某大学图书馆图书采访编辑部细菌污染情况监测

目的了解高校图书馆采访编辑部的室内微生态环境改变的情况,为改进工作环境,保障健康提供参考依据。方法对采访编辑部的专业工作人员的手、工作台面、图书、室内环境空气,进行微生物采样,细菌培养分析。结果实验室检验提示,所有的样本培养均呈阳性结果,发现革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌或真菌生长。采访编辑部工作人员的手、工作台面、图书、室内环境空气细菌数增高,微生态环境污染,影响健康。结论高校图书馆采访编辑部的环境易受细菌的污染,应采取有效措施,保障图书馆工作人员的健康。     

微生物农药资源挖掘技术研究进展

微生物农药因其环境相容性受到了广泛重视。作为微生物农药研究开发的最早的环节,微生物农药资源的挖掘显得尤为重要。本文从基于生物活性、农药活性化合物及功能基因三个方面对微生物农药资源的快速挖掘技术进行了综述。针对不同的微生物农药产品开发目标,将以上技术进行整合,可实现微生物农药资源的快速挖掘,为微生物农药产业的发展提供丰富的资源,为微生物农药产业的发展提供支撑。     

极端微生物及其适应机理的研究进展

极端微生物是生物对极端环境适应的特殊种类 ,研究极端微生物的特性对探索生命的起源、微生物的育种及开发利用等具有重要意义。从嗜热微生物、嗜冷菌和耐冷菌、极端嗜酸微生物、嗜碱微生物、嗜盐微生物、嗜压微生物等方面总结了极端微生物及其适应机理的多样性以及其研究进展 ,旨在为极端微生物的开发利用提供一定的参考依据。     

植物病害防治相关微生物组研究进展与展望

微生物是人类活动过程中重要的生物资源。植物及其根围土壤中生存着大量多种多样的微生物,这些微生物与植物健康之间存在着密不可分的关系。近年来,基因测序技术的快速发展为植物微生物组结构和功能的研究提供了极大的便利,多种植物相关的微生物组得到了解析。同时更多研究者聚焦于植物病害相关的微生物组研究,通过差异分析,发现了一些特定的有益于植物健康的微生物菌群。此外,植物根围或根内微生物塑造的内在原理也得到了进一步的揭示。一系列植物微生物组研究为植物病害防治和新的微生物资源的挖掘提供了更多思路。     

微生物燃料电池中阳极产电微生物的研究进展

微生物燃料电池（MFC）是利用阳极产电微生物为催化剂降解有机废物直接将化学能转化为电能的装置。在MFC系统中,产电微生物是影响产电性能的核心要素之一。介绍了MFC中产电微生物的最新研究现状,详细讨论了产电微生物的种类、产电机理和产电能力．为产电微生物的富集、驯化、改造和多种菌种优化组合提供思路。     

“第五届全国暨青年微生物遗传学学术研讨会”将在重庆召开

为展示我国微生物遗传学领域的最新研究成果,推动微生物遗传学研究的快速发展,中国遗传学会微生物遗传学专业委员会主办的"第五届全国暨青年微生物遗传学学术研讨会"将于2012年10月12-15日在重庆市西南大学召开。会议主题为:系统和合成生物学时代的微生物遗传学。     

微生物培养技术研究进展

微生物在自然界中分布广、种类多、资源丰富,绝大多数在现有条件下还不能被培养。了解微生物新的培养技术,提高微生物可培养性具有重要意义。文章就微生物不易培养的主要原因及改进微生物培养条件、设计开发新型微生物培养技术等方面进行了综述,旨在为微生物资源的开发利用提供借鉴。     

中国微生物资源数据库(MRDC)

中国微生物资源数据库MRDC是以中国的微生物资源为数据源的大型综合数据库,包括目前已建成的微生物性状库、微生物产品市场信息库、微生物名称库、微生物名词库、国际交流用RKC代码库及一个微生物学数值分类软件包MINTS。     

