填充料和通气对污泥堆肥过程的影响

试验研究了不同配比的以料和通气状况对污泥堆肥起始升温的影响。结果表明,填充料含是量高的配比升温速度明显比填充料含量低的配比快;高填充料配比的堆体（填充料占堆料的１／２～１／３）在超始升温阶段可以不进行氢气的供给;低填充料的配比和加入回流堆肥的配比（填充料占堆料的１／４～１／９）,由于堆体的孔隙少,则必须进行通气量的调节。     

施污土壤重金属有效态分布及生物有效性

以城市污泥为研究对象,将城市污泥与土壤按照一定的质量比配成污泥混合土壤.采用6种不同性质提取剂(0.05mol/L EDTA、0.1 mol/L CH3 COOH、0.01 mol/L CaC12、1 mol/L CH3COONH4,0.05 mol/L NaHCO3和0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl)分别对污泥混合土壤中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的螯合态、酸溶态、中性交换态、中性结合态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态进行提取,考察污泥的添加对土壤中不同形态重金属的消长规律.通过黑麦草盆栽试验,探究污泥混合土壤中不同形态重金属的植物可利用性.结果表明:污泥混合土壤中重金属螯合态比例较大,占总量的20.3％-40.0％;其次为酸溶态和中性结合态,而中性交换态、碱性交换态和蛋白质结合态的含量较低.污泥的添加促进了黑麦草对Cd、Cu和Zn的吸收,在污泥添加率为44.4％时根部对其吸收量达最大,分别较CK处理增加了0.3、2.3和6.5倍.抑制了对Pb的吸收,在污泥添加率为37.5％时,根部对Pb的吸收较CK处理下降0.4倍.Pearson相关系数分析结果表明:污泥混合土壤中以螯合态、酸溶态和中性结合态存在重金属可被黑麦草吸收利用.     

污泥堆肥对草坪草生长及光合特征的影响

研究不同污泥堆肥施用量(0、0.8%、2%、6%和10%)对高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾3种草坪草生长及光合特征的影响.结果表明: 污泥堆肥施用量为6%时效果最好.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅、黑麦草和早熟禾的株高、单叶面积和单株生物量均显著增加,根冠比显著降低,其中,株高增幅分别为64.9%～180.8%、97.3%～200.9%和39.1%～156.5%,单叶面积增幅分别为91.3%～417.4%、186.4%～394.9%和164.6%～508.3%,单株生物量增幅分别为333.4%～867.6%、138.4%～445.1%和316.3%～669.2%.随污泥堆肥施用量的增加,高羊茅净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)呈先增加后降低的趋势;早熟禾P_n、T_r和WUE逐渐增加,C_i呈先增加后降低的趋势;黑麦草P_n和WUE逐渐增加,但其C_i和T_r呈先增加后降低的趋势.污泥堆肥施用使3种草叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量增加,施用量>6%后叶绿素a、b和(a+b)含量下降,但叶绿素a/b变化不明显.
     

堆肥处理对污泥腐殖物质形态及其重金属分配的影响

采用透析、凝胶色谱 (SephadexG 75 )研究了污泥堆肥前后腐殖质分子大小的变化及重金属Cu和Zn在各级组分中的分配。透析结果表明 ,污泥经过堆腐以后 ,腐殖质中小分子物质 (<10 0 0Da)组分的含量下降 6 4 % ,而相对高分子组分 (>2 5 0 0 0Da)却增加了 6 8%。凝胶色谱进一步证实 ,污泥经过 4 9d堆腐后 ,腐殖质中大于 2 0 0 0KDa的大分子组分是堆肥起始时的2 3倍。而小分子组分明显减少 ,表现在小分子组分的凝胶洗脱体积明显减少。堆肥腐熟以后 ,腐殖质吸附的Cu、Zn元素含量增加 ,其中Cu主要被吸附在大分子物质上 ,而Zn主要与小分子物质结合     

