无核白葡萄愈伤组织瞬时转化体系的优化与应用

为了优化根癌农杆菌介导的葡萄愈伤组织瞬时转化体系,该研究以欧洲葡萄品种无核白(Vitis vinifera L.cv.Thompson Seedless)单芽茎段诱导的愈伤组织为材料,探讨重悬液pH、菌液浓度、真空渗透时间等主要因素对葡萄愈伤组织瞬时转化效率的影响。结果表明:(1)以激素组合分别为1.0mg/L BAP、1.0mg/L BAP+0.02mg/L NAA、2.0mg/L BAP+0.02mg/L NAA和4.0mg/L BAP+0.02mg/L NAA的系列培养基更适合无核白葡萄单芽茎段逐步诱导胚性愈伤组织。(2)葡萄愈伤组织瞬时转化体系中,重悬液pH 5.1,菌液浓度OD6001.0,真空渗透20min为转化效率最佳条件。(3)利用优化的瞬时转化体系瞬时转化无核白葡萄的不同组织,发现在不同器官中转化效率存在显著差异。其中以愈伤组织为受体的转化效率显著高于其他器官(65 231.99±3 339.29mU/g),而且愈伤组织的GUS组织化学染色最深,以叶片为受体的转化效率则最低。利用该体系转化质粒载体pCAMBIA0390∷GUS,瞬时表达产物经过GUS蛋白活性检测,结果表明该研究优化的葡萄愈伤组织瞬时转化体系有助于外源基因在葡萄愈伤组织内的表达,为后期通过转基因技术研究目标基因功能奠定了技术基础。     

胸腺肽基因多元植物表达载体的构建

Gus基因是最为常用的报告基因之一,为了便于对胸腺肽目的基因进行检测,在该研究中,胸腺肽目的基因、PRIB分泌基因和GUS报告基因DNA片段用DNA纯化回收试剂盒回收,然后用T4 DNA连接酶连接,构建成几个基因相融合的多元植物表达载体,并通过酶切进行鉴定。用基因枪转化法对胡萝卜愈伤组织进行了遗传转化,转化的胡萝卜愈伤组织经Southern杂交检测和X-Gluc染色,结果表明,多元表达载体成功地被导入胡萝卜愈伤组织。     

根癌农杆菌介导的玫瑰茄愈伤组织的遗传转化

以根癌农杆菌LBA4404和EHA105为供体菌株,对玫瑰茄愈伤组织进行了转化条件的研究,建立了一套玫瑰茄愈伤组织遗传转化体系。利用该转化体系获得了2个稳定表达新霉素磷酸转移酶活性的玫瑰茄转化细胞系。GUS活性组织化学检测和PCR扩增鉴定的结果表明,愈伤组织的转化率为4%。说明采用农杆菌介导法将外源基因经愈伤组织导入玫瑰茄细胞是可行的。     

优良大麦品种花30幼胚遗传转化体系的优化

以大麦花培基因型花30的幼胚为外植体,设置不同的培养基类型、不同激素配比及碳源,研究其对幼胚愈伤组织诱导及绿苗分化的影响,以此建立和优化一个适于优良大麦品种遗传转化的高效组织培养体系。结果表明:在N6、MS和B5的组合改良培养基下,以蔗糖为碳源,附加2mg/L 2,4-D、1mg/L ABA时,有最高的愈伤组织诱导率,且愈伤质量最好。Cu2+的添加具有抑制幼胚直接发芽成苗和改善愈伤组织质量的双重功效。添加2mg/L 6-BA对愈伤组织的分化效果比较理想。为了提高农杆菌介导转化大麦外源基因的瞬时表达率和优化遗传转化体系,利用花30幼胚产生的愈伤组织为受体材料,通过检测GUS基因的瞬时表达情况,研究了农杆菌介导的大麦遗传转化中菌液的浓度、侵染时间以及共培养天数对遗传转化的影响,结果表明:当菌液浓度OD600=0.5的条件下,侵染15min,共培养2d表现出最佳的GUS瞬时表达率。     

