MANDIBULAR AND MAXILLARY ANESTHESIA—Uses of the Conduction Technique

A series of techniques for obtaining specific nerve-block anesthesia of the oral cavity and jaws is examined in relationship to the anatomical site to be anesthetized, whether for operation or diagnosis.This method of anesthesia is considered superior to the field-block approach—that is, the general diffusion of anesthetic agent through or about the proposed operative site.The final goal of a surgeon using local anesthesia is the gaining of specific nerve-block anesthesia as a prelude to operation.     

GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

General or a combination of local and general anesthesia is beneficial in ophthalmic operations. With foreknowledge that they are to be asleep, patients approach operation with less trepidation, and during the procedure the surgeon can be more relaxed.In a series of 300 cases reviewed, no complications that could be attributed to general anesthesia occurred at the operative site. Nasopharyngeal and tracheal irritation sometimes developed.Anesthesia should be conducted by a well-trained, alert anesthetist; and the method and the agent should be determined after thorough examination and appraisal of the patient and consideration of the nature of the operation to be done.     

Solubility, adsorption, and the thermodynamics of the cutoff effect

For many years, the expression "cutoff effect of anesthesia," has been used to denote the failure of the higher alcohols or paraffins to produce anesthesia. As such, it is used to assess the plausibility of specific models, proposed for anesthesia. However, the uses were shown, in many respects, to be problematic. This article augments the notion of the cutoff to fit for all cases in which only some of the molecules in a homologous series are anesthetics. We find that the location of the cutoff points is affected by three free energy quantities: that of the adsorption of the agent to the anesthetic "site" (f(sl,site)), that of the perturbation of the site (f(ll,site)), and that of the evaporation of the agent from its pure condensed phase (Deltamu degrees (evaporation)). This outcome indicates that the cutoff cannot be attributed to a single parameter. In addition, the analyses that attribute the cutoff to the failure of compounds to obey the much-used Meyer-Overton correlation will have to be amended. This article shows that cutoff results can be used to elucidate the structure of a site.     

四种麻醉药物对食蟹猴麻醉效果分析和选择应用

目的分析比对速眠新、氯胺酮、异氟烷和利多卡因4种不同麻醉药对食蟹猴的麻醉效果。方法总结实际工作中分别使用四种不同麻醉药物对食蟹猴作用的麻醉特点。结果速眠新、氯胺酮、异氟烷均能获得较好的麻醉效果,能满足不同手术、采样需要;局麻药利多卡因对食蟹猴麻醉的实际应用不理想。结论食蟹猴的手术及其他侵犯性操作等都应该考虑生物安全和动物福利要求,实行麻醉,但应根据食蟹猴实验内容要求和不同麻醉药特点选择合适的麻醉方法,确保人员和动物安全,实验结果不受影响。     

老年骨科手术患者麻醉后认知功能障碍的多因素分析及模型预测初步研究

摘要 目的：探讨分析影响老年骨科手术患者麻醉后的认知功能障碍的因素并建立预测模型。方法：将2016年1月至2019年1月于我院骨科行手术的227例老年患者根据术后认知功能障碍评分分为认知障碍组及无障碍组,比较两组一般资料及手术方式、麻醉方式等手术相关因素,使用多因素Logistic回归模型分析影响术后认知功能障碍发生的因素,使用R软件建立出现认知功能障碍的列线图预测模型,并验证其效能。结果：术后共有65例患者出现认知功能障碍,认知障碍组患者的年龄、行全麻的患者比例、术中失血量、手术时间及出现术后并发症患者比例均明显高于无障碍组,而术中血压及应用超前镇痛患者比例均明显低于无障碍组（均P＜0.05）;而两组患者性别、BMI及手术部位等指标则无明显差异（均P＞0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析示高龄、全麻、术中失血量过多、过长手术时间及术后出现并发症均是老年骨科手术患者术后出现认知障碍的独立危险因素（OR=1.077,3.796,3.826,1.712,6.937;均P＜0.05）;而术中高收缩压、舒张压及术前给予超前镇痛是术后出现认知功能障碍的保护因素（OR=0.953,0.913,0.333;均P＜0.05）;列线图预测认知功能障碍发生的一致性指数（C-index）为0.904（95%Cl 0.862~0.961）。结论：高龄、全麻、无超前镇痛、手术时间过长、术中失血量过多、术中低血压及术后出现并发症是出现术后认知功能障碍的危险因素,基于此构建的列线图可有效对术后认知功能障碍进行预测,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动发生情况及影响因素分析