Influence of bulking agent on sewage sludge composting process

Four types of compost, consisting of mixtures of Acacia dealbata (A) with sewage sludge (SS) were studied in a laboratory reactor. Composting time was 80 days and parameters monitored over this period included temperature, organic matter, pH, CO₂, O₂, C/N ratio, Kjeldahl-N, as well as maturity indexes. All the studied parameters were influenced by the bulking amount used. The highest profile temperature measured was for the A/SS 1/2 (w/w) mixture that reached a maxima temperature of 67 °C and lower maximum temperatures of 52, 48 and 46 °C were observed for A/SS 1/3, 1/1 and 1/0 composts, respectively. The kinetic model used showed that a descent of sewage sludge in the composting mixtures favored the enzyme–substrate affinity. However, an increase in depending on the parameters of the process factors was observed when the sewage sludge ratio was increased in mixtures. The optimal amounts of sewage sludge for co-composting with Acacia indicate that moderate amounts of sludge (1/1) would be the best compromise.     

The influence of the Cucurbitaceae on mitigating the phytotoxicity and PCDD/PCDF content of soil amended with sewage sludge

The study evaluates the impact of sewage sludge on OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and vegetable soil phytotoxicity, measured using three test species: Lepidium sativum, Sinapis alba and Sorghum saccharatum, and total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF (toxic equivalency polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans) soil concentration, measured using HRGC/HRMS - High Resolution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. It also evaluates the effect of zucchini and cucumber cultivation during 5-weeks period on mitigating these parameters. The application of 3, 9 and 18 t/ha of sewage sludge gradually increases the phytotoxicity of both OECD and vegetable soil. In the case of OECD soil, the highest roots growth inhibitions were observed for S. alba (73%, 86% and 87%, respectively) and the lowest for S. saccharatum (7%, 59% and 70%), while in vegetable soil inhibitions were averagely 25% lower. Sludge application also led to a 38% (3 t/ha), 169% (9 t/ha) and 506% (18 t/ha) increase in PCDD/PCDF concentration, and the TEQs were augmented by 15%, 159% and 251%. Both soil phytotoxicity and total and TEQ PCDD/PCDF concentrations were diminished as a result of zucchini and cucumber cultivation. The maximum reduction of soil phytotoxicity (83%) was observed as an effect of cucumber cultivation, while zucchini was 11% less effective. Zucchini, in turn, was more efficient in PCDD/PCDF removal (37% reduction), followed by cucumber (24%). Such differences were not observed in the case of TEQ reductions (68% and 66% for zucchini and cucumber cultivation, respectively).     

城市污泥农用对植物-土壤系统的影响

城市污泥的合理处置是目前资源与环境科学研究领域中的重要课题之一.城市污泥因富含大量的有机质和有效营养成分,对农业土壤肥力、土壤物理结构和农业生产均有一定的积极促进作用,使得污泥农用成为可能.但城市污泥中含有的重金属、有机污染物等有害物质尤其是重金属,成为污泥农用处置的瓶颈.为提高我国城市污泥的农业资源化利用效率和减少污染物造成的负面效应,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对植物-土壤互作系统的影响及过程进行了综述,为进一步提高污泥利用效率提供理论依据和科学指导.     

污泥蚯蚓粪对万寿菊生长发育的影响

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）处理混合比例为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1、4∶1、5∶1和1∶0的污泥和牛粪得到污泥蚯蚓粪,并以10%、20%和30%（干物质量）与黑土混合,研究其对万寿菊株高、茎粗、叶片数、分枝数、地上部生物量、地下部生物量、根冠比、花蕾数、产花量、花直径和花生物量等生长发育指标的影响.结果表明：蚯蚓粪明显促进了万寿菊的生长发育;污泥和牛粪比值越小,对植物生长发育越有利;蚯蚓粪含量超过一定量,万寿菊生长发育状况有所下降,20%配比处理对万寿菊生长发育最为有利.     