农杆菌介导的胀果甘草愈伤组织遗传转化

目的:旨在建立一个农杆菌介导的甘草愈伤组织遗传转化的可行方案,并对转化条件进行优化。方法:选择EHA105和LBA4404两种根癌农杆菌菌株,热激法转入含有绿色荧光蛋白GFP基因的植物表达载体pBI121-gfp,挑选转化的农杆菌用于侵染胀果甘草愈伤组织。设置不同培养时间的愈伤组织作为受体材料和农杆菌不同侵染时间两组条件,经共培养后的甘草愈伤组织进行荧光检测。结果:愈伤组织在含有100mg/l卡那霉素的继代培养基上进行筛选培养,得到了具有卡那霉素抗性的转化甘草愈伤组织,转化愈伤组织经继代培养基后在紫外光下仍可见绿色荧光,PCR检测转化愈伤组织基因组中含有gfp基因。结论:试验建立了农杆菌介导的甘草愈伤组织的遗传转化体系,为目的基因导入甘草细胞利用基因工程手段调控甘草次生代谢产物生物合成的研究奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导淀粉分支酶基因RNAi片段转化玉米的研究

以玉米自交系“178”和“R18红”的胚性愈伤组织为材料,通过愈伤组织对潮霉素的敏感性实验,确定了潮霉素15 mg/L~25 mg/L为愈伤组织适宜的选择压。利用农杆菌(Agrobacterium tum efaciens)介导将淀粉分支酶基因RNA干涉表达载体转入玉米自交系中,并对农杆菌转化系统的条件进行研究。结果表明:在感染液和共培培养基中分别都加入100μm ol/L乙酰丁香酮和50 mg/L抗坏血酸,农杆菌LBA4404的菌液OD600为0.6、侵染时间20 m in为农杆菌转化的最适条件。对转化的愈伤组织分化诱导出苗后进行PCR检测,证明外源目的基因已整合到玉米基因组中,转化率最高达到2.4%。     

葡萄原生质体分离及瞬时转化体系的建立

为了建立葡萄原生质体进行遗传转化的技术,该研究以葡萄品种‘黑香蕉’的叶片和愈伤组织为材料,分析纤维素酶和离析酶的浓度与配比、渗透压和酶解时间等主要因素对葡萄原生质体分离的影响,探讨建立稳定、高效的葡萄原生质体分离与瞬时转化体系,为鉴定目标基因的功能奠定基础。结果表明:(1)葡萄叶片原生质体的分离以3.0%纤维素酶和0.75%离析酶的酶组合,在0.6mol/L甘露醇溶液中,酶解14h为宜,每克游离产量为4.09×106个原生质体,活力为83.12%。(2)葡萄愈伤组织原生质体的分离以2.0%纤维素酶和0.5%离析酶的酶组合,在0.5mol/L甘露醇溶液中,酶解14h为宜,每克游离产量为6.05×106个原生质体,活力为84.13%。(3)利用该方法得到的葡萄原生质体为受体,采用40%PEG-4000介导转化质粒载体pEZS-NL,目标基因瞬时表达产物检测表明,GFP蛋白表达稳定、清晰。该研究建立的葡萄原生质体制备和转化体系,可以用较少量的质粒DNA获得外源基因在原生质体内的表达,为葡萄功能基因的研究提供技术支持。     

淀粉分支酶sbeIIb基因RNA干涉片段转化玉米自交系的研究

玉米高直链淀粉育种是玉米分子育种的一个重要研究方向.本实验中,首先研究了不同诱导愈伤培养基对再生体系的影响,确定了LS+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+L-pro 700 mg/L+CH 500 mg/L+3 %蔗糖为诱导培养基.同时,构建并验证了含有淀粉分支酶sbeIIb基因双干涉片段载体和胚乳特异性启动子的表达载体pCAMBIA 1301+Glu+1620,并转入根癌农杆菌EHA105,以农杆菌转化法转化玉米自交系178.通过PCR检测,5株转化株表现阳性,初步证明了干涉片段已整合入玉米基因组中.     

