微生物发酵法生产花生四烯酸油脂的研究进展

花生四烯酸(ARA)是一种重要的脂肪酸,现在主要由生物法生产,本文综述了高山被孢霉发酵生产花生四烯酸油脂的菌落形态控制及其代谢途径,以期为相关的研究者提供参考。     

千层塔内生真菌的分离与鉴定

目的：为从千层塔中分离具有药用价值的内生真菌奠定基础。方法：新鲜千层塔茎段,经酒精和升汞消毒后,接种于PDA平板培养基上进行内生真菌的分离、纯化;根据菌落形态和孢子等形态特征,结合核糖体基因居间序列（ITS序列）进行菌株鉴定。结果：从千层塔的茎中分离出4株内生真菌。内生真菌I菌落形态和孢子特征与枝状枝孢霉属的特征相符合,ITS序列与GenBank中多条属于枝状枝孢霉的ITS序列相似,鉴定该菌株属于枝状枝孢霉;内生真菌II菌落形态和孢子特征与黄青霉的特征相符合,鉴定该菌株属于黄青霉;内生真菌III菌落形态和孢子特征与尖孢镰刀菌的特征相符合,ITS序列与GenBank中多条属于尖孢镰刀菌的ITS序列相似程度高,鉴定该菌株属于尖孢镰刀菌;内生真菌Ⅳ菌落形态与盾壳霉相似,ITS序列与GenBank中6条属于盾壳霉的ITS序列具有较高的相似性,鉴定该菌株属于盾壳霉。结论：从千层塔中分离和鉴定出4株内生真菌,分别属于枝状枝孢霉、黄青霉、尖孢镰刀茵和盾壳霉。     

高山被孢霉的红四氮唑染色程度与菌体油脂中花生四烯酸含量的关系

研究了高山被孢霉菌体被红四氮唑(TTC)染色的条件,并探讨了染色程度与菌体油脂中花生四烯酸含量的关系．高山被孢霉的种子菌体被TTC染色的程度随种龄增加而增加,而种子中的油脂含量和油脂中的花生四烯酸含量也都随种龄增加而增加．在发酵过程中,菌体被TTC染色的程度和菌体中的油脂含量以及油脂中的花生四烯酸含量随培养时间增加而增加．三株具有相似油脂含量、不同花生四烯酸含量的高山被孢霉以及一株不产花生四烯酸的鲁氏毛霉的染色结果显示菌体被红四氮唑染色的程度与菌体油脂中的花生四烯酸含量具有正相关性．该发现有助于花生四烯酸高产菌的快速筛选．     

实时PCR分析△5脱饱和酶在花生四烯酸合成中的作用

花生四烯酸是人体的必需脂肪酸,具有独特的生物活性。 Δ5脱饱和酶是花生四烯酸生物合成途径中催化二高-γ-亚麻酸脱饱和为花生四烯酸的酶。本研究通过实时定量PCR技术,检测了Δ5脱饱和酶在不同花生四烯酸产量的高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)菌株M10,M6和M23中的mRNA表达水平,以及在高产花生四烯酸菌株M6培养过程中的mRNA表达水平的动态变化,发现Δ5脱饱和酶基因的mRNA表达水平与花生四烯酸的产生之间存在明显的线性关系,表明Δ5脱饱和酶是高山被孢霉中花生四烯酸合成途径中起到了非常重要的作用。     

具有细胞毒活性红树林真菌094811的鉴定

为鉴定合成细胞毒活性及多羟基甾醇脂肪酸酯新结构代谢产物的红树林真菌094811,采用形态观察、BIOLOG生理特征鉴定及核糖体18S rDNA测序对菌株094811进行了鉴定。菌株094811与模式菌株黑曲霉As3.40、泡盛曲霉As3.44形态特征极为相似,难以区分。扫描电镜下分别观察且比较菌株094811、模式菌株黑曲霉As3.40、泡盛曲霉As3.44分生孢子的形态,判断菌株094811为泡盛曲霉;根据BIOLOG微生物鉴定系统给出的相似菌种名称及综合形态和生理生化特征,推断菌株094811为泡盛曲霉;通过18S rDNA部分序列测序、GenBank比对,及系统演化分析进一步确认菌株094811为泡盛曲霉。菌株094811的形态、生理特征及其核糖体18S rDNA的序列特征给出了一致的结论。首次鉴定发现1株具有合成细胞毒活性及新的多羟基甾醇脂肪酸酯结构化合物的能力的泡盛曲霉。     