目的:统计全麻术后患者苏醒期躁动(EA)的发生率,并分析其影响因素。方法:本研究为回顾性研究,分析2021年5月~2021年6月期间我院收治的204例全麻手术患者的临床资料,采用躁动-镇静程度量表(RASS)评分评价患者术后是否发生EA,观察全麻术后患者EA发生率,并根据患者术后是否发生EA进行分组,采用logistic回归分析其影响因素。结果:204例患者中有47例发生EA,发生率为23.04%,纳为EA组,剩余的157例未发生EA,纳为非EA组。EA组、非EA组在性别、全麻方式、术前用药、苏醒时间方面对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EA组、非EA组在年龄、手术类型、手术时间、留置胃管/导尿管、麻醉时间、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、术后镇痛、术后疼痛方面对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥50岁、手术类型为妇科手术或泌尿外科手术、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级为Ⅱ级、术后疼痛是EA发生的危险因素,而术后镇痛是EA发生的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论:年龄、手术类型、留置胃管/导尿管、ASA分级、术后疼痛、术后镇痛是全麻术后患者EA发生的影响因素,临床需重点关注并给予相应防控措施。     

A simple method for alar rim reconstruction

A one-stage repair procedure is described for the reconstruction of small to medium-sized full-thickness alar rim defects with a hinged medially based nasolabial island flap. The operation is performed under local anesthesia as an office procedure and is indicated particularly in older patients. The hinged flap provides both the inner and outer layers of the alar rim. The donor site is closed primarily with no need to mobilize a large skin flap. The procedure leaves no conspicuous scars on the face. This method was found to be simple and safe, providing excellent tissue viability and yielding good color and texture match.     

丙泊酚静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪实验中的比较

目的比较丙泊酚静脉麻醉与异氟醚吸入麻醉在巴马小型猪实验中的麻醉效果。方法巴马小型猪10头,平均分成2组,分别进行丙泊酚静脉麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉,并于术前、术中及术后对其进行麻醉监测。结果两组实验猪的数量、体重、手术时间和麻醉时间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;异氟醚组恢复自主呼吸的时间短于丙泊酚组（P〈0.05）;与基础值相比,各组实验猪在麻醉后HR值均明显升高（P〉0.01）,MAP值降低明显（P〉0.01）;但各组间及组内SPO2和PH值差异不显著（P〉0.05）。结论丙泊酚静脉麻醉应根据手术过程中实验动物的反应情况适当调整丙泊酚泵入量;而异氟醚吸入麻醉的麻醉过程平稳,麻醉效果好,术后苏醒快,适合情况复杂且时间较长的手术。     

Spinal anesthesia: practical applications.

The recent widespread popularity of spinal anesthesia can be traced to two events. One is the appreciation that, when used for operations below the level of the umbilicus, anesthetically induced physiologic trespass is less with spinal than with general anesthesia. The other is the recognition that modest hypotension with peripheral vasodilation, that may be seen with spinal anesthesia or intravenous infusion of nitroprusside, is, unlike hypotension associated with hypovolemia, unaccompanied by physiologically significant changes in peripheral distribution of cardiac output or changes in the balance between tissue oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium or elsewhere. Spinal anesthesia also has special advantages specific to urinary tract surgery in the geriatric patient.     

Urine production in the halothane anesthetized rabbit

Urine and blood parameters were studied in rabbits subjected to anesthesia and abdominal surgery. Conscious control animals both fasted and fed to which water was freely available were used for comparison. During anesthesia and operation one group of animals were given no intravenous fluid, other groups were infused with normal saline at a rate of 0.5 ml, 1 ml, or 2 ml per minute. The results demonstrated that an intravenous saline infusion of 0.5 ml per minute, maintains an essentially normal state of hydration and is beneficial to rabbits during anesthesia and surgery. However, with such an infusion, the rabbits do not produce urine under the experimental conditions. Higher rates of infusion are associated with a declining heart rate and blood pressure, abnormal urine, and metabolic acidosis. We conclude that the rabbit is an inappropraite species for renal studies involving anesthesia and surgery.     

糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的临床研究与探讨

目的:研究与探讨糖尿病患者外科手术麻醉的安全性和有效性。方法:糖尿病外科手术患者262例。其中急性胆囊炎64例,胃穿孔52例,化脓性阑尾炎71例,阑尾穿孔弥漫性腹膜炎各63例,外伤性脾破裂12例。采用硬膜外麻醉146例,全身麻醉116例。结果:所有患者均手术顺利,麻醉平稳,麻醉手术过程中血糖水平较术前均有不同程度升高,按升高的血糖量适当增加胰岛素用量,血糖控制在10-12mmol/L,尿酮体(-),无糖尿病酮症酸中毒、高渗性非酮症性高血糖昏迷及低糖症发生。术毕均及时清醒,拔管,血糖水平较平稳。结论:急诊糖尿病患者手术时采用硬膜外麻醉对血糖影响小于全麻。     

