我国外来入侵物种名录分析及制修订探讨

制定外来入侵物种名录是进行外来入侵物种管理的重要手段之一。当前我国已经制定并发布了 多个与外来入侵物种相关的名单/名录,包括《中国外来入侵物种名单》《我国主要外来林业有害生物名单》《国家重点管理外来入侵物种名录》(第一批)和《重点管理外来入侵物种名录》等。在《中华人民共和国生物安全法》和《外来入侵物种管理办法》相继施行的管理框架下,有必要开展我国已有外来入侵物种名录的梳理与分析,并与相关名录如检疫性有害生物名录进行比较。在此基础上,本文还就未来外来入侵物种名录的制修订方法进行了讨论,针对名录的管理和应用提出了具体建议。     

Arthropod abundance in an Australian apple orchard under mating disruption and supplementary insecticide treatments for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The impacts of three codling moth management strategies (i, mating disruption alone; ii, mating disruption plus azinphos-methyl; iii, mating disruption plus fenoxycarb) on some secondary pests and their natural enemies in an apple orchard were compared over two growing seasons: 1993/1994 and 1994/1995. In the absence of azinphos-methyl (strategies i and iii), two-spotted mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) was controlled by Typhlodromus occidentalis and populations of generalist predators (e.g. ladybirds, lacewings and earwigs) increased. The populations of a parasitoid of woolly aphid ( Eriosoma lanigerum ), Aphelinus mali, also increased but not enough to provide adequate control of the aphid. Combined damage caused by lightbrown apple moth ( Epiphyas postvittana ), budworms ( Helicoverpa spp.) and San José scale ( Quadraspidiotus perniciosus ) was significantly higher in the absence of azinphos-methyl in 1994/1995. Beneficial insect populations were not suppressed by fenoxycarb. In 1994/1995, mating disruption plus fenoxycarb produced better control of E. postvittana than mating disruption alone. During transition to an apple integrated pest management program based on codling moth mating disruption, fenoxycarb was shown to be less disruptive to any natural control of secondary pests than azinphos-methyl.     

Releases of biological control agents of insect pests on Easter Island (Pacific Ocean)

For half a century, agriculture on Easter Island has been affected by an increasing number of accidentally introduced insect pests. Due to the absence of natural enemies and other factors, these have reached high density levels which claimed for intensive use of pesticides. A project supported by the National Funds for Regional Development (FNDR) was established in 1984 to develop a biological control program against these pest species. Presently, 60 beneficial species have been introduced to control agricultural pests and flies that affect cattle and humans. Some of the natural enemies have established and are reducing pest populations thereby decreasing the requirement for insecticidal treatments. Fly density has also decreased noticeably. This can be attributed to the activity of natural enemies and dung beetles which compete with larval fly for food.     

Methods Used to Assess Non-target Effects of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents of Arthropod Pests

The number of concerns regarding potential non-target effects of invertebrate biological control agents of arthropods has risen over the last decade and an increasing number of studies have since dealt with this topic. Despite some recent international initiatives aimed at providing guidance for risk assessment of biological control agents, detailed methods on how tests should be designed and conducted to assess for potential non-target effects still need to be provided. It is believed that this review comes at an ideal time, giving an overview of methods currently applied in the study of non-target effects in biological control of arthropod pests. It provides the first step towards the ultimate goal of devising guidelines for the appropriate methods that should be universally applied for the assessment and minimisation of potential non-target effects. The main topics that are reviewed here include host specificity (including field surveys, selection of non-target test species and testing protocols), post-release studies, competition, overwintering and dispersal. Finally, a number of conclusions that have emerged from this comprehensive compilation of studies are drawn, addressing potential non-target effects in arthropod biological control.     

PROSPECTS FOR THE CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS AND WEEDS IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Abstract  This paper deals with the prospects for the classical biological control of major insect pests and weeds in southern China. One hundred and seventy-four species of insect pests in southern China are nominated and their broad distribution and origin or possibly origin in other countries are discussed. An attempt is made to draw together information relevant to where a search might be made for natural enemies if an arthropod pest is being considered as the target for classical biological control. The success of classical biological control of the six insect pests and five weeds elsewhere in the world has been indicated. It is recommended to take urgent measures to strengthen and expand projects in classical biological control in China.     

