肿瘤多药耐药与自噬、DNA修复和肿瘤干细胞相关的分子机制研究进展

肿瘤多药耐药(multi-drug resistance,MDR)所导致的化疗失败,依旧是肿瘤治疗中存在的难点。虽然针对MDR,已经成功开发了三代靶向三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体(ATP binding cassette transporter,ABC)的抑制剂,也有MDR调节剂和化学增敏剂,多功能纳米载体和RNA干扰等方法可有效逆转MDR,但是由于肿瘤多药耐药机制的复杂性,MDR依然是肿瘤治疗中面临的难题。将从目前研究比较集中的ABC转运体异常表达; DNA损伤修复的改变和细胞凋亡的异常;自噬诱导与耐药及肿瘤干细胞与耐药等四方面入手,针对目前MDR机制的研究进展做一综述,旨在为MDR的研究提供思路和方法。     

肿瘤干细胞研究面临的挑战与对策

肿瘤干细胞（TSC）学说已吸引更多学者对其予以关注与研究。在TSC研究取得较快进展的同时，也遇到了许多困难与挑战。从全面认识TSC生物学特性、建立特异性鉴定TSC的方法和靶向治疗TSC等3个方面提出应对策略，旨在为TSC研究领域有重大突破而抛砖引玉。     

氨基酸转运体在肿瘤代谢中的研究进展

代谢重编程是肿瘤的重要特征,是指肿瘤细胞为满足其快速增殖的生物合成与能量需求,对其糖代谢、脂代谢以及氨基酸代谢等代谢路径进行的重编程,以维持增长速度以及补偿能量代谢所造成的氧化还原压力。虽然不同的癌症代谢变化不同,但有些特征是所有癌症共有的,氨基酸代谢重编程是其中一个重要的特征。氨基酸进出细胞需要氨基酸转运体的协助,因而在肿瘤细胞中多种特定的氨基酸转运体均过表达。靶向氨基酸转运体通过影响肿瘤细胞的氨基酸代谢从而达到抗肿瘤的目的,是目前抗肿瘤药物的研究热点之一。主要介绍了几种在肿瘤代谢中发挥重要作用的氨基酸转运体以及靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤治疗的研究进展及相关作用机制,旨在了解氨基酸转运体在抗肿瘤研究中的作用,以期促进靶向氨基酸转运体抗肿瘤药物的发展。     

肿瘤干细胞分离纯化及鉴定的研究策略

随着白血病、乳腺癌、脑肿瘤干细胞的分离鉴定成功,肿瘤干细胞（tumor stem cell,TSC）学说逐渐成熟起来。分离纯化和鉴定是TSC研究的首要工作和前提,TSC的分离纯化主要有根据细胞表型特征和生物学特性而建立的两大类方法,TSC的鉴定分为体外实验和动物致瘤实验。TSC的分离、纯化及其成功鉴定将为肿瘤临床诊断、治疗、预后及其基础研究带来新的理念。     

当前肿瘤基因治疗中存在的主要问题及其解决途径

本文概述了当前肿瘤基因治疗研究中存在的一些主要问题,如绝大多数治疗方案中目的基因只有一个,肿瘤基因治疗缺乏靶向性,基因转移载体的效率、安全性及容量等问题。讨论了解决这些问题的主要途径,即肿瘤多基因联合治疗、直接体内途径治疗与靶向基因治疗、基因转移载体的改造。     

当前肿瘤基因治疗中存在的主要问题及其解决途径

本文概述了当前肿瘤基因治疗研究中存在的一些主要问题,如绝大多数治疗方案中目的基因只有一个,肿瘤基因治疗缺乏靶向性,基因转移载体的效率、安全性及容量等问题。讨论了解决这些问题的主要途径,即肿瘤多基因联合治疗、直接体内途径基因治疗与靶向基因治疗、基因转移载体的改造。     

