On the infiltration of Golgi bodies from the follicular epithelium to the egg

Summary 1. In a well advanced oocyte of the tortoise the egg membranes besides the theca and the single-layered epithelium consist of a zona pellucida often differentiated into zona striata and a homogeneous layer; underlying these two layers is a layer of cortical fibrillae or fibrillar layer, Next to this layer, is the limiting membrane of the egg which is not present in all stages and generally disappears in a well developed oocyte. In certain animals either the homogeneous layer or fibrillar layer is absent. 2. In certain animals,Golgi bodies seem to be extruded into the follicle cells from the theca cells. 3. At a particular stage of development the follicle cells become very active and produce a large number of smallGolgi bodies. TheseGolgi granules filter through canalicular passages of the zona radiata into either the homogeneous layer and from thence into the fibrillar layer or where a homogeneous layer is not present directly to the fibrillar layer. Where a fibrillar layer is not present they are transferred directly to the limiting membrane and from thence to the egg. 4. In certain cases e. g. in Fowl, Calotes and Uromastix, fairly large lumps ofGolgi bodies are extruded from the follicle cells through the zona pellucida into the egg. Here the fine canilicular passages do not seem to form a vehicle for the passage of these comparatively larger bodies. 5. The fine canalicular passages in the zona radiata ofTestudo graeca andKachuga smithii and the fibrillar prolongation of the cytoplasm which we have called the fibrillar layer are marked features of the egg membranes at certain stages of development of the egg. During the period when infiltration ofGolgi bodies through these passages takes place slides prepared by silver nitrate and osmic methods show black beaded chains ofGolgi granules in various stages of descent. 6. It is claimed that the extrusion and infiltration ofGolgi bodies from the follicular epithelium to the egg are established phenomena at least in the Vertebrates.     

Observations on Phyllachora aravalliensis Dakshini et al. Affecting oropetium thomaceum (Linn.) Trin.

The paper presents results of observations on the type material ofPhyllachora aravalliensis Dakshini et al. (Ph. aravalliense original) affectingOropetium thomaceum (Linn.)Trin. Three distinct types of spore bodies were observed in addition to the normal perithecia. These are spermogonia, microconidial locules and sterile perithecia with beaded filaments, reminiscent of asci, and constitute addition to the original diagnostic characters of the species ofPhyllachora.     

Comments on the rarity of tinea capitis in india

Summary Cause of the rarity oftinea capitis in India was surmised byAjello to be due to the use of vegetable hair-oils as hair-dressings by Indians. In this paper, experimental evidence has been brought forward to show that one of the hair-fungi,Microsporon gypseum, never penetrates into the human hairs smeared with mustard oil though hyphal filaments ofM. gypseum copiously encircled only the outer surfaces of hairs experimented upon. Clinically also, not a single instance oftinea capitis at our Outdoor Hospital has been noted during the last five years. Completely defatted hairs show three kinds of hair-digestion.The slide-culture technique ofLü (1962) was adopted for the experiments. This technique allowed continuous microscopic examination of hairs throughout. This reveals the first attack of the fungus and progress of the invasion.The first entry of a dermatophyte into the keratin of the hair has been discussed. The properties and nature of keratinolytic enzymes remain, however, undiscovered.     

Specificity of a strain ofNeozygites sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) toMononychellus tanajoa (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Neozygites sp. is commonly found infecting the cassava green mite,Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), in parts of northeast Brazil. The introduction of this fungus into other regions requires the knowledge of its specificity, especially in relation to natural enemies of different cassava pests. Laboratory tests indicated the development of germination tubes ofNeozygites in some females ofTetranychus bastosi Tuttle et al. andT. urticae Koch, with subsequent formation of a reduced number of hyphal bodies in someT. bastosi. No females of the phytoseiid predatorsAmblyseius idaeus (Denmark & Muma) andAmblyseius limonicus Garman & McGregor s.l. were infected byNeozygites sp.     