不同麻醉方式对老年肺肿瘤患者术后早期认知功能的影响

目的:探讨不同麻醉选择对老年肺肿瘤术后患者早期认知功能的影响。方法:分析我院2011年3月至2013年3月老年肺肿瘤患者,分别有62例用全凭静脉麻醉和61例用静吸复合麻醉的麻醉方法,记录手术时间和麻醉时间,用MMSE量表进行认知功能评分,分别评定手术前1天和手术后出麻醉室时及1、3、5天患者的认知功能,并判断患者的POCD。结果:两组患者在手术时间和麻醉时间方面无统计学差异。与术前1天比较,全凭静脉麻醉组、静吸复合麻醉组出麻醉恢复室时、术后1 d时MMSE评分降低(P0.05);与术前1 d比较,两组在术后3天和7天时MMSE评分恢复正常(P0.05),两组患者之间的MMSE认知功能评分在术前、术后均无统计学差异(P0.05),出麻醉恢复室时,全凭静脉麻醉组发生POCD24例(39.34%),全凭静脉麻醉组发生25例(40.32%),两组发生率比较无统计学差异(P0.05);术后1天、3天、7天两组分别POCD的发生率比较均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:老年患者用全凭静脉麻醉、静吸复合麻醉不同麻醉方法对老年患者术后早期发生认知功能障碍的影响无统计学差异。     

DERMABRASIVE ABLATION OF ACNE SCARS

Dermabrasion offers cosmetic improvement of acne pits and scars, but only well-adjusted patients should be selected for this esthetic improvement. In the dermabrasion operation the deep cup-shaped pits are made shallow by saucerization, for the deep sharp shadows are eliminated as the pits are shallowed. It is the elimination of the shadow effect which is so gratifying to the patient.Although dermabrasion is a superficial skin operation, it involves dangerous instruments and thousands of minute incisions. The procedure is a surgical operation, whether done in an office or in a hospital. The author performs the operation entirely as a hospital procedure, using pentothal anesthesia with meperidine added in small increments during the operation. Thus the operation may be unhurriedly and meticulously performed.     

布比卡因与左旋布比卡因在剖宫产手术中麻醉效果比较*

摘要目的：探讨蛛网膜下腔注射左旋布比卡因和布比卡因对剖宫产手术中的麻醉效果。方法：选取2012 年3 月到2013 年3 月 期间在我院住院进行剖宫产手术产妇60 例作为研究对象。随机分为左旋布比卡因组与布比卡因组,观察两组患者的麻醉效果以 及术后不良反应的发生情况。结果：剖宫产手术中左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后的5 min 和7 min 后MAP 值与麻醉前比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后的5 min、7 min、10 min 以及 15minHR值比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后Bromage 评分0分时间和麻 醉后切口感觉疼痛时间相比差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因麻醉后的不良反应的发生率比较差异无统 计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：剖宫产手术麻醉中布比卡因的麻醉效果好于左旋布比卡因,临床上剖宫产等腹部手术应该选择布比卡 因进行临床麻醉。     

布比卡因与左旋布比卡因在剖宫产手术中麻醉效果比较

目的：探讨蛛网膜下腔注射左旋布比卡因和布比卡因对剖宫产手术中的麻醉效果。方法：选取2012年3月到2013年3月期间在我院住院进行剖宫产手术产妇60例作为研究对象。随机分为左旋布比卡因组与布比卡因组,观察两组患者的麻醉效果以及术后不良反应的发生情况。结果：剖宫产手术中左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后的5min和7min后MAP值与麻醉前比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后的5min、7min、10min以及15minHR值比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因的蛛网膜下腔注射麻醉后Bromage评分0分时间和麻醉后切口感觉疼痛时间相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。左旋布比卡因和布比卡因麻醉后的不良反应的发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：剖宫产手术麻醉中布比卡因的麻醉效果好于左旋布比卡因,临床上剖宫产等腹部手术应该选择布比卡因进行临床麻醉．．     

股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉用于老年单侧下肢手术的麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响

目的:研究股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉用于老年单侧下肢手术的麻醉效果及对血流动力学的影响。方法:选取2014年1月到2015年1月我院收治的老年单侧下肢手术患者70例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为研究组和对照组,每组35例,研究组给予股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉,对照组给予蛛网膜下腔麻醉,比较两组麻醉效果,麻醉前、麻醉15 min、麻醉半小时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR),并观察不良反应的发生率。结果:麻醉15 min、半小时后对照组SBP和DBP显著低于研究组,也显著低于麻醉前,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),研究组麻醉15 min、半小时后SBP和DBP与麻醉前比较无统计学意义(P0.05),麻醉15 min、半小时后两组HR与麻醉前比较无统计学意义(P0.05);研究组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:股神经联合坐骨神经阻滞麻醉用于老年单侧下肢手术麻醉效果与蛛网膜下腔麻醉相当,对血流动力学影响较少,安全性较高。     