普通小麦品种Alondra＇s遗传转化体系的建立

小麦（Triticum aestivum）幼胚愈伤组织的诱导和分化再生有高度依赖基因型特征。为了建立和优化Alondra’s的高效再生及遗传转化体系,为小麦遗传转化提供更多的受体基因型,以Alondra’s的幼胚为外植体,研究了培养基种类、不同激素配比等对其幼胚愈伤组织诱导及再生的影响。结果表明,在使用N6培养基时,添加3mg·L^-1的2,4-D并附加1000mg·L^-1的CH对愈伤组织的诱导效果较好;添加4mg·L^-1的ZT、不附加IAA对愈伤组织的分化效果最好。通过构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301-220.6,利用基因枪法将HYG基因导入Alondra’s幼胚愈伤组织中,以建立Alondra’s的高效遗传转化体系。结果在含100mg·L^-1潮霉素的选择培养基上进行筛选、分化,获得了30棵抗性植株。经PCR检测,其中5株为阳性转基因植株,转化率为0.5%。Alondra＇s遗传转化体系的建立丰富了小麦遗传转化的基因型,为小麦品种的转基因改良和在不同背景下研究基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

以耐草甘膦2mG2-epsps基因为选择标记的玉米转化体系的建立

转化细胞的筛选和再生是植物遗传转化体系中重要的组成部分,筛选剂的选择和筛选压力的高低直接影响着外源基因的转化率。以草甘膦异丙胺盐为筛选剂,通过比较在不同的草甘膦浓度及筛选时间的条件下,玉米愈伤组织生长和分化情况,发现经1mM的草甘膦异丙胺盐筛选15d后玉米愈伤组织分化受到明显抑制,故以此作为玉米遗传转化实验中的筛选压力。通过基因枪轰击,将构建好的pMAGUHM载体（其上携带有抗草甘膦基因2mG2-epsps基因）转化到玉米愈伤组织,利用草甘膦筛选得到耐草甘膦植株80株,其中PCR检测阳性植株为36株,转化率为45％。     

“凤丹”牡丹花丝愈伤组织诱导及分化研究

以"凤丹"花丝为外植体，探究了外植体发育时期、基本培养基和植物生长调节剂（plant growth regulators，PGRs）对愈伤组织诱导、增殖和分化的影响，并对不同类型的愈伤组织进行了形态组织学观察。结果表明：花蕾直径为13~19mm时、半透明或白色的幼嫩花丝更适宜愈伤组织的诱导；愈伤组织诱导的最适培养基为SH添加2，4-D 1 mg·L^-1、NAA 2 mg·L^-1及BA 0.2 mg·L^-1，最高诱导率和诱导量分别为99.12%和5.68 g；愈伤组织增殖的最适培养基为SH添加2，4-D 0.5 mg·L^-1、NAA 0.5 mg·L^-1及BA 0.25 mg·L^-1，增殖率为3.86；花丝愈伤组织根据形态结构可分为三类，Ⅰ类愈伤组织具有典型的胚性愈伤组织特征，可进一步分化产生体胚；Ⅱ类愈伤组织和Ⅲ类愈伤组织内部呈现大量维管组织分化，其中Ⅱ类愈伤组织中观察到了不定芽的分化，Ⅲ类愈伤组织未见分化。上述结果表明"凤丹"花丝具有重要再生潜力，是一种良好的新型外植体，对研究建立牡丹体外再生体系具有重要价值。     

Plate flooding as an alternative <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agrobacterium</Emphasis>-mediated transformation method for American chestnut somatic embryos

In an attempt to improve Agrobacterium-mediated transformation frequency of American chestnut somatic embryos, a novel method of inoculation/co-cultivation was developed. Plate flooding is a simple method where the Agrobacterium inoculum is poured onto the embryos while they remain on multiplication medium. This method tested the hypothesis that wounding tissues prior to co-cultivation was unnecessary or counterproductive. Two clones, WB296 and P1-1, were tested for differences in transformation efficiency as measured by the number of transformed embryogenic cell lines per Petri dish, the total number of transformed cell lines (embryos plus callus) and percentage of transformants that remained embryogenic. Plate flooding using clone WB296 produced significantly more transformed embryo cell lines and had a higher percentage of transformants remain embryogenic. The number of total transformed cell lines (embryos plus callus) was the same as obtained by other methods (desiccation, blot dry, sand abrasion, sonication and vacuum infiltration). With clone P1-1 there were no significant differences among the inoculation/co-cultivation treatments tested. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridizations confirmed that the transgene of interest had been stably integrated into both American chestnut clones. Whole plants were regenerated from clone P1-1.     