Development of the zoosporangia ofSynchytrium endobioticum,the causal agent of potato wart disease

Summary An ultrastructural study of zoosporangium development ofSynchytrium, endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc. is presented. Emphasis is placed on the location of the parasitic fungal thallus in the potato host cell, on the specific location of organelles in relation to the developing zoosporangial wall, and on the host cell reaction to the fungal infection. The cytoplasmic organization of the individual sporangia after division of the zoosporangium into a sorus of sporangia is characterized by numerous similarly sized nuclei, well developed dictyosomes, and the presence of many lipid bodies of variable size. Cytoplasmic microtubules are observed to flare out from the functional kinetosome both before and after zoospore cleavage.The ultrastructural details of zoosporangium development are used to revaluate the life cycle ofS. endobioticum as described from light microscopic observations made early in the century (Curtis 1921;Köhler 1923, 1932;Percival 1910).     

Ultrastructure and Development of Sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea Pers. in vitro

The development of sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea was examined at four stages during their maturation. The surface structure developed a network of profusely branched hyphae through their coalescence to a compact sclerotial body which was maturated by the deposition of melanin pigment. A characteristic feature of the hyphal cells of B. cinerea during the later stages of development was the presence of paramural bodies (plasmalemmasomes and lomasomes). Electrondense bodies with a limiting double-membrane congregated against the transverse septa of hyphal cells as sclerotia matured and may migrate from cell to cell through septal pores. We suggest that these and the lipid bodies found in hyphal cells may have a storage function in the resting sclerotia.     

Entomophthora pyriformis,sp. n., entomophthorale parasite de puceron

Summary A new species ofEntomophthora found in France on Aphids is described as new under the nameE, pyriformis. It is distinguished by the following characters: multinucleate, pear-shaped conidia, with large papilla; small resting spores; short, more or less branched hyphal bodies. A key of determination is given for the Aphid parasiteEntomophthora species with more or less spherical conidia.      

Contribution a l'étude biologique d'Opius concolor Szepl. (Hym. Braconidae) En élevage de laboratoire

Summary It is possible to obtain a permanent breeding ofOpius concolor by use of third instar larvae ofCeratitis capitata as host. TheOpius obtained by such breeding will accept to parasitize successfully the larvae ofDacus oleae. This breeding will allow the study of many obscure points of the biology of the parasite, mainly conditions by which the host is chosen by the laying female and the reason of the endoparasitical development in the two hosts. It should be useful to know if the ecological strains are differenciated by similar experimentation withO. siculus Monastero. It should be aslo interesting to extend this experience to other Trypetid species (for instance to the hosts ofOpius humilis Silv.: Braconid which is spread in Hawaii might be a synonym ofconcolor asFischer supposes). This breeding could be eventually used to start the study and realisation of industrial multiplications in view of the biological control applications.      

Lamellate bodies in the nuclei of dragonfly (odonata) oocytes

Summary Concentrically lamellate spherical bodies have been observed in the oocyte nuclei of the anisopterous dragonflyCordulia aenea. In their ultrastructure, these bodies resemble the cortical granules reported from the cytoplasm of the sea urchin oocytes. The lamellate bodies ofCordulia are compared with other lamellate systems known to exist in nuclei. It is suggested that the nuclear lamellate spheres ofCordulia may be homologous with the somewhat less regular lamellate bodies described from maize microspores.The competent help of MissRiitta Lallukka, M. A., is acknowledged with many thanks. We are grateful to ProfessorsESko Suomalainen andAntti Telkkä for helpful suggestions. Grants for the study have been received from the National Research Council for Sciences, from the University of Helsinki and from the Emil Aaltonen Foundation.     

