Pedobacter by physiological properties. The name Pedobacter namyangjuensis sp. nov. is therefore proposed for strain 5G38^T (KACC 13938^T =NBRC 107692^T) as the type strain. Furthermore, the reclassification of Nubsella zeaxanthinifaciens as Pedobacter zeaxanthinifaciens comb. nov. is proposed.     

Lacinutrix jangbogonensis sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Antarctic marine sediment and emended description of the genus Lacinutrix

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped and psychrophilic bacterial strain, PAMC 27137^T, was isolated from the marine sediment of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Strain PAMC 27137^T was observed to grow at 4–10 °C, at pH 6.5–7.5 and in the presence of 2.5–4.0 % (w/v) sea salts. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain PAMC 27137^T belongs to the genus Lacinutrix showing the high similarities with Lacinutrix mariniflava JCM 13824^T (97.6 %) and Lacinutrix algicola JCM 13825^T (97.1 %). Genomic relatedness analyses based on the average nucleotide identity and the genome-to-genome distance showed that strain PAMC 27137^T is clearly distinguished from the most closely related Lacinutrix species. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were identified as iso-C_15:1 G (19.9 %), iso-C_15:0 (19.3 %), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (11.3 %), summed feature 9 (C_16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C_17:1 ω9c as defined by MIDI, 9.1 %), iso-C_15:0 3-OH (7.5 %), and anteiso-C_15:1 A (5.8 %). The polar lipids were found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid, and five unidentified phospholipids. The major respiratory quinone was identified as MK-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 32.1 mol%. Based on the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain PAMC 27137^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lacinutrix, for which the name Lacinutrix jangbogonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PAMC 27137^T (=KCTC 32573^T=JCM 19883^T).     

Dyella jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of Hallasan Mountain in Jeju Island

A novel bacterium, designated JP1^T, was isolated from soil of Hallasan Mountain in Jeju Island. The isolate was a Gramnegative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped (0.2–0.4 × 1.2–2.0 μm) bacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain JP1^T was closely related to Dyella koreensis with 97.6% similarity. Growth of strain JP1^T occurred at 10–37°C, pH 5–7 and 0–1% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain JP1^T was 62.1 mol%. The major fatty acids were iso-C_16:0, iso-C_17:1 ω9c, and iso-C_15:0. The predominant quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major polar lipids of strain JP1^T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, unidentified aminolipids and unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain JP1^T and previously reported Dyella species were <10%. Based on phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenetic distinctness, strain JP1^T represents a novel species in the genus Dyella, for which the name Dyella jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JP1^T (=KACC 17701^T =JCM 19615^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Siphonobacter intestinalis</Emphasis> sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the feces of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudorhynchus japonicus</Emphasis>

Strain 63MJ-2^T was isolated from the feces of broad-winged katydid (Pseudorhynchus japonicus) collected in Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed the highest sequence similarity with that of Siphonobacter aquaeclarae P2^T (96.1%) and had low similarities (below 86.3%) with those of other members of family ‘Flexibacteraceae’. The strain 63MJ-2^T is a strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. The strain grew at 4–35°C (optimum, 25–30°C), pH of 5.0–9.0 (optimum, 6.0–7.0), and 0–2.0% (optimum, 1.0–2.0) (w/v) NaCl. The DNA G+C content of strain 63MJ-2^T was 43.5 mol%. The major fatty acids were C_16:1ω5c (42.5%), iso-C_17:0 3-OH (18.7%), and summed feature 3 (iso-C_15:0 2-OH and/or C_16:1ω7c, 18.0%). The major menaquinone was MK-7 and polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, six unknown aminolipids, and five unknown lipids. Based on the evidence from our polyphasic taxonomic study, we conclude that strain 63MJ-2^T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Siphonobacter, and propose the name Siphonobacter intestinalis sp. nov. The type strain is 63MJ-2^T (=KACC 18663^T =NBRC 111883^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassorhabdus aurantiaca</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacteriaceae</Emphasis> isolated from seawater in South Korea

A novel Gram-negative, orange pigmented, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain IP9^T, was isolated from seawater at the sea shore of Incheon Eulwang-ri beach, South Korea. Cells of strain IP9^T were observed to be straight or slightly curved rods and colonies to be round and convex. Strain IP9^T was found to be catalase and oxidase positive, and non-motile. Growth was observed in the temperature range of 10–37 °C (optimum at 30 °C), pH range of 6–10 (optimum at pH 7–8) and salt concentration range of 0–7% (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0–1%). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, strain IP9^T was found to be related to the members of the family Flavobacteriaceae, being closely related to Hwangdonia seohaensis KCTC 32177^T (95.3% sequence similarity). The DNA G?+?C content of the novel strain was determined to be 39.1 mol%. The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminoglycolipids and two unidentified glycolipids. The major fatty acids (>?10%) were identified as iso-C_15:0 and iso-C_17:0 3-OH. The predominant quinone was found to be menaquinone 6 (MK-6). Based on the biochemical, phylogenetic and physiological data, we conclude that strain IP9^T (=?KCTC 52523^T?=?JCM 31732^T) represents the type species of a novel genus of the family Flavobacteriaceae for which the name Thalassorhabdus aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Flavobacterium parvum</Emphasis> sp. nov., isolated from soil polluted by sewer water

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of gliding, and short rod-shaped bacterium, designated HS916T, was isolated from soil polluted by sewer water in Cheonan-si, South Korea. Growth occurred at 10–35°C (optimum 30°C), pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0), and 0–1% sodium chloride (NaCl, w/v). Based on similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HS916^T was closely related to members of the genus Flavobacterium, exhibiting the highest sequence similarities with Flavobacterium glycines Gm-149^T (96.4%), followed by F. granuli Kw05^T (96.3%), F. fluminis 3R17^T (96.3%), F. aquicola TMd3a3^T (96.2%), and F. nitratireducens N1^T (96.2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain HS916T was placed in a monophyletic cluster with F. nitratireducens N1^T and F. fluminis 3R17^T. The predominant fatty acids (> 5% of the total) of strain HS916^T were iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0 3-OH, C_17:1ω6с, C_16:0 3-OH, iso-C_17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1ω7с and/or C_16:1ω6с). The major polar lipids of the strain comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminolipids, and five unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone and the major polyamine were menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and symhomospermidine, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain HS916^T was 34.9 mol%. Based on polyphasic analyses, strain HS916^T represents a novel species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium parvum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HS916T (= KACC 19448^T = JCM 32368^T).