Keratinolytic fungi in sewage sludge

Sewage sludge from the Upper Silesia Region of Poland were surveyed for keratinolytic fungi. Out of 100 Petri dishes examined, 89 were positive for these micro-organisms. Altogether, 185 fungal appearances belonging to 10 species were observed. Trichophyton terrestre with its teleomorph Arthroderma quadrifidum, T. ajelloi with A. uncinatum, Microsporum gypseum with Arthroderma sp., and Chrysosporium keratinophilum with Aphanoascus keratinophilus prevailed in the sludges. The sewage treatment technologies together with the sludge structure, humidity and pH were found to be critical factors determining the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the sludge environment. The qualitative and quantitative composition of keratinolytic fungi could be a useful tool in evaluation of sludge treatment processes.     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: II. Copper

Organic wastes such as sewage sludges contain copper (Cu). Increased attention to environmental protection requires that wastes be treated with pathogen-eliminating procedures before application to farmland. It is not clear, however, if such procedures affect the plant availability of Cu in the wastes. This 2-year field research investigated the effect of irradiation and composting on Cu availability in sludges and manure using a yield control approach. Four organic wastes [digested and dewatered (DSS), digested and irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludges and composted livestock manure (CLM)] were applied at four rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 t solid ha^–1 year^–1) with supplemented N and K fertilizers. A control treatment (CT) received N and K fertilizers only. Beans, lettuce and petunias were grown in first year and lettuce were harvested twice in second year. Beans appeared to have a strong ability to absorb Cu compared with the other test crops. In general, crop Cu concentration responses to Cu applied in DSS and DISS were well described by quadratic equations. Tested by a paired t-test, Cu concentration in bean pods was higher in DISS than in DSS treatment, indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Cu. However, the parabolic response of crop Cu to Cu applied in DISS, suggesting that the increases were confined to the lower rates of DISS. Copper applied in DICSS did not increase Cu concentration in any of the test crops. At a given level of applied Cu, crop Cu tended to be lower in DICSS than in DSS or DISS treatment. Sludge composting depressed phytoavailability of Cu. Copper concentration in CLM was much lower than in sludges and sludge composts, but application of CLM increased Cu concentration in bean pods. The pattens of Cu concentration in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 to Cu applied in CLM were similar, where low rates of CLM application slightly reduced Cu concentration, then the Cu concentration increased with increased rates. The dynamics of available Cu supply were different in the sludge composts and manure composts.     

城市污泥资源化利用研究

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂 ,如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势 ,并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂等进行资源化利用是符合我国国情的 ,并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径     

The role of selected tree species in industrial sewage sludge/flotation tailing management

The aim of the study was to estimate the ability of ten tree and bush species to tolerate and accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As species [As(III), As(V), and total organic arsenic] in industrial sewage sludge extremely contaminated with arsenic (almost 27.5 g kg^?1) in a pot experiment. The premise being that it will then be possible to select the most promising tree/bush species, able to grow in the vicinity of dams where sewage sludge/flotation tailings are used as landfill. Six of the ten tested tree species were able to grow on the sludge. The highest content of total As was observed in Betula pendula roots (30.0 ± 1.3 mg kg^?1 DW), where the dominant As species was the toxic As(V). The highest biomass of Quercus Q1 robur (77.3 § 2.6 g) and Acer platanoides (76.0 § 4.9 g) was observed. A proper planting of selected tree species that are able to thrive on sewage sludge/flotation tailings could be an interesting and promising way to protect dams. By utilizing differences in their root systems and water needs, we will be able to reduce the risk of fatal environmental disasters.     

Distribution of heavy metals in a sewage oxidation pond and their adsorption in residual solid (sewage sludge ash)

Abstract

Electrometric studies were carried out on the interaction of heavy metal ions such as manganese, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead with the extracted organic matter, humic and fulvic acid from the sludge in a sewage oxidation pond. The distribution of heavy metals was between 60 and 97%, which is associated with the solid waste (sludge) of the oxidation pond. The adsorption/removal efficiency of metal ions onto the sludge ash was more than 90% and 97%, respectively, in the pure system. To obtain the ash, the sludge was burnt at 500°C, treated with nitric acid (1+1) to leach out all the metals and then filtered; the residue left on the filter paper was the pure ash. Both this and that coated with organic matter were studied. The adsorption isotherm for metals, humic/fulvic acids and metal-humic/fulvic acid complexes in the metal-free sludge ash and in the organic matter in the pure system were studied using the Freundlich relationship. Good agreement was found suggesting that sediment and humic/fulvic acids have an important role in the mobility, dispersion and sedimentation of metal ions in an aquatic environment. More of these heavy metals are removed in the pure system than in the natural system. This may be due to the lesser availability of humic and fulvic acids in the lagoons during the short detention time of sewage in suspension in the oxidation pond, whereas the sludge which has settled to the bottom of the pond for several years contains rich decomposed organic matter in the form of humic and fulvic acids containing heavy metals. Such pure systems could be useful for the effective removal of heavy metals.     