短期放牧对草甸草原土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响

【目的】为呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统的保护、恢复及重建提供微生物学基础数据。了解草原土壤微生物和酶活性对放牧强度的响应。【方法】分别采集六个不同放牧强度的土壤样品,测定土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性,分析短时期不同放牧强度土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相互关系。【结果】不同放牧强度下,菌群数量分布为细菌>放线菌>真菌;土壤微生物数量、微生物量均表现为放牧区高于对照区;在土壤表层(0 10 cm),土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性表现出随放牧强度的增加先上升后略降的趋势,且放牧区均高于对照区,与土壤表层比较,在较深层(10 cm 20 cm),土壤细菌、真菌的数量和微生物量碳、氮下降幅度随放牧强度的增大而增大。土壤微生物数量、微生物量及土壤酶活性的垂直分布为0 10 cm>10 cm 20 cm。相关分析结果表明:放牧干扰条件下,土壤微生物数量与微生物量之间均存在显著或极显著的相关性。土壤酶活性与微生物数量、微生物量密切相关,过氧化氢酶、转化酶与细菌、放线菌极显著相关(P<0.01)、与微生物量碳显著相关(P<0.05);蛋白酶与真菌及微生物量碳、氮极显著相关(P<0.01),与细菌显著相关(P<0.05)。【结论】适度放牧可使土壤微生物数量、微生物量和土壤酶活性增加。土壤微生物数量、微生物量与土壤酶活性之间具有密切关系。     

微生物太阳能燃料电池的研究进展

摘要:能源危机已经成为阻碍世界发展的主要问题之一,微生物燃料电池的出现为能源危机提供了新的解决途径。将植物和微藻等光合生物与微生物燃料电池整合为微生物太阳能燃料电池(MSCs),能够实现将太阳能转化为电能。微生物太阳能燃料电池不仅能够实现电能持续稳定的产生,而且在污水处理,生物柴油加工以及中间代谢物生产等方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文从光合生物在微生物燃料电池中的作用的角度出发,在参考大量文献的基础上对微生物太阳能电池进行较为全面的综述,并评述其中的优点及不足之处,最后对微生物燃料电池面临的挑战及研究需求做简要分析。旨在为未来微生物太阳能燃料电池的实际应用提供参考。     

佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物物种多样性

通过对秦岭南坡佛坪国家自然保护区地面生苔藓植物的调查,采用相似性系数、重要值、多样性指数对其进行物种多样性的研究。结果表明:29个样地内地面生苔藓植物共33科69属189种,包括苔类植物7科8属15种和藓类植物26科61属174种,其中青藓科是最优势的科。落叶阔叶栎(Quercus)林下地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性最高,其次是落叶阔叶桦(Betula)林带、竹林、针叶林和沟谷岩石,杜鹃(Rhododendron)灌丛带的最低。落叶阔叶栎林带和落叶阔叶桦林带的种相似性最高,杜鹃灌丛与其它植被带的种相似性都很低。研究表明秦岭南坡的佛坪国家自然保护区内,低山地区的落叶阔叶栎林带是该地区苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是物种多样性保护的关键地带;亚高山地区杜鹃灌丛带的苔藓植物物种多样性虽然不高,但种类明显不同于别的地带,所以也应是苔藓植物多样性保护值得注意的地带。     

福建和溪亚热带雨林凋落物营养元素动态

探讨了福建和溪亚热带雨林主要营养元素通过凋落物的归还动态．结果表明,该森林一年中凋落物不同组分各元素的含量具有波动性,加权平均含量为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｐ（落果Ｃａ＝Ｍｇ、落枝Ｃａ＞Ｋ）。通过凋落物归还Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的年库流量,分别为８７．４１、３．８２、４０．８０、２８．８１和１５．３２ｋｇｈｍ（－２）,灰分量为２８４．５７ｋｇｈｍ（－２）,其中以落叶形式居最大,分别各占总量的７３．４％、６８．１％、．７７．２％、７２．９％、７４．５％和７９．９％;各元素的年库流量与年凋落物量的月分布相一致,有明显的季节性．森林地表残留物Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的累积储量．分别为５４．８３、２．４５、９．６９、１７．０和９．２５ｋｇｈｍ（－２）．五种元素在林下地表的滞留时间,分别为Ｎ０．６１、Ｐ０．６１、Ｋ０．２３、Ｃａ０．５６和Ｍｇ０．５３年．     

西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠穿透雾水的观测研究

 利用4年（1999～2002年）的林冠穿透雾水观测资料,对西双版纳热带季节雨林林冠穿透雾水进行了研究。全年林冠穿透雾水达(89.4±13.5) mm（平均值±标准差）（雾季和干热季共占85.9%±6.6%）,为全年降水量（穿透雾水+雨水）的4.9%±1.7%。全年水平降水（穿透雾水＋截留雾水）     