Weitere Untersuchungen über Proteinkörper in Zellkernen und ihre taxonomische Bedeutung

In 83 species of the familiesMonotropaceae, Apocynaceae, Oleaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Martyniaceae, Myoporaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Campanulaceae, andLiliaceae, protein bodies in the cell nuclei have been found, in 68 of these species for the first time. On the basis of their structure in accordance with morphological characters the generaBurgsdorfia, Hesiodia, Olisia, andPhlomoides of theLamiaceae are accepted;Lamium is divided intoLamium, Lamiastrum andOrvala; two new combinations are established:Kickxia campyloceras (Rech. fil. &Esfandiari)Speta andEtornotus papilionaceus (Burm. in L.)Speta. Deviating shape or lack of protein bodies corroborate former taxonomic decisions, e.g. the transfer ofMonotropa toMonotropaceae or the separation ofGaleopsis andLadanum; Veronica schmidtiana should not be included inPseudolysimachion. Systematic affinities are discussed primarily withinScrophulariaceae because nuclear protein bodies have been studied already in many species of this family. ForCampanula patula two 2 x populations are reported.

Herrn Professor Dr. L.Geitler zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

The foot cell morphology of genus Aspergillus

The paper deals with the morphology, development and nature of foot cell in the genusAspergillus. About 69 species belonging to 14 groups have been studied.A. brunneo-uniseriatus (Singh &Bakshi),A. nidulans (Eidam)Wint andAspergillus sp. (ofA. clavatus group) have been selected for detailed developmental studies as they were found to be representative forms of various types of foot cells met within the genus. The foot cell appeared as an enlarged hyphal cell, which, depending upon position of conidiophore became I, L and T shaped but in species ofA. clavatus andA. wentii group it was branched and rhizoidal type due to the development of side protubrances. Effect of different media, pH, sugar concentration and light on foot cell morphology has also been studied. Different media, pH of basal medium and sugar concentration did not show any marked effect on the development and morphology of foot cell while light showed pronounced effect on species ofA. clavatus group.     

Differentiation of Coryne-bacterium diphtheriae of the mitis type found in diphtheria and ozaena. II. The rate of rapidity of glucose fermentation by C. diphtheriae type mitis and C. belfanti

Summary Eighty strains ofC. diphtheriae typemitis and 80C. belfanti strains were tested for the rate of rapidity of glucose fermentation according to the method ofParsons andFrobisher. 90% ofC. diphtheriae mitis strains, in contrast to only 13.7% ofC. belfanti strains, fermented glucose in 1 to 2 days. 76% ofC. belfanti strains fermented glucose in 3 to 4 days, whereas some strains needed 8 to 9 days to complete the fermentation. So the results of this test revealed next to that of nitrate reduction, a further difference between the strains ofC. diphtheriae typemitis found in diphtheria and ozaena.     

Asolcus bennisi n. sp. (Hymenoptera,Proctotrupoidea) parasite oophage deGraphosoma lineata L. (Het. Pentatomidae)

Summary The Author describes from Morocco a new species ofAsolcus which is closely related to the sibling speciesA. basalis Wollaston andA. nigribasalis Voegelé. The species is namedA. bennisi and parasitizes in nature the eggs ofGraphosoma lineata L. The separation ofA. bennisi from the species of thebasalis group is based on biological tests and on a characteristic pigmentation of the parasitized host eggs reared under optimal laboratory conditions.      

The latent trichophytosis of human clothing,II. Some data relating to Trichophyton pratense

Summary The author refers to the results of his investigations carried out with theT. pratense in 1940. He could continue these experiments only in the year 1965. This time he came to the conclusion that three fungi species:T. terrestre Durie &Frey,T. pratense andT. gypseum var.asteroides belong together. He could observe that the cultures of these fungi develop well on some kinds of textile materials. Relying upon these findings he applied the TO-KA-VA method in an inverted way to demonstrate the fungi which had settled on the textiles with the dust of soil. By means of this method he observed thatT. pratense had indeed occurred on some cloths. By further investigation he proved the identity ofT. terrestre Durie &Frey withT. pratense andT. gypseum var.asteroides and demonstrated, that this latter fungus might be the degenerative derivate of the former ones. Finally, he gave as his opinion that the settlement of theT. gypseum var.asteroides is also likely to occur on human clothing; however, far more rarely than that of other kinds of fungi.     