A yield control approach to assess phytoavailability of Zn and Cu in irradiated,composted sewage sludges and composted manure in field experiments: I. Zinc

The threat of spreading diseases is a serious concern when organic wastes are applied to farmland. Irradiation and composting are effective methods to reduce pathogens. Field experiments were conducted to assess the influence of these pathogen-eliminating methods on plant availability of Zn in the wastes. Four organic wastes: digested and dewatered (DSS), irradiated (DISS), composted (DICSS) sewage sludge and composted livestock manure (CLM) were applied during two growing seasons at 10, 20, 30, and 40 t solids ha^–1 year^–1. Available N and K in the wastes were estimated and N and K fertilizers were added to the soil to equalize available N and K supply among treatments to avoid dilution of crop Zn concentration. A control treatment (CT) received fertilizers but no waste. Lettuce, snap beans and petunias were grown in 1990, and two cuts of lettuce were harvested in 1991. The influence of waste Zn application on crop Zn concentration was studied within approximately equal crop yields. Crop Zn concentration increased in all crops treated with DSS or DISS, and often reached a maximum at the 30 t ha^–1 rate of application, then slightly decreased at 40 t ha^–1. The response of crop Zn concentration to the amount of Zn applied in the wastes was best described by quadratic equations. Waste application also significantly increased soil Zn availability index, which was a function of DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid)-extractable soil Zn and soil pH. The index was highly correlated with crop Zn concentration. Although Zn concentration in DICSS was similar to those in DSS and DISS, Zn applied in DICSS did not increase crop Zn concentration or soil availability index. Composting reduced the availability of Zn. The similar concentrations of Zn in DSS and DISS in both years allowed the use of a paired t-test to determine the differences in crop Zn concentration caused by application of DSS and DISS. Zinc applied in DISS produced a higher Zn concentration in bean pods than Zn applied in DSS (t > T _0.05 at P < 0.02, df = 15), indicating that irradiation increased phytoavailability of Zn in the sludge. However, no similar effect was found in Zn concentrations in the two cuts of lettuce in 1991 or in soil Zn availability index.     

Terrestrial Chironomidae on agricultural soil treated with sewage sludge

Adult Chironomidae were caught in emergence traps for three subsequent years (1988–1990) on agricultural soil. Larvae were extracted from soil samples taken since June 1989. The field was subdivided into 5 plots treated with different amounts of sewage sludge. On some plots the sludge was artificially enriched with heavy metalts. The phenology of Chrinonomidae in the three years and their distribution over the different plots are discussed. The results suggest that the abundance of Chironomidae is increased by sewage sludge and appears to be also increased by heavy metals.     

Influence of humic substances on bioavailability of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge composting

Influence of humic substances (HS) on bioavailability of Cu and Zn was characterized during 120 days co-composting of sewage sludge and maize straw. At the initial stage of composting, Cu and Zn in sewage sludge were released as organic matter was degraded, and water soluble Cu and Zn increased markedly. Water soluble Cu and FA content decreased after 21 days whereas water soluble Zn increased during the whole process. Both HA-Cu and HA-Zn were significantly and positively correlated with HA and H/F, respectively. At the end of composting, the distribution coefficients of HA-Cu and HA-Zn reached 27.50% and 3.33% respectively with HA-Cu/HA-Zn ratio increased from 1.29 to 2.73. The results suggest that Cu combined with HA more strongly than Zn, and composting treatment could decrease bioavailability of Cu markedly.     