外来入侵杂草传统生物防治的生态风险及其防范对策

长期大量实践说明,引进天敌防治外来入侵杂草的传统生物防治方法是治理外来入侵杂草的一条切实可行的有效途径,但对其潜在的生态风险——对本土生物的直接或间接不良影响不容忽视。利用传统评价方法预测候选天敌的生态风险存在缺陷,主要表现在：（1）寄主专一性测定过分依赖室内进行的生理寄主范围测定结果,对生态寄主范围（实际寄主范围）问题重视不够,后者指在新环境中的一系列物理和生物条件下的寄主利用预测;（2）在生理寄主范围测定中,过分依赖完成生长发育的可能性,对行为、遗传性状以及系统发育关系重视不够;（3）在风险评估中,过多强调对经济作物的风险,而对自然生态系统的风险重视不够。对此,建议：（1）鼓励对已释放的天敌进行回顾性跟踪研究,从而为杂草生物防治实践提供生态学理论支撑;（2）在运用生物防治手段对付外来入侵杂草实践中,建议采用“有害推论”的预防性原则,以避免在面临入侵生物重大威胁时草率做出释放天敌的决策;（3）在评估候选天敌风险中重视生态效应的风险评估。     

谈农林害虫的自然控制

人类的发展面临着许多问题,其中包括环境污染与害虫暴发失控等, 对策应是人类谋求与自然协调共存。人类必须学会既要和众多的非生命物又要和数千万种生物包括100多万种昆虫协调共存。天敌昆虫是大害虫的克星; 人类赖以生存的经济植物是由昆虫传播花粉的; 昆虫是人类的美味佳肴和医病良药; 有些昆虫是重要工业原料。所以人类要锐意合理利用昆虫资源。对于农林害虫要尽可能谋求自然控制; 提倡利用植物的抗害性、利用害虫的天敌、利用昆虫生长调节剂、种间信息物质、昆虫辐射不育技术控制害虫。尽量利用植物性杀虫剂控制害虫。尽量采用不杀伤或少杀伤天敌、不污染环境的化学杀虫剂或方法防治害虫。我国创造了很多行之有效的利用农业技术防治害虫的方法。     

Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in North Carolina

As an integral part of a programme to attempt the biological control of several crop-infesting aphid pests in Australia by the introduction of specific hymenopterous parasites, a laboratory technique to try to predict their likely effectiveness in the field, was developed with the aim of improving selection of natural enemies in future. It was based on demonstrating whether the parasites attack a greater proportion of their hosts with increased host density, i.e. whether they show a Type 3 functional response (Holling, 1959). To overcome the problem of super-parasitisation at low densities when a parasite is confined with aphids on one plant (van Lenteren & Bakker, 1976) we used several plants in a large cage, all with the same density of host aphids. A parasite released into such a cage searches for and attacks the aphids on one plant, then leaves it to repeat the process on a second plant, and so on. After a standard exposure time the parasitisation rate is estimated separately for the aphids on each plant and the average performance of the parasite calculated. Using this technique for seven parasites introduced into Australia for biological control of crop aphids, only one, Aphidius salicis Halliday, attacking carrot aphid showed a Type 3 response.     

中国海洋生物多样性的保护和管理对策

本文全面介绍了中国海洋物种多样性的现状,并分析其受到的人类影响和主要威胁。详细阐述了国家海洋局及其下属部门在海洋生物多样性保护管理中制定的有关政策、法规及行动计划,以及海洋生物多样性的科学调查研究及海洋生态环境监测体系建设,海洋自然保护区的建设与管理,海洋生物多样性可持续利用等方面的工作和进展。同时,在生物多样性管理现状的基础上,提出了包括预警系统与事故处理能力建设、将生物多样性保护管理纳入区域经济社会发展计划、建设生物多样性管理机构及法规之间的协调机制以及基于生态系统的生物多样性管理和公众参与等若干针对性的管理对策。     

中国南方主要害虫和杂草传统生物防治的前景(英文)

中国很重视害虫生物防治,但与欧美国家相比,对更经济有效的传统生物防治重视较少。对那些源于外国、特别是最近从国外侵入的害虫来说,传统生物防治更是一本万利。本文列举了174种中国南方的有害节肢动物及它们在外国的分布和可能的发源地。还举出了分布于中国南方的6种害虫及5种杂草在外国传统生防成功的情况。     

Effect of Plant Species on Persistence of Paecilomyces lilacinus Strain 251 in Soil and on Root Colonization by the Fungus

The effect of 12 plant species on the persistence of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 in soil was investigated. After incorporating formulated conidia into non-sterile soil followed by transplanting different test plants, the population dynamic of the fungus was determined over 100 days. At termination of the experiment, the fungal population in the planted soil was compared to the density of P. lilacinus in the rhizosphere and the percent increase or decrease was calculated for each crop. In addition, the potential of P. lilacinus strain 251 to colonize roots endophytically was investigated. Comparison of the slopes describing the population dynamics of the fungus showed no significant differences between soil without plants and soil from the root zone of the majority of the test plants. Bean was the only plant species consistently exerting a negative effect on the persistence of P. lilacinus strain 251 in the soil. For the first time, P. lilacinus strain 251 was isolated in significant numbers from healthy root tissue of barley plants.     