Zur Frage einer Neubildung von Mitochondrien aus Plastiden

Summary In the cells of the foot of young sporophytes ofPolytrichum commune, plastids form buds which may separate entirely from the mother plastid. In ultra-thin sections these bodies may be easily mistaken for mitochondria. However, with the silver staining method ofMarinozzi, the matrix of these bodies has the same density as the matrix of the plastids and is markedly less dense than the matrix of the mitochondria. Similarly, after silver staining the envelope of these bodies resembles the plastid envelope and is distinctly different from the mitochondrial envelope. Thus, there is no evidence that mitochondria originate from plastids, as some authors believe.     

Technique d'élevage deChelonus contractus Nees. parasite dePhthorimea ocellatella Boyd.

Summary The Braconid,Chelonus contractus Nees, egg endoparasite ofPhthorimea ocellatella Boyd, in S.E. of France, presents only females in his progeny. Its breeding is easy with the help of the small wax moth:Gnorimoschema operculella Zell. The mass breeding is inspired from method that we established for the production ofMacrocentrus ancylivorus Roh.      

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Observations sur la biologie et le comportement cleptoparasite d'Eurytoma waachtli [Chalc.: Eurytomidae], parasite dePissodes validirostris [Col.: Curculionidae] dans les cones de pin sylvestre a Fontainebleau

Résumé Des observations ont été effectuées sur la morphologie des stades préimaginaux et le cycle de développement d'Eurytoma waachtli Mayr., qui se développe en ectoparasite sur les larves de 4^e stade du curculionidePissodes validirostris Gyll. dans les c?nes de pin sylvestre. On a constaté que le chalcidien n'attaque les larves dePissodes que si celles-ci sont préalablement parasitées et paralysées par des ichneumonides du genreScambus. E. waachtli détruit d'abord la larve deScambus puis se développe sur la larve du Coléoptère. Un tel comportement peut être qualifié de cleptoparasite. Le développement d'E.waachtli, en général monovoltin, est étroitement lié à la fois à celui dePissodes et à celui deScambus sp. En limitant le nombre de parasites primaires,E. waachtli joue un r?le favorable à l'accroissement des populations dePissodes validirostris.

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Summary Observations have been carried out on the morphology of the pre-imaginal stages and the life cycle ofEurytoma waachtli Mayr., which occurs as ectoparasite on 4th instar larvae of the weevilPissodes validirostris Gyll. in cones of Scotch pines. It has been established that the attack by this chalcidid ofPissodes larvae occurs only when they have been previously parasitized and paralysed by ichneumonids of the genusScambus. First,E. waachtli kills the larva ofScambus, then feeds on the weevil larva. Such a behaviour may be called “cleptoparasitism”. The development ofE. waachtli generally monovoltine, is strongly related both to the development ofPissodes and ofScambus sp. By limiting the number of primary parasites,E. waachtli is playing a part in the increase ofP. validirostris population levels.

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Avec la collaboration technique deJ.-P. Raimbault.     

Some aspects of the fine structure of the statocysts of the molluscsPecten andPterotrachea

Summary The statocyst ofPecten is composed of hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells bear kinocilia and microvilli at their distal ends and the supporting cells bear microvilli. The cilia have a 9+2 internal filament content, and arise from basal bodies that have roots, basal feet and microtubular connections. Two different ciliary arrangements are described, one with a small number of cilia arranged in a ring, and another with many more cilia arranged in rows. Below the hair cells are probable synapses. A ciliated duct connects to the lumen of the static sac and passes through the centre of the static nerve. The hair cells in the statocyst ofPterotrachea bear kinocilia and microvilli. The possible importance of cilia and microvilli in the transduction process is discussed.We would like to thank ProfessorJ. Z. Young for bringing specimens ofPterotrachea from Naples and also the staff of the Stazione Zoologica for the provision of specimens, Dr.M. Land for providing specimens ofPecten, the Science Research Council (U.K.) for providing the electron microscope used in much of the study and also for a grant to one of us (V.C.B.), and Mrs.J. Parkers and Mr.R. Moss and Mrs.J. Hamilton for much photographic and technical assistance.