Enzyme treatment to reduce solids and improve settling of sewage sludge

The effect of microbial enzymes in reducing the disposable solid content of sludge was investigated. A mixture of industrial cellulase, protease, and lipase, in equal proportion by weight, reduced total suspended solids (TSS) by 30–50% and improved settling of solids. An increase in solid reduction was observed with increasing enzyme concentration. The effect of combinations of enzyme treatments indicated that two-enzyme combinations of protease and cellulase produced better solid reduction than individual enzymes and that lipase further augmented this effect. Among the individual enzymes, protease produced a more settleable sludge as compared to cellulase and lipase. Adjustment of the pH of the enzymatically treated sludge to the acidic range (pH 2–4) further improved solid reduction, and adjustment to the alkaline range (pH 10–12) improved settleability. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2001) 26, 383–386. Received 01 November 2000/ Accepted in revised form 29 April 2001     

几种花卉植物对污泥中铅的富集特征

土地利用是资源化利用城市污水厂污泥的有效途径。为了解污泥中重金属污染物在土壤、植物之间的迁移富集规律,选用8种园林用植物进行污泥混配土种植实验。结果表明,植物对污泥混配土土壤中铅的富集能力,以及铅在植物中各器官的富集系数均不同,且不同种类植物差别较大。植物根部对铅有较强的富集能力,其次是叶和茎。菊花对铅的富集能力较强。植物对土壤中铅的富集能力也受土壤铅含量和赋存形态影响。     

Vermistabilization of primary sewage sludge

An integrated composting-vermicomposting process has been developed for utilization of primary sewage sludge (PSS). Matured vermicompost was used as bulking material and a source of active microbial culture during aerobic activated composting (AAC). AAC resulted in sufficient enrichment of bulking material with organic matter after 20 cycles of recycling and mixing with PSS and produced materials acceptable for vermicomposting. Vermicomposting caused significant reduction in pH, volatile solids (VS), specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), total organic carbon (TOC), C/N ratio and pathogens and substantial increase in electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) as compared to compost. Environmental conditions and stocking density have profound effects on vermicomposting. Temperature of 20 °C with high humidity is favorable environmental condition for vermicomposting employing Eisenia fetida. Favorable stocking density range for vermiculture is 0.5-2.0 kg m⁻² (optimum: 0.5 kg m⁻²) and for vermicomposting is 2.0-4.0 kg m⁻² (optimum: 3.0 kg m⁻²), respectively.     

Microbiological monitoring in the biodegradation of sewage sludge and food waste

AIM: To study the microbiology of intensive, in-vessel biodegradation of a mixture of sewage sludge and vegetable food waste. METHODS AND RESULTS: The biodegradation was performed in a closed reactor with the addition of a starter culture of Bacillus thermoamylovorans SW25 under conditions of controlled aeration, stirring, pH and temperature (60 degrees C). The content of viable bacterial cells, determined by flow cytometry, increased from 5 x 108 g-1 of dry matter to 61 x 108 g-1 for 6 days of the process and then dropped to the initial value at the end of the process. The reductions of organic matter, 16S rRNA of methanogens and coenzyme F420 fluorescence during 10 days of the treatment were 67, 54 and 87% of the initial values, respectively. The biodegradability of the organic matter decreased during the 10 days of the treatment from 3.8 to 1.3 mg CO2 g-1 of organic matter per day. The treatment of sewage sludge and food waste at 60 degrees C did not remove enterobacteria, which are the agents of intestinal infections, from the material. The percentage of viable enterobacterial cells, determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with Enterobacteriaceae-specific oligonucleotide probe and flow cytometry, varied from 1 to 14% of the viable bacterial cells. CONCLUSIONS: The mixture of sewage sludge and food waste can be degraded by the aerobic thermophilic bacteria; the starter culture of Bacillus thermoamylovorans SW25 can be used to perform this process; and enterobacteria can survive under treatment of sewage sludge and food waste at 60 degrees C for 13 days. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results show that FISH with an oligonucleotide probe can be used to study not only the growth but also the degradation of biomass. Obtained results could be used to design the bioconversion of sewage sludge and food waste into organic fertilizer.