持续治理飞蝗灾害的新对策

该文通过对飞蝗Locusta migratoria为害特性的描述以及本世纪我国飞蝗防治历史的回顾,对各个时期的飞蝗治理策略的特点及不足进行了分析,并在总结我国近几年飞蝗生物治理理论研究与实践的基础上,提出了21世纪我国飞蝗生物治理的对策,即逐步扩大采用生物防治措施,增强如蝗虫微孢子虫生物防治制剂及天敌的控制作用,在飞蝗虫口密度中等或较低时,采用生物防治制剂为主,阻止或延缓中、低密度的飞蝗向高密度群居型的发展进程;在飞蝗虫口密度高时,可采用化防(昆虫生长调节剂等)与生防(如微孢子虫)配合使用,以迅速压低虫口密度,防治其迁飞为害,同时也可使蝗虫微孢子虫疾病长期流行于蝗群中,抑制飞蝗种群数量的增长。并积极探讨信息化合物对飞蝗行为的调控作用。     

水生动物进口风险评估综述

随着全球水产养殖业的发展,水产动物活体或水产品贸易日益频繁,不可避免地给进口国带来病原风险,造成疾病引入和传播,甚至生物入侵,严重危害水产养殖业的发展。水生动物进口风险评估(IRA),是指从别国或地区进口水生动物活体包括其受精卵、稚鱼、幼鱼、苗种、成体以及商品等的风险分析。风险分析是指对风险事件进行科学、透明、系统分析的一个过程,它由危害识别、风险评估、风险交流和风险管理4个部分构成。目前,常用的风险评估方法有定性风险评估、半定量风险评估和定量风险评估3种。定性风险评估具有灵活性强、适用范围广、易掌握的特点,能够综合各种资料、数据和信息,尤其适合初次风险评估,但容易受评估人员主观因素的影响。定量风险评估可避免主观因素的影响,评估结果准确、可靠,但需要收集大量数据,工作量巨大,评估成本也很高。通常,定性评估结果若能够提供很好的防范措施,则不必进行定量评估。将外来水生病原阻止在引进之初远比引入后根除更加容易。因此,开展水生动物进口风险评估对于阻止水生动物疾病传播和水生态环境破坏具有重要意义,同时也可为各国进行水产贸易提供参考。     

Resilience of the natural arthropod community on apple to external disturbance

Abstract.

• 1 A naturally evolved arthropod community in a 6-year-old apple orchard was treated with three applications of permethrin; a second naturally evolved community was studied as an untreated control. Disturbance to the community was measured with Shannon's index of species diversity for the phytophagous and beneficial portions of the community.
• 2 Initially, there was a reduction in diversity of both phytophagous and beneficial arthropods because of the insecticide. Reduction in diversity was a result of both lower number of species and lower evenness of species abundance.
• 3 Two months after the last permethrin spray, there was no difference between diversity in the phytophagous community, but the beneficial community was more diverse in the treated orchard than in the untreated control.
• 4 The year after treatment there were few differences between the phytophagous communities, but the beneficial community was more diverse in the treated orchard than in the untreated orchard in May and early June; however, by September the beneficial community was less diverse in the treated orchard.
• 5 Although diversity statistics of the phytophagous communities were similar 15 months after treatment, differences still remained with the treated community being dominated by more r-selected species and the control orchard dominated by more K-selected species.
• 6 The arthropod community on apple has a high level of stability as reflected by its resilience to a severe external disturbance. This stability would allow for large, but infrequent, disturbances for pest management and still maintain long-term ecological equilibrium in the community.

     

Microbial selection strategies that enhance the likelihood of developing commercial biological control products

Research interest in utilizing microorganisms to create a microbial environment suppressive to plant pathogens has increased exponentially in recent years. Despite intense interest in developing biological control agents, relatively few antagonists have achieved ‘commercial product’ status. The fact that such a small proportion of active laboratory antagonists are developed into biological control products is partly due to several features common to microbial selection strategies that are widely utilized to obtain putative biological control agents: (a) relatively few candidate microorganisms are tested; (b) microbes are selected based on the results of an assay that does not replicate field conditions; and (c) the amenability of microbes to commercial development is excluded as a selection criterion. Selection strategies that enhance the likelihood of developing commercial biological control products are described. These include making appropriate choices regarding the pathosystem for biological control, the method of microbe isolation, and the method of isolate characterization and performance evaluation. A model system of developing a biological control product active against Gibberella pulicaris (Fries) Sacc. (anamorph: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel), the primary causal agent of Fusarium dry rot of stored potatoes, is used to illustrate the proposed selection strategy concepts. The crucial importance and methodology is described, of selecting strains with enhanced potential for commercial development based on a strain exhibiting both favorable growth kinetics and bioefficacy when grown in commercially feasible liquid media. Received 06 February 1997/ Accepted in revised form 29 May 1997     

芽胞杆菌防治烟草病虫害的研究进展

烟草病虫害严重影响烟草产业的可持续发展,更为安全的生物防治方法已成为烟草病虫害防治研究的热点领域。芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)是一类比较理想的生防微生物,在植病生物防治领域显示出了广阔的应用前景。本文论述了芽胞杆菌属细菌的生物学特性及其在烟草黑胫病、赤星病、青枯病、炭疽病、根黑腐病、花叶病、白粉病、烟草斜纹夜蛾和甲虫等烟草病虫害防治中的应用。