靶向表观遗传调控的肿瘤治疗进展

新型肿瘤治疗策略开发一直是肿瘤学领域的热点方向。表观遗传变异在肿瘤发生发展中发挥着重要作用,包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、非编码RNA等多个层面的调控机制。近年来,鉴于表观遗传动态可逆的特点,靶向表观遗传调控作为一种新型的肿瘤治疗策略备受关注。该文将从肿瘤表观遗传特征的治疗策略和靶向表观遗传调控克服肿瘤治疗抵抗两方面综述靶向表观遗传调控在肿瘤治疗中的最新进展,旨在为肿瘤治疗领域的研究人员提供参考和启发,促进靶向表观遗传调控方案在肿瘤治疗中的应用与发展。     

药物转运体：像ABC一样容易？

药物运输以及药物转运体远不像ABC转运复合体那么简单,增加对目前转运体性状及新转运体鉴定的研究力度,对于理解抗药性及确定药物有效性和安全性是至关重要的。伴随着药物转运体分析的发展,要面对这些挑战同样非常重要。     

B7家族与肿瘤化疗耐药

肿瘤化疗的多药耐药性(multi-drug resistance,MDR)是提高抗肿瘤治疗效果的主要挑战之一。如何克服肿瘤MDR的问题,已成为当前肿瘤治疗领域的重要研究方向。随着对肿瘤免疫微环境的深入理解,肿瘤免疫逃逸机制以及免疫治疗已经成为肿瘤免疫学研究的热点之一。由于较高的安全性、疗效的长效性以及广泛的适用性,免疫疗法在恶性肿瘤的治疗中引起了越来越多的关注。其中,靶向B7家族辅助治疗已经被应用于多种实体瘤的临床治疗。B7家族属于免疫球蛋白超家族,它们在肿瘤微环境内的肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞中表达,与肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移密切相关。B7家族分子在肿瘤耐药性的发展中起到了重要作用,因此,通过靶向B7家族分子进行的免疫疗法可能具有克服恶性肿瘤MDR的潜力,从而实现治疗效果的提升。本文就B7家族分子与肿瘤MDR的最新研究进展进行综述,为克服肿瘤MDR和肿瘤治疗提供有前景的方法。     

半分子转运蛋白ABCG2的肿瘤多药耐药性研究及其应用

肿瘤常对临床上传统使用的多种化学治疗显示其内源性或获得性的药物耐受性即多药耐药性(multidrug resistance,MDR)．这种多药耐药性主要是由一类称为ABC(ATP-binding cassette)转运体蛋白超家族的跨膜蛋白引起的,它们结合并利用水解ATP提供的能量来转运药物,导致肿瘤细胞呈现抗药性．半分子转运蛋白ABCG2是近年来才发现的可归于ABC转运体大家族中的一个新成员,在肠、肝、胎盘和血脑屏障等部位大量表达,与全分子转运蛋白如P-gp (P-glycoprotein)和多药耐药蛋白(multi-drug resistance protein,MRP)相似,可以主动地把具有不同化学结构和作用于细胞内不同靶位点的化疗药物泵出胞外,从而引起肿瘤对多种抗癌药物(包括最新开发的药物)产生抗性．最近的一些十分有趣的研究还表明,ABCG2可能与干细胞分化状态和保护干细胞发育过程中免受周围环境的影响有关,而且还发现,它在侧群骨髓和神经干细胞内大量存在,因此,ABCG2可能在基因治疗中作为选择性的蛋白质标记正受到研究者们的极大关注．同时,ABCG2的单核苷酸多态性影响其结合并转运不同的底物/药物．鉴于ABCG2在肿瘤抗药性研究中的重要性以及它的一些新功能的初步研究表明,对ABCG2的生物学功能和作用机理以及在医学实践中的应用研究必将受到更大的关注．主要阐述了半分子ABC转运蛋白ABCG2的发现、重要的生化特性和生理功能及其相关的新研究进展和问题．     