戊巴比妥钠联用速眠新Ⅱ对西藏小型猪麻醉效果观察

目的观察联合应用速眠新Ⅱ和戊巴比妥钠对西藏小型猪的麻醉效果。方法采用速眠新Ⅱ（0.1mL/kg）肌内注射和3%戊巴比妥钠生理盐水溶液（0.2 mL/kg）静脉注射联合麻醉方法对15头行胚胎移植术的西藏小型猪进行麻醉,观察动物麻醉维持时间、镇痛效果、呼吸频率和心率变化及术后苏醒情况。结果80%（12头/15头）西藏小型猪初始量麻醉状态维持45 min以上,20%（3头/15头）西藏小型猪手术过程中追加麻醉。麻醉期间肌肉松弛效果好,动物呼吸和心率平稳。手术过程中西藏小型猪呼吸频率为（12-22）次/min,心率为（63-85）次/min,麻醉过程中未出现麻醉死亡,术后苏醒时间为30-60 min。结论速眠新和戊巴比妥钠混合麻醉效果好,且麻醉剂量较以往大幅减少,术后苏醒快。戊巴比妥钠联用速眠新复合麻醉对西藏小型猪是一种较理想的麻醉方法,且动物麻醉安全性高。     

Guidelines for land‐treating petroleum hydrocarbon‐contaminated soils

During land treatment, environmental parameters are optimized to achieve the fastest and most complete biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons present in contaminated soils. This article provides specific guidelines for optimization of the land treatment process at a field site. In particular, the necessary steps in the land treatment procedure are outlined in the time sequence expected under field conditions. Specific steps include sampling and site assessment, determination of contaminant levels and characteristics, estimation of biodegradation potential, estimation of bacterial numbers in soil, design of the land treatment unit, adjustment of the soil pH and moisture content, addition of nutrient fertilizers and bulking agents, operation of the land treatment unit involving tilling and irrigation, periodic monitoring of specific environmental parameters, and final closure of the site. In addition, a number of examples are used to familiarize the reader with the numerical calculations involved in optimization of the land treatment operation.     

Comparison of transthecal digital block and traditional digital block for anesthesia of the finger

A randomized, double-blind study was performed in 50 patients to compare the transthecal and traditional subcutaneous infiltration techniques of digital block anesthesia regarding the onset of time to achieve anesthesia and pain during the infiltration. All the patients had sustained injury involving two or four fingers of the hand. Each patient served as his or her own control, having one finger infiltrated with the transthecal technique and the other with the subcutaneous infiltration technique. Time to loss of pinprick sensation and pain (at the time of the infiltration and 24 hours postoperatively) were assessed using a visual analogue scale and verbal response score. A total of 104 blocks (52 transthecal and 52 subcutaneous infiltration) were performed. All of these blocks were successful. Mean time to achieve anesthesia with the transthecal block was 165 seconds, compared with 100 seconds for the subcutaneous infiltration block. The mean analogue pain score was higher for transthecal blocks than for subcutaneous infiltration blocks (3.2 +/- 0.19 versus 1.6 +/- 0.14). Twenty-four hours postoperatively, 24 patients who had the transthecal block experienced pain at the injection site of the digit. However, none of the patients who received the subcutaneous infiltration block complained of pain at the digit. The technique of anesthesia preferred by patients for their finger was the subcutaneous infiltration block, because it causes less pain. Our results confirm the efficacy of the transthecal block for achieving anesthesia of the finger; however, because it is a more painful procedure, it is not recommended.     

全程心理疏导预防全麻术后导尿管刺激躁动的临床观察

目的:评价全程心理疏导预防全身麻醉术后导尿管刺激躁动的临床效果。方法:全麻下实施胆囊切除手术的80例男性患者为观察对象,随机均分为全程心理疏导组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组),每组40例。Ⅰ组:术前、麻醉诱导前、苏醒后均对患者施行个体化心理疏导,根据患者具体情况进行沟通,解除其焦虑与恐惧心理。Ⅱ组:常规访视,不进行全程心理疏导。飞利浦多功能监测仪连续监测ECG、HR、SpO2及每3分钟监测一次BP,记录入室后MAP、HR的基础值(T0)、术毕(T1)、拔管后3 min(T2)、10 min(T3)、20min(T4)的血流动力学变化,观察记录拔管后患者因尿管刺激引发躁动评分。结果:Ⅰ组患者苏醒期对尿管刺激反应程度明显低于Ⅱ组,患者在苏醒期血压、心率也较稳定。结论:全程心理疏导可以预防、减轻全麻术后因导尿管刺激而引发的躁动。