Histological and Ultrastructural Observation Reveals Significant Cellular Differences between Agrobacterium Transformed Embryogenic and Non-embryogenic Calli of Cotton

Over the past few decades genetic engineering has been applied to improve cotton breeding. Agrobacterium medicated transformation is nowadays widely used as an efficient approach to introduce exogenous genes into cotton for genetically modified organisms. However, it still needs to be improved for better transformation efficiency and higher embryogenic callus induction ratios. To research further the difference of mechanisms for morphogenesis between embryogenic callus and non-embryogenic callus, we carried out a systematical study on the histological and cellular ultrastructure of Agrobacterium transformed calli. Results showed that the embryogenic callus developed nodule-like structures, which were formed by small, tightly packed, hemispherical cells. The surface of some embryogenic callus was covered with a flbrilar-like structure named extracellular matrix. The cells of embryogenic calli had similar morphological characteristics. Organelles of embryogenic callus cells were located near the nucleus, and chloroplasts degraded to proplastid-like structures with some starch grains, in contrast, the non-embryogenic calli were covered by oval or sphere cells or small clusters of cells. It was observed that cells had vacuolation of cytoplasm and plastids with a well organized endomembrane system. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of embryogenic callus morphogenesis and to improve the efficiency of cotton transformation in future.     

Production of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Hevea brasiliensis</Emphasis> transgenic embryogenic callus lines by<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Agrobacterium tumefaciens</Emphasis>: roles of calcium

A procedure has been established for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of Hevea brasiliensis embryogenic friable calli. Precultivation of tissues on a CaCl(2)-free maintenance medium dramatically enhanced the transient activity of the reporter gene, gusA encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS). The increase was first noticed in highly active cells (undifferentiated or/and embryogenic), in tissues precultured for 2-8 weeks. Beyond 8 weeks of preculture, GUS activity increased again, but this time in tissues consisting of differentiated cells accumulating polyphenols. Out of five Agrobacterium strains cocultivated with CaCl(2)-free precultured tissues, only inoculation with EHA105pC2301 led to high transient GUS activity. Paromomycin proved more effective than kanamycin for the selection of transformed cells, as it inhibits the growth of non-transformed cells more radically. Five paromomycin-resistant callus lines were established. The presence of gusA and neomycin phosphotransferase ( nptII) genes in the plant genome was confirmed by DNA amplification, and by Southern hybridization. These results confirmed that A. tumefaciens is an effective system for mediating stable transformation of rubber tree calli with a low copy number of transgenes. Transgenic callus lines constitute a useful tool for studying genes of interest on a cellular level and for regenerating transgenic rubber trees.     

Improving genetic transformation of European chestnut and cryopreservation of transgenic lines

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the developmental stage of the somatic embryos and of the genotype on the genetic transformation of embryogenic lines of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and the cryopreservation of the embryogenic lines that are generated. As an initial source of explants in the transformation experiments, it was found that the use of somatic embryos isolated in the globular stage or clumps of 2–3 embryos in globular/heart-shaped stages was more effective (30%) than when embryos at the cotyledonary stage were used (6.7%). All of the seven genotypes tested were transformed, and transformation efficiency was clearly genotype dependent. Three transgenic lines were successfully cryopreserved using the vitrification procedure, and the stable integration of the uidA gene into the transgenic chestnut plants that were regenerated subsequent to cryopreservation was demonstrated.     

胡萝卜体细胞胚胎发生中的细胞组织化学和蛋白质组成变化

研究胡萝卜体细胞胚不同发育阶段的细胞组织化学和蛋白质组成变化的结果表明:胚性愈伤组织主要源自维管束周围的细胞.球胚形成前期,淀粉粒和糊粉粒极性分布已很明显.子叶胚期,芽开始分化,有大量糊粉粒累积.在体细胞胚发育过程中,淀粉粒在胚性愈伤组织形成初期和球胚后期、糊粉粒在胚性愈伤组织形成后期和球胚期各有两次累积高峰.     

Transgenic maize plants by tissue electroporation.

In this paper, we describe the transformation of regenerable maize tissues by electroporation. In many maize lines, immature zygotic embryos can give rise to embryogenic callus cultures from which plants can be regenerated. Immature zygotic embryos or embryogenic type I calli were wounded either enzymatically or mechanically and subsequently electroporated with a chimeric gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase (neo). Transformed embryogenic calli were selected from electroporated tissues on kanamycin-containing media and fertile transgenic maize plants were regenerated. The neo gene was transmitted to the progeny of kanamycin-resistant transformants in a Mendelian fashion. This showed that all transformants were nonchimeric, suggesting that transformation and regeneration are a single-cell event. The maize transformation procedure presented here does not require the establishment of genotype-dependent embryogenic type II callus or cell suspension cultures and facilitates the engineering of new traits into agronomically relevant maize inbred lines.     