ABC细胞膜转运蛋白及其介导的细胞多药耐药研究进展

ABC细胞膜转运蛋白是一个能转运多种底物的蛋白质家族,其在宿主对异物的防御机制和肿瘤细胞对抗癌药物的耐药性中发挥重要作用。ABC转运蛋白能将已进人细胞的外源性物质从胞内泵出胞外,是造成肿瘤细胞多药耐药的主要原因,其基因表达水平与细胞内药物浓度和耐药程度密切相关。近年来,肿瘤细胞多药耐药性研究炙手可热。我们简要综述ABC细胞膜转运蛋白的特点、分布、表达及其介导的细胞多药耐药方面的研究进展。     

ABC transporters in cellular lipid trafficking

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a group of evolutionary highly conserved cellular transmembrane transport proteins. Recent work has implicated ABC transporters in cellular transmembrane lipid transport and hereditary diseases have been causatively linked to defective ABC transporters translocating lipid compounds. The emerging concept that a defined subset of ABC transporters is intimately involved in cellular lipid trafficking has recently been substantiated convincingly by the finding that ABCA1 plays a central role in the regulation of HDL metabolism and macrophage targeting to the RES or the vascular wall. Differentiation dependent expression of a large number of ABC transporters in monocytes/macrophages and their regulation by sterol flux render these transporter molecules potentially critical players in atherogenesis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.     

SLC22 transporter family proteins as targets for cytostatic uptake into tumor cells

The response to chemotherapy by tumor cells depends on the concentration of cytostatics accumulated inside the cells. The accumulation of anticancer drugs in tumor cells is mainly dependent on functional expression of efflux and influx transporters and to a minor extent on passive diffusion through the membrane. Efflux transporters of the ABC family are partially responsible for the chemoresistance of cancer cells by secreting these cytostatics. Over the past decades, the role of ABC transporters in the chemoresistance of various malignant tumors has been very well documented. By contrast, very little is known about the impact on tumor therapy of influx transporters belonging to the solute carrier transporters (SLC family). In this review, we focus on the interaction of SLC22 transporters with cytostatics, the expression of these transporters in tumor cells as well as their impact on the chemosensitivity of cancer cells.     

Chemotherapy-induced resistance by ATP-binding cassette transporter genes

A key issue in the treatment of many cancers is the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Resistance mechanisms are numerous and complex. One of them is mediated by the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters able to efflux drugs out of the tumor cell. The last two decades have seen notable growth of knowledge concerning the involvement of ABC transporters in resistance to chemotherapy. This review emphasizes these transporters, their clinical relevance and the diagnostic methods and strategies to circumvent multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ABC transporters.     

ABC transporters as cancer drivers: Potential functions in cancer development

Background

ABC transporters have attracted considerable attention for their function as drug transporters in a broad range of tumours and are therefore considered as major players in cancer chemoresistance. However, less attention has been focused on their potential role as active players in cancer development and progression.

Glibenclamide modulates glucantime activity and disposition in Leishmania major

A source of chemotherapeutic failure in anti-infective therapies is the active movement of drugs across membranes, through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In fact, simultaneous administration of therapeutic drugs with ABC transporter blockers has been invoked to be the way to actively prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that glucantime’s efficacy in decreasing the infection rate of Leishmania-infected macrophages is strongly enhanced when used in combination with glibenclamide, a specific blocker of ABC transporters. Intracellular ABC transporters mediate glucantime sequestration in intracellular organelles. Their selective inhibition may effectively increase the cytoplasmic concentration of glucantime and its leishmanicidal activity. Our results reveal for the first time that glibenclamide targets in Leishmania major a compartment associated with a multivesicular system that is simultaneously labeled by the acidic marker LysoTracker-red and may represent the organelle where antimonials are sequestered. These results constitute a proof of concept that conclusively demonstrates the potential value that combination therapy with an ABC transporter blocker may have for leishmaniasis therapy.     

