刺激隐神经C类纤维诱发体感皮层电反应(平均诱发电位)

当猫的隐神经A类纤维单独兴奋时,可引起同侧脊髓背表面电位 A-SSP(潜伏期 2.6±0.4ms)和对侧体感皮层诱发电位 A-CEP。A-CEP由早成分(潜伏期 9.6±1 1ms)和晚成分(203.0±10.gms)组成。当 C类纤维选择性传入时,出现特异的 C-CEP(潜伏期 134.4±25.9ms)和C-SSP(115.8±15.6ms)。C-CEP的幅值较A-CEP 小,并随C类纤维传入的数量而改变。C-CEP的最大幅值位于后乙状回一定部位,多为负或正-负电位,在皮层深层其相位倒转。与A-CEP相比,C-CEP的中枢延搁时间较长,跟随频率较低,对镇痛药较敏感。表明C-CEP不同于A-CEP,它是由C类传入所引起的,是在体感皮层内产生的。当A类和C类纤维同时传入时,只有A-CEP和A-SSP出现,而不出现C-CEP和C-SSP。在阻断电流逐渐增强过程中,C-CEP较C-SSP后出现;而在撤销阻断过程中,则C-CEP较C-SSP先消失。提示C类传入在中枢可能被A类传入所抑制,这种抑制可以发生在脊髓和脊上水平,后者可能更强。     

刺激大鼠颈體背外侧束诱发的脊髓电场电位

电刺激大鼠颈髓背外侧束(DLF),在脊髓腰段用微电极记录到—诱发场电位,将其长时程慢电位正波称为 DLF-FP。DLF-FP 的潜伏期为7.22±1.41ms,达峰时间为15.12±5.58ms,时程为93.92±9.06ms。绘制 DLF-FP 等电位图发现:其负电场中心位于背表面下1.0—1.3mm,与外周传入诱发的场电位(P_1-FP)的起源部位基本一致。印防己毒素抑制DLF-FP,士的宁加强 DLF-FP。在一定时间范围内,先后刺激腓肠神经和 DLF,两者所诱发的场电位具有总和和抑制现象。这些结果表明 DLF-FP 是初级传入末梢去极化的反映,可能和刺激外周神经诱发的场电位共用脊髓环路。     

隐神经C类纤维传入诱发小脑皮层电反应

当弱刺激只引起隐神经A类纤维传入时,小脑皮层出现A-CEP,由潜伏期为11.8±3.5ms的早成分和312.1±17.5ms的晚成分组成;当强刺激同时引起A类和C类纤维传入时,出现AC-CEP类似A-CEP;用极化电流选择性阻断A类纤维传导后,只让C类纤维传入时,出现潜伏期为134.2±18.4ms的C-CEP。在Ⅵ小叶蚓部原裂附近C-CEP以正波为主,幅值最大,并在深层位相倒转。C-CEP的潜伏期较长,频率响应较低,幅值较小,随C类纤维传入量而变化,且对镇痛剂较敏感。结果表明C-CEP是由单纯C类纤维传入引起的,在小脑皮层内产生,是小脑皮层对慢痛信息传入的反应。提示C类纤维传入可以到达小脑皮层,引起诱发电位。当A和C类纤维同时传入时,C-CEP不出现,可能是被A类纤维传入所抑制。     

刺激大鼠“涌泉”穴诱发的脊髓背表面电位

刺激大鼠“涌泉”穴诱发的节段性背表面电位(Y-sCDP),在远节段(L3-T7)逐渐消失,而在更远节段(C6)又记录到一个背表面电位(Y-dCDP),该电位为一慢电位正波(P波),高位横断脊髓后Y-dCDP完全消失,说明它来源于脊髓上结构,当电解损毁中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)后,P波幅值显著降低(P<0.05),说明刺激“涌泉”穴产生的Y-dCDP为激活PAG等痛觉调制核团下行诱发的脊髓背表面电位。     

C类纤维传入诱发体感皮层电反应的脊髓上传通路

实验用猫,在氯醛糖和三碘季铵酚处理下进行。以强电脉冲刺激腓浅神经,结合极化电流阻滞A类纤维的传入后,选择性引起C类纤维传入时,在对侧大脑皮层体感Ⅰ区记录到特异的C类纤维皮层诱发电位(G-CEP)。观察到损毁脊髓胸11节段对侧腹外侧索后,C-CEP的幅值明显衰减;损毁同侧背索后,G-CEP的幅值也明显衰减;保留同侧背索,损毁脊髓其他部份后,C-CEP仍出现,但幅值变小;同时损毁上述两索后,C-CEP完全消失。提示C类纤维传入诱发C-CEP的脊髓上传通路位于同侧背索和对侧腹外侧索。     

视力与视觉诱发电位的相关分析

对104例病人的图形翻转VEP的瞬态波形各参数,以及9例正常或近视学生的稳态曲线功率谱与视力之间的关系进行了多元相关统计分析,旨在探讨VEP的哪些参数可客观地评估视力.结果表明,瞬态VEP的波形参数中以13’格诱发的N_1P_1、P_1N_2的峰峰值及P_(100)潜伏期与视力的相关系数最大,故认为,分析视力时以平均P_(100)波的波幅值和P_(100)波潜伏期作指标较为灵敏;而稳态、VEP能谱曲线则显示,视力与平均相叶能谱或刺激频率点的能谱相关性较大,与二次谐波的相关性则小.     