秸秆还田对旱作马铃薯块茎淀粉合成关键酶活性及基因表达的影响

为探讨秸秆还田下旱作马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性及基因表达特性,以马铃薯栽培品种"青薯9号"为材料,以露地栽培为对照,设置秸秆还田处理,研究了马铃薯块茎形成过程中淀粉合成关键酶活性、基因表达、淀粉糊化及累积指标。结果表明:秸秆还田显著提高了旱作马铃薯SSS酶活性,降低了AGPP、GBSS酶活性,而对SBE酶活性没有显著影响;显著提高了SSⅡ、SSⅢ基因表达量,降低了AGPase、GBSSⅠ、SBEⅠ、SBEⅡ基因表达量;显著增加了淀粉崩解值,减少了淀粉各阶段粘度、回生值,而对淀粉糊化温度没有显著影响;显著增加了直链淀粉含量及直/支链淀粉比,减少了总淀粉含量;GBSS酶活性与AGPase、SBEⅠ基因表达量呈显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量、直/支链淀粉比呈显著负相关;SBE酶活性与SSⅡ基因表达量、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、总淀粉含量呈显著正相关,与崩解值、糊化温度呈显著负相关;AGPase基因表达量与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关;GBSSⅠ基因表达量与最终粘度、回生值呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关;淀粉糊化与累积无显著相关性。     

Silicon Carbide Whisker-Mediated Embryogenic Callus Transformation of Cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.) and Regeneration of Salt Tolerant Plants

A silicon carbide whisker-mediated gene transfer system with recovery of fertile and stable transformants was developed for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cv. Coker-312. Two-month-old hypocotyl-derived embryogenic/non-embryogenic calli at different days after subculture were treated with silicon carbide whiskers for 2 min in order to deliver pGreen0029 encoding GUS gene and pRG229 AVP1 gene, encoding Arabidopsis vacuolar pyrophosphatase, having neomycin phosphotransferaseII (nptII) genes as plant-selectable markers. Three crucial transformation parameters, i.e., callus type, days after subculture and selection marker concentration for transformation of cotton calli were evaluated for optimum efficiency of cotton embryogenic callus transformation giving upto 94% transformation efficiency. Within six weeks, emergence of kanamycin-resistant (km^r) callus colonies was noted on selection medium. GUS and Southern blot analysis showed expression of intact and multiple transgene copies in the transformed tissues. Kanamycin wiping of leaves from T₁, T₂, and T₃ progeny plants revealed that transgenes were inherited in a Mendelian fashion. Salt treatment of T₁ AVP1 transgenic cotton plants showed significant enhancement in salt tolerance as compared to control plants. Thus far, this is first viable physical procedure after particle bombardment available for cotton that successfully can be used to generate fertile cotton transformants.     

Cytodifferentiation and transformation of embryogenic callus lines derived from anther culture of wheat

Three types of callus tissues established from anther culture of eleven doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for their ability in enhancing friable embryogenic (Type II) culture differentiation and genetic transformation. Differences between types of callus inocula were highly significant (P < 0.001), suggesting that the quality of the initial callus explant is of profound importance in encouraging the proliferation of Type II cultures. Other factors found to be crucial included weekly subculture of friable embryogenic callus tissues on a maintenance medium containing 30 microM dicamba and a predominance of amino-acid nitrogen supplement. Transfer and integration of the beta-glucuronidase gene was also affected by the type of inoculum when suitable embryogenic cell cultures were transformed using silicon carbide whiskers and high velocity microprojectiles. Expression of the hygromycin phosphotransferase selectable marker gene sequence was confirmed in all the stably transformed cell lines maintained on selection media containing lethal levels of hygromycin. Comparatively, there were differences in the frequency of regenerable, transgenic clonal segments between whisker-treated and microprojectile bombarded tissues mainly as a result of the fact that cultures vortexed with whiskers were more capable of post-treatment cell proliferation and embryo differentiation than those bombarded with cDNA-coated microprojectiles. Conditions for obtaining these results are outlined and discussed in relation to the suitability of the two transformation strategies for producing transgenic cell aggregates of wheat.