播种时间对棉田害虫和天敌种群的影响

通过对3种不同时间播种的棉田内害虫、天敌系统调查,分析和比较了播种时间对棉田害虫、天敌种群和群落的影响。结果表明,播种期推后,可减轻或避免第二代棉铃虫的为害,加重第三代和第四代棉铃虫的为害;但不同播种日期对不同时期的棉蚜影响不同,苗蚜以迟播棉田内种群数量最高,伏蚜则以夏播棉田内种群数量最高。播种期的推后,不利于棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌种群增长。棉田害虫和天敌群落多样性指数也随播种期的推后而下降．因此．应针对不同时间播种的棉田开展相应的害虫生态管理。     

稻纵卷叶螟幼虫的空间分布型与抽样技术

害虫预测预报和防治的技术基础之一是对害虫种群动态的全面了解,其中种群数量在空间和时间上的变动是害虫种群动态的基本形式。怎样才能准确地掌握害虫种群数量的变动呢?最科学和简便的方法是作田间虫口密度的调查。田间调查是采用抽样技术非全面地估计害虫种群数量,但是抽样技术的应用受多种因素的制约,特别是受害虫种群内部个体空间分布型的影响较大,影响样本估计值的正确程度,     

蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量的影响

在甘肃省定西市九华沟系统研究了喷施蚜虱净对苜蓿主要害虫及天敌种群数量动态的影响。结果表明,施药田蚜虫和蓟马的季节平均数量极显著高于对照田,而盲蝽和瓢虫、小花蝽、蜘蛛等大多数天敌的季节平均数量则极显著低于对照田,寄生蜂与对照田没有湿著差异。喷施蚜虱净对种群数量时序动态的影响在不同害虫和天敌种类中表现不同,5月底施药后7d对照田蚜虫和蓟马的种群数量分别为施药田的4．13倍和5．2倍,此后施药田害虫的种群数量开始迅速增加,到6月底2种害虫的种群数量均与对照田无显著差异,到7月中旬以后反而显著高于对照田。施药对盲蝽种群数量时序动态的影响与蚜虫和蓟马不同,5月底施药后盲蝽的种群数量一直显著低于对照田,直到7月下旬以后,种群数量才恢复到对照田的水平。喷施蚜虱净对天敌种群数量的时序动态有极显著的影响,大多数天敌的种群数量在5月底施药后到7月底都一直显著低于对照田,直到8月上旬才恢复到对照田的水平。施用杀虫剂在防治害虫的同时杀伤大量天敌,使害虫的种群数量迅速增加,甚至造成更严重的为害。因此在菖蓿上使用对天敌杀伤力小的杀虫剂对保持天敌的自然控制能力有重要作用。     

农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响

着重分析植物多样性影响害虫发生为害及种群数量的生态学机制,综合评述了关于这种机制的两种主要假说,即天敌假说和资源集中假说．同时总结了植物多样性增大和减少对害虫控制的有利和不利因素．研究表明农田生态系统中植物多样性的增大在多数情况下能导致某些害虫种群数量的下降,但是目前很难就不同栖境中所有类型的害虫形成一般性的结论     

印楝素乳油对黄曲条跳甲种群控制作用评价

在生命表方法分析的基础上。建立了害虫累积为害量指标,用以描述和比较某一时间段内害虫动态持续为害力大小．应用该指标分析印楝素乳油对黄曲条跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata(F.))种群控制作用,结果表明,对成虫显著的忌避作用是其对种群控制的主要机理．印楝素0．50ml·L^-1对成虫的忌避率为83．75％,种群趋势指数I值降为0．3354,干扰作用控制指数为0．0863．采用田间试验获得的结果,避免了室内测定的空间限制,因而是评价异源植物次生化合物对害虫忌避作用的主要依据．该指标在以害虫控制为目标的动态研究中具有较好的应用前景．     

小菜蛾系统调查及抗药性监测方法

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)是十字花科作物重要害虫。其种群消长受地理条件、气候变化和耕作方式等多种因素的影响。小菜蛾也是抗药性最强的害虫,几乎对所有杀虫剂产生了抗药性。针对小菜蛾的生活习性和抗药性,统一规范了田间种群系统调查和抗药性监测方法,为其种群动态及抗药性监测提供技术支撑。     