高山被孢霉产花生四烯酸及其遗传改造的研究进展

花生四烯酸作为一种重要的多价不饱和脂肪酸,因其具有多种生理功能而被认为是潜在的食品添加剂和药物。近年来,利用高山被孢霉合成花生四烯酸已成为研究热点。前期相关研究主要集中在菌种选育及发酵调控方面。随着研究的不断深入,关于高山被孢霉合成花生四烯酸的代谢途径的研究取得了较大进展。以下简要概述前期工作进展,着重论述花生四烯酸合成途径的关键酶及其高山被孢霉的遗传改造的研究情况,包括生物合成花生四烯酸代谢途径、关键酶及其应用、高山被孢霉的遗传操作系统的构建以及遗传改造的应用,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

1株短帚霉临床分离株的形态学和rDNA序列的鉴定

目的研究短帚霉的形态学特征,产孢方式和分子生物学特性。为临床快速、准确鉴定这类真菌奠定一定基础。方法受试菌株常温复苏24h后,转种于沙堡弱培养基上,27℃和37℃温箱培养4周,每天光镜观察菌落的生长情况。在培养10d时,挑取菌落常规制片后行扫描电镜观察。并且对其rDNA进行序列分析。结果27℃培养3—4d后,菌落开始生长,初为白色膜样菌落,生长迅速,1周时形成直径达2cm的白色毡样菌落,以后菌落逐渐成灰褐色粉末状,边缘淡黄色,背面黄褐色。37℃培养2—3d后菌落开始生长呈灰褐色粉末状。光镜下可见丰富的分枝、分隔菌丝,透明、细长,分生孢子由环孢子梗产生一串,球形或柠檬形,壁厚、表面光滑或粗糙有刺,常成链状排列,自动卷曲或成团,有帚状枝。扫描电镜可见环痕梗外壁破裂,梗与孢子间产生横隔,遗留一圈环痕。向基性的连续产孢,孢子球形,菌丝或孢子表面有饰纹。rDNA序列分析证实此菌为短帚霉。结论根据培养形态,光镜和扫描电镜下表现以及DNA序列分析可以对短帚霉进行准确的鉴定。     

高山被孢霉Δ5脱饱和酶基因的分离与验证

花生四烯酸(arachidonicacid)是人体的必需脂肪酸,具有独特的生物活性。Δ5脱饱和酶是花生四烯酸生物合成途径上的关键酶,以二高-γ-亚麻酸为底物,催化其第5位碳脱氢形成花生四烯酸。从花生四烯酸高产菌株高山被孢霉M6(Mortierellaalpina)中通过RT-PCR分离了可能的编码Δ5脱饱和酶完整的cDNA,其大小为1366bp,编码446个氨基酸。推导出的蛋白质含有Δ5脂酰脱饱和酶中保守的特征性结构域,包括该蛋白质N端典型的细胞色素b5结构域,以及3个保守的组氨酸盒。为验证该蛋白质的功能,将该基因片段克隆到穿梭表达载体pPIC9K中,获得的重组载体pPIC9K-D5通过电转化法转化到巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115中,利用G418耐受度筛选出高拷贝数的酵母转化子,在加入外源底物二高-γ-亚麻酸时,利用甲醇诱导酵母转化子表达外源基因。酵母转化子的油脂的气相色谱图谱中出现了一个花生四烯酸的特征峰,进一步对该峰进行气质联谱(GC-MS)分析,证实该峰是花生四烯酸。研究结果表明,从高山被孢霉M6中分离出Δ5脱饱和酶基因。     

谷氨酸对花生四烯酸产生菌被孢霉发酵的影响

研究了不同浓度谷氨酸对被孢霉生产花生四烯酸的影响,发现当加入谷氨酸浓度为0.8g/L时总油脂和花生四烯酸产量达最高,选择0.8g/L谷氨酸进行花生四烯酸产生菌被孢霉发酵动力学研究的结果表明,在培养基中加入0.8g/L谷氨酸可以明显促进被孢霉的生长,加速基质代谢,提高单位被孢霉中的油脂和花生四烯酸产量,尤其在发酵第7d时生物量、油脂和花生四烯酸产量达到最大,分别为24.43、9.21、1.41g/L,分别是对照组第7d所得的1.13、1.15和1.69倍。     

高山被孢霉发酵生产花生四烯酸的宏观形态

采用图像处理技术对高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)发酵过程中的不同形态进行分析,并对其产花生四烯酸(ARA)能力进行了比较。研究发现:复合N源中蛋白胨与酵母粉比例是影响高山被孢霉宏观形态的重要因素,球形形态生长的菌体中ARA产量较分散,菌丝体中ARA产量高;在球形形态中,空心球的菌体生物量低,ARA比例低,蓬松球可以兼顾菌体高生物量、高油脂比例及高ARA比例。产ARA能力由生物量、油脂比例及油脂中ARA比例共同决定。结果表明:直径大约4 mm、成核区域面积大约为43.6%、紧密度为71.36的蓬松球形态,是高山被孢霉一种相对较佳的发酵形态,其菌体产ARA能力分别是空心球和分散丝状菌体产ARA能力的2.01和2.70倍。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.