Human adrenoleukodystrophy protein and related peroxisomal ABC transporters interact with the peroxisomal assembly protein PEX19p

Four ABC half transporters (ALDP, ALDRP, PMP70, and PMP69) have been identified in the mammalian peroxisomal membrane but no function has been unambiguously assigned to any of them. To date X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the only human disease known to result from a defect of one of these ABC transporters, ALDP. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and in vitro GST pull-down assays, we identified the peroxin PEX19p as a novel interactor of ALDP, ALDRP, and PMP70. The cytosolic farnesylated protein PEX19p was previously shown to be involved in an early step of the peroxisomal biogenesis. The PEX19p interaction occurs in an internal N-terminal region of ALDP which we verified to be important for proper peroxisomal targeting of this protein. Farnesylated wild-type PEX19p and a farnesylation-deficient mutant PEX19p did not differ in their ability to bind to ALDP. Our data provide evidence that PEX19p is a cytosolic acceptor protein for the peroxisomal ABC transporters ALDP, PMP70, and ALDRP and might be involved in the intracellular sorting and trafficking of these proteins to the peroxisomal membrane.     

Newly synthesized canalicular ABC transporters are directly targeted from the Golgi to the hepatocyte apical domain in rat liver

Newly synthesized canalicular ectoenzymes and a cell adhesion molecule (cCAM105) have been shown to traffic from the Golgi to the basolateral plasma membrane, from where they transcytose to the apical bile canalicular domain. It has been proposed that all canalicular proteins are targeted via this indirect route in hepatocytes. We studied the membrane targeting of rat canalicular proteins by in vivo [(35)S]methionine metabolic labeling followed by preparation of highly purified Golgi membranes and canalicular (CMVs) and sinusoidal/basolateral (SMVs) membrane vesicles and subsequent immunoprecipitation. In particular, we compared membrane targeting of newly synthesized canalicular ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters MDR1, MDR2, and SPGP (sister of P-glycoprotein) with that of cCAM105. Significant differences were observed in metabolic pulse-chase labeling experiments with regard to membrane targeting of these apical proteins. After a chase time of 15 min, cCAM105 appeared exclusively in SMVs, peaked at 1 h, and progressively declined thereafter. In CMVs, cCAM105 was first detected after 1 h and subsequently increased for 3 h. This findings confirm the transcytotic targeting of cCAM105 reported in earlier studies. In contrast, at no time point investigated were MDR1, MDR2, and SPGP detected in SMVs. In CMVs, MDR1 and MDR2 appeared after 30 min, whereas SPGP appeared after 2 h of labeling. In Golgi membranes, each of the ABC transporters peaked at 30 min and was virtually absent thereafter. These data suggest rapid, direct targeting of newly synthesized MDR1 and MDR2 from the Golgi to the bile canaliculus and transient sequestering of SPGP in an intracellular pool en route from the Golgi to the apical plasma membrane. This study provides biochemical evidence for direct targeting of newly synthesized apical ABC transporters from the Golgi to the bile canaliculus in vivo.     

多烯类抗生素合成基因簇中ABC转运蛋白研究进展

ABC转运蛋白家族是一个广泛存在于不同生物细胞中且功能保守的膜蛋白亚家族;它们是一类单向底物转运泵,通常以主动转运方式完成多种分子的跨膜转运。随着抗生素合成基因簇相关研究的开展,越来越多的簇内ABC转运蛋白被鉴定出来,对其生物学功能的研究正逐渐成为热点。多烯类抗生素作为一类重要的抗真菌药物,能够有效避免真菌产生耐药性,具有非常重要的临床价值。本文以多烯类抗生素合成基因簇为对象,综述了在其中所发现的ABC转运蛋白的研究进展,综合分析了其结构特性与功能间的关系,并对研究应用进行了展望。