读《松树与小蠹虫生态系统──害虫综合管理》

此书是美国著名学者沃特斯牵头编写的一本专著（IntegratedPestManaaementinPine－BarkBeetleEcosystem．主编作者WilliamE．Water,RonaldW．StarkandDividL．Wood．TheRegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniaPublishedbyJohnWiley＆SonInc．）,1985年出版。它是美国全国发动的一项重大课题“主要作物生态系统中害虫种群调控的原理、手段和策略”研究的重要组成部分,从害虫治理的思想体系上看,专著有它引人瞩目的特点。现介绍如后。（一）“主要作物生态系统中害虫种群调控的原理、手段和策略”计划的背景是根据《害虫控制新技…     

迁移对害虫抗性演化的影响

利用抗性群体遗传模型研究了迁移对害虫抗性演化的影响。模拟结果表明,迁入比例对害虫种群抗性演化的影响存在一定的阈值。若迁入个体全为敏感(SS)纯合子,而其比例又在阈值以下时,这种迁入对抗性演化无延缓作用;迁入比例在阈值以上时,随比例加大,对抗性延缓作用逐渐增强,加大到某一值时,抗性演化可完全被阻止;若迁入个体携有R基因,则迁入比例在阈值以下时,会促进迁入区害虫种群的抗性演化;在阈值以上时,可延缓或完全阻止害虫种群的抗性演化。处理区害虫种群原有个体的迁出,可加强SS个体迁入对害虫种群抗性演化的影响,而使携R基因的个体的迁入影响减弱。以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella为模型昆虫所作的试验结果表明,模型模拟与验证试验的结果具有较好的一致性,说明抗性模拟模型可用于害虫种群的抗性演化预测和分析。     

应用灰色系统理论对二代棉铃虫进行预测

一、引言害虫种群数量的消长状况主要受生态和害虫自身的生物因素所制约。对于各种影响害虫种群数量消长的生态和生物因素来说,可由一系列表观的自然生态因素和害虫本身的生物因素所构成的指标群组合来刻画,每组指标群组合在客观上均反映了适宜害虫种群数量消长的程度。从而构成一组适宜害虫种群数量消长并反映诸生态和生物因素群体效应的生态条件。     

豆田刺吸类害虫、天敌自然种群消长规律及其群落结构的研究

在豆田群落中,常见的天敌昆虫及有益生物为12科13种,它们对寄主均有很强的选择性．小花蝽是大豆蚜的主要天敌,系优势种,其次是龟纹瓢虫．大青叶蝉的主要天敌是蜘蛛类,三突花蛛和草间小黑蛛为优势种．在长期不施用农药的环境下,天敌自然种群对控制害虫发生危害的作用明显．经数学分析,建立了12个数学模型,进一步揭示了两种刺吸类害虫与其天敌之间的关系;天敌种群消长、害虫种群消长与时间变动的关系．尤其通过对豆田群落生物的多样性、稳定性动态分析,表明豆田群落在8月9日至8月29日多样性指数和稳定性指数最大;同时亦表明豆田群落的多样性指数愈高,群落的稳定性愈强．     

我国害鼠不育控制研究进展

害鼠给人类带来巨大的经济损失,导致严重的生态问题。人们采用各种方法防治鼠害,其中不育控制是一种新的方法。不育控制即通过某种手段使雄性或和雌性绝育,或阻碍胚胎着床,甚至阻断幼体生长,以降低生育率。不育控制的概念最早在20世纪60年代提出,近年来,我国在利用不育技术控制害鼠方面做了大量研究,总结了国内该领域研究的部分结果。在实验室测试了多种不育剂。被测试的不育剂对相应的鼠类几乎都有不育作用;一些不育剂会影响鼠类的行为,这会减弱竞争性繁殖干扰的作用;一些不育剂在达到一定剂量后有致死作用,不育和灭杀的双重作用会产生更好的控制效果;还观察到不育个体的复孕现象,这会减弱控制效果;关于不育剂安全性的研究发现更昔洛韦和M001雄性不育灭鼠剂对家鸽没有任何毒性作用。大量野外实验证实不育剂对害鼠大都有较好的控制效果,实际控制中,控制面积不宜太小。利用数学模型所作的理论分析表明不育控制有不比灭杀控制差的效果;在决定种群是否灭绝上,不育率、灭杀率、选择性收获率等的作用是相同的。根据研究的实际情况,本文提出了一些今后研究中应注意的问题。无论在实验室还是野外,除了种群动态外,还要记录更详细的数据,以期对不育控制有更详细的了解。要加大不育剂对非靶向动物和环境影响的研究。在不育控制这种干扰下,害鼠种群的变化必然导致与其相关的种群也作出相应的变化,这一方面的研究需要进行。每种控制方式都有自己的特点,多种控制方法联合使用会达到更理想的效果。竞争性繁殖干扰现象是存在的,它使种群规模更小,在数学模型中,应体现出这一因素。     