通过脊髓-延脑-脊髓回路引起的脊髓背根电位

过去的工作提示在针刺抑制内脏-躯体反射的效应中,针刺信号沿着脊髓腹外侧索上行至延脑,激活包括中缝大核在内的延脑内侧网状结构,由此发出下行冲动至脊髓,阻遇内脏Aδ传入纤维冲动的向上传递。本工作在经麻痹的清醒猫刺激以上神经回路的各个部分,均能在腰段及胸段引起背根电位。为了刺激上行纤维,我们将右半部胸段脊髓分离出一段,其尾端切断,前端仍与脊髓相连。在 T2-4水平将这样半孤立的脊髓(S_p)挂在钧形电极上刺激,所引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是48±6;在 P9水平刺激中缝大核(R_m)引起的 L6背根电位的潜伏期是36±3,刺激背外侧索表面引起的 L6背根电位潜伏期仅3—5毫秒。背根电位的时程和反射的抑制时程大体相符,但后一时程一般总是要长些。刺激 S_p 和 R_m 引起的背根电位的长度常数均在3毫米左右,表示是较细纤维的去极化。如在脊髓 T2-3水平切割背外侧索,则由刺激 S_p(T5-7)及 R_m 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位均消失。毁损延脑内侧网状结构后,刺激 S_p 引起的 L6及 T11背根电位大为减弱或消失。以上结果指示通过我们所提出的神经回路能引起脊髓较细传入末梢发生去极化,这种突触前机制可能在针刺镇痛效应中起一定的作用。     

刺激隐神经中C类纤维诱发的小脑浦肯野细胞简单锋电位反应

用玻璃微电极记录了猫小脑浦肯野细胞的简单锋电位(PC-SS)。在标准化互协方差函数图中,PC-SS自发放电无明显波峰;弱刺激隐神经只引起A类纤维传入时,PC-SS出现A类诱发放电反应(A-CED),它包括潜伏期为16.7±0.9ms的早反应和270.8±12.8ms的晚反应。用极化电流选择性阻滞A类纤维传导后,强刺激只引起C类纤维单独传入时,出现潜伏期为142.4±4.3ms的C类诱发反应(C-CED)。强刺激同时引起A类和C类纤维传入时,只出现A-CED而不出现C-CED。按标准化功率谱密度函数分析,PC-SS自发放电可分为两种类型。一类为高峰型,最大能量峰值平均为15.7±4.7×10~(-3),峰频为4.07±1.67Hz;刺激A类纤维使峰值增大,而刺激C类纤维却使峰值减小。另一类为低峰型,峰值为8.4±1.4×10~(-3),峰频为3.67±2.90Hz。刺激A类和C类纤维均使峰值增大,前者增大更多,但峰频均无显著性变化。上述结果表明,C类纤维传入可以到达小脑浦肯野细胞,引起特异的PC-SS放电反应。     

激活蓝斑在孤束核水平对迷走神经传入的抑制

在戊巴比妥钠麻醉兔,电刺激颈迷走神经中枢端,在同侧孤束核（NTS）区可记录到一个由三个子波组成的复合电位。它们的潜伏期分别为6．8±0．6ms（P1）,25．8±4．2ms（P2）和89．1±2．7ms（P3）。这可能代表着不同性质的迷走传入纤维的突触后电位。同侧蓝斑（LC）内微量注射谷氨酸钠使P2,P3波的幅值明显降低。电刺激LC在同侧NTS区诱发出111个有反应单位,其潜伏期平均为6．3±1．4ms。在169个对迷走传入刺激有反应的NTS单位中,有90个对LC刺激也有反应。39个（占43．3％）会聚性单位对上述两种刺激的反应相似,而其余的呈不同的反应。对LC和迷走刺激分别均呈兴奋反应的25个NTS单位中,如预先刺激LC,则有14个单位对迷走刺激的兴奋反应受到明显抑制,另11个单位的兴奋反应完全被抑制。上述结果提示：激活蓝斑核具有抑制NTS对迷走传入刺激反应的作用。     

电刺激猫中脑导水管周围灰质和中缝大核对脊髓背角神经元伤害性感受反应的抑制

1.在氯醛糖麻醉的猫上,观察了电刺激中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)和中缝大核(NRM)对脊髓腰段背角神经元传入活动的影响。2.按照对刺激的反应型式,在背角记录到非伤害性低阈值传入、广动力范围、伤害性热敏以及高阈值传入诱发的自发放电抑制等四类神经元。3.刺激 PAG和 NRM对记录到的多数背角神经元皮肤传入反应有明显抑制效应,而对自发放电抑制性神经元产生去抑制。4.比较刺激两脑区的抑制效应:NRM 作用较PAG 强;PAG 活动对背角伤害性反应抑制的选择性较 NRM强;阿片肽拮抗剂-纳洛酮拮抗NRM刺激的抑制。5.这些结果提示PAG和NRM对脊髓的下行抑制,可能有一部分是通过不同神经机制实现的。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.