The seesaw effect of winter temperature change on the recruitment of cotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera through mismatched phenology

Knowing how climate change affects the population dynamics of insect pests is critical for the future of integrated pest management. Rising winter temperatures from global warming can drive increases in outbreaks of some agricultural pests. In contrast, here we propose an alternative hypothesis that both extremely cold and warm winters can mismatch the timing between the eclosion of overwintering pests and the flowering of key host plants. As host plants normally need higher effective cumulative temperatures for flowering than insects need for eclosion, changes in flowering time will be less dramatic than changes in eclosion time, leading to a mismatch of phenology on either side of the optimal winter temperature. We term this the “seesaw effect.” Using a long‐term dataset of the Old World cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northern China, we tested this seesaw hypothesis by running a generalized additive model for the effects of the third generation moth in the preceding year, the winter air temperature, the number of winter days below a critical temperature and cumulative precipitation during winter on the demography of the overwintering moth. Results confirmed the existence of the seesaw effect of winter temperature change on overwintering populations. Pest management should therefore consider the indirect effect of changing crop phenology (whether due to greenhouse cultivation or to climate change) on pest outbreaks. As arthropods from mid‐ and high latitudes are actually living in a cooler thermal environment than their physiological optimum in contrast to species from lower latitudes, the effects of rising winter temperatures on the population dynamics of arthropods in the different latitudinal zones should be considered separately. The seesaw effect makes it more difficult to predict the average long‐term population dynamics of insect pests at high latitudes due to the potential sharp changes in annual growth rates from fluctuating minimum winter temperatures.     

The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on non-indigenous species

Recent estimates for global warming predict increases in global mean surface air temperatures (relative to 1990) of between 1 and 3.5 °C, by 2100. The impact of such changes on agricultural systems in mid- to high-latitude regions are predicted to be less severe than in low-latitude regions, and possibly even beneficial, although the influence of pests and diseases is rarely taken into account. Most studies have concluded that insect pests will generally become more abundant as temperatures increase, through a number of inter-related processes, including range extensions and phenological changes, as well as increased rates of population development, growth, migration and over-wintering. A gradual, continuing rise in atmospheric CO₂ will affect pest species directly (i.e. the CO₂ fertilization effect) and indirectly (via interactions with other environmental variables). However, individual species responses to elevated CO₂ vary: consumption rates of insect herbivores generally increase, but this does not necessarily compensate fully for reduced leaf nitrogen. The consequent effects on performance are strongly mediated via the host species. Some recent experiments under elevated CO₂ have suggested that aphids may become more serious pests, although other studies have discerned no significant effects on sap-feeding homopterans. However, few, if any of these experiments have fully considered the effects on pest population dynamics. Climate change is also considered from the perspective of changes in the distribution and abundance of species and communities. Marked changes in the distribution of well-documented species – including Odonata, Orthoptera and Lepidoptera – in north-western Europe, in response to unusually hot summers, provide useful indications of the potential effects of climate change. Migrant pests are expected to respond more quickly to climate change than plants, and may be able to colonize newly available crops/habitats. Range expansions, and the removal of edge effects, could result in the increased abundance of species presently near the northern limits of their ranges in the UK. However, barriers to range expansions, or shifts, may include biotic (competition, predation, parasitism and disease), as well as abiotic, factors. Climatic phenomena, ecosystem processes and human activities are interactive and interdependent, making long-term predictions extremely tenuous. Nevertheless, it appears prudent to prepare for the possibility of increases in the diversity and abundance of pest species in the UK, in the context of climate change.     

短效不育剂控制下季节性繁殖害鼠种群的动态模型

害鼠给人类带来很大的危害,人们可以利用杀鼠剂和不育剂对其进行控制.害鼠在摄食不育剂后导致不育,但有时不育鼠会恢复生育能力,生育后代,使种群规模增大.本文建立了灭杀控制和短效不育控制下害鼠种群的动态模型,在模型中每隔固定时间施行两种控制,在害鼠的繁殖具有季节性的前提下,分析了模型的形态以及害鼠不育率、灭杀率、控制间隔、不育剂有效期等参数对种群动态的影响.结果表明： 较高的不育率和灭杀率,以及较短的控制间隔会达到更好的控制效果,可以使种群较小,甚至灭绝.短效不育剂限制了不育剂在控制害鼠上的作用,也降低了控制的效果.在使用短效不育剂控制害鼠的情况下,在繁殖季节后期,害鼠种群会有小的恢复.     

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响

气候变化对农业害虫的潜在影响张润杰何新凤（中山大学昆虫学研究所生物防治国家重点实验室,广州５１０２７５）ＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌＥｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｅＣｈａｎｇｅｏｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＩｎｓｅｃｔＰｅｓｔｓ．ＺｈａｎｇＲｕｎｊｉｅ,ＨｅＸｉ...     

棉花耐害补偿临界指标及其应用的探讨

棉花耐害补偿反应可归纳为三种动态类型：1)不足补偿动态反应型;2)完全——不足补偿动态反应型;3)超越——完全——不足补偿动态反应型。其临界指标的建立及其应用可优化棉花病虫害综防决策．以研究害虫防治决策为例,剖析了利用害虫自然种群,人为改变害虫自然种群、人为地接放一定虫量与人工损害模拟等不同测定棉花耐害补偿能力方法的利弊。并探讨改进措施．分析论述了不同量化棉花耐害补偿能力的方法,并就棉花耐害补偿临界指标的建立及其意义作了探讨．棉花耐害补偿临界描标在棉田生态系统有害生物综合治理中可用于指导防治决策或直接用于防治决策,有着十分广阔的应用前景．最后就棉花耐害补偿临界指标及其应用的研究方向及有关问题作了讨论。     

Landscape changes have greater effects than climate changes on six insect pests in China

In recent years, global changes are the major causes of frequent, widespread outbreaks of pests in mosaic landscapes, which have received substantial attention worldwide. We collected data on global changes(landscape and climate) and economic damage caused by six main insect pests during 1951–2010 in China. Landscape changes had significant effects on all six insect pests. Pest damage increased significantly with increasing arable land area in agricultural landscapes. However, climate changes had no effect on damage caused by pests, except for the rice leaf roller(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) and armyworm(Mythimna separate(Walker)), which caused less damage to crops with increasing mean temperature. Our results indicate that there is slight evidence of possible offset effects of climate changes on the increasing damage from these two agricultural pests. Landscape changes have caused serious outbreaks of several species, which suggests the possibility of the use of landscape design for the control of pest populations through habitat rearrangement. Landscape manipulation may be used as a green method to achieve sustainable pest management with minimal use of insecticides and herbicides.     

农业害虫发生动态的Fuzzy优选识别模式及其应用

本文对山东省曲阜市１９８２－１９９４年二代棉铃虫发生动态的虫情与相应年份的气象资料进行了数量分析,应用Ｆｕｚｚｙ优选识别原理,建立了二代棉铃虫发生动态的Ｆｕｚｚｙ优选识别模式·对历史资料进行回代验证,其历史拟合率为 １００％．书 １９９５,１９９６ 两年的观测数据资料作为独立样本进行试报,预测结果与实际一致．本研究为农业害虫发生动态的预测预报提供了一种新的研究方法．     

不同蔬菜害虫对色彩的趋性差异

试验表明,黄曲条跳甲PhyllotretastriolataF.、桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)、和美洲斑潜蝇LiriomyzasativaeBlanchard对不同颜色的趋向性存在差异,黄曲条跳甲对黄色和白色的趋性强,桃蚜和美洲斑潜蝇对黄色最敏感,小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)成虫对绿色的敏感性明显强于其他色彩。在生产上,可利用害虫对颜色的趋性进行害虫预测预报或害虫控制。