Trade-off between floor level and floor material in farmed silver foxes

Farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were allowed to balance their known preference for an elevated floor against their presumed preference for a sand floor. In Experiment 1, foxes had to choose between two identical cages, connected with an opening. One cage had a wire floor and the other had a sand floor, but the cages either were on the same (low or elevated) or on different levels (one cage 40 cm higher than the other). In Experiment 2, the cage pairs were connected with a 1.2 m long wire-mesh tunnel, one cage was always on a higher level (50 cm) than the other. In Experiment 1, foxes always preferred the sand floor during their active time. They also preferred the sand floor for resting, if it was on the same level as wire floor, but did not show any genuine preference if the floors were on different levels. In Experiment 2, foxes never preferred the lower floor. They preferred the elevated sand floor for activity and the elevated wire floor for lying. When two floors were identical they preferred the elevated one. Their rest consisted of 11-22 bouts, a major part of these being spent in the preferred cage. They also preferred a previous lying site to a new one, often exclusively and independently of floor material. In Experiment 1 foxes preferred the sand floor whereas in Experiment 2 they preferred the elevated floor indicating that the ability of a trade-off situation to rank resources depends on the method it is inflicted.     

高密度聚乙烯多孔材料在创伤性眶底缺损整复的临床观察

目的：观察高密度聚乙烯多孔材料Medpor在眶底缺损修复中的临床应用效果,分析相关并发症的术后改善情况。方法：2001年1月起选取20例创伤性眶底缺损患者采用高密度聚乙烯多孔材料作为眶底填充材料实施眼眶重建术,同期选取16例常规钛金属修复作为对照。术后6m嘱患者进行复查评价两者的治疗效果;评价内容包括息者外貌、眼球功能和创伤性眶底缺损常见并发症的改善情况等;术前履术后6m头颅三维螺旋CT检查观察眶底缺损修复后眼眶结构的连续性。结果：36例患者术后面中部对称性都逐渐恢复,眼球的运动功能明显好转。创伤性眶底缺损常见并发症如眼球内陷、复视及眶下神经感觉迟钝术后明显改善,采用Medpor材料修复和常规钛金属修复的患者无明显差异。同期螺旋三维CT显示与钛金属修复相比,采用生物材料保持了眶结构的连续性,维持了正常眶容积。有利于缺损修复,骨缺损面积明显缩小。结论：研究表明高密度聚乙烯多孔材料操作容易,可塑性高,材料在体内可促进自体骨组织长入,具有较好的修复效果,时临床眼眶修复重建的手术治疗具有一定的指导意义。     

Study of bacterial communities in Antarctic coastal waters by a combination of 16S rRNA and 16S rDNA sequencing

An ecological study on distribution of Antarctic bacterial communities was determined by 16S-based phylogenetic analyses of clone libraries derived from RNA and DNA extracted from two different marine areas and compared between each other. Superficial seawater samples were collected from four stations in Ross Sea, three of them located in Rod Bay and one in Evans Cove; for each station two clone libraries (16S rDNA and 16S rRNA) were prepared and evident divergences between DNA and RNA libraries of each site were obtained. Of all phylotypes 93.6% were found in RNA libraries; in contrast, only 31 phylotypes (70.5%) were retrieved from total microbial community (DNA libraries). DNA and RNA sequences related to gamma-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes groups, typical for Antarctic sea-ice bacterial communities, were detected in analysed sites. 16S rDNA and rRNA libraries derived from the two different areas were enriched by picophytoplanktonic 16S sequences of plastid and mitochondrion origins, reflecting that the algal blooms occurred during sampling (Antarctic summer 2003). The finding in Rod Bay libraries of high percentage of DNA clones apparently affiliated with beta-Proteobacteria typical for activated sludges and well water could be explained by the presence of a sewage depuration system at this site. Obtained results clearly demonstrate that combination of 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing is preferred approach to have a more reliable vision on the composition of microbial communities.     

Behavioural and physical effects of flooring on piglets and sows

Three different floor surface treatments in farrowing pens, viz. concrete, epoxypainted concrete and floor covered with a rubber mat, were studied with regard to their effects on the behaviour of the sows and piglets, and also knee damage suffered by the piglets.The data were studied in three parts: (1) the analysis of animal behaviour (2) knee wounds and (3) the association between knee wounds and behaviour. The analysis of behaviour showed that floors covered with rubber mats were the best for lying-comfort of the sows, the epoxy-painted concrete floor being too slippery. It was also observed that the piglets moved around most on the floor covered with rubber mats.The different floor treatments did not influence the number of knee wounds on the front legs of the piglets. From three days of age the incidence of wounds decreased by three percent per day. The wound diameters were greatest on the rubber mats and smallest on the concrete floors. The diameters of the wounds increased up to an age of ten days, after which they decreased. Wound depth was less on the concrete flooring than on the rubber mats.There is an association between the number of wounds and the lying-time of the animals. In further work, the behaviour of the piglets should be studied in the first three or four days of life in relation to floor structures and quality of bedding.     

蝶兰胚珠的cDNA文库构建及其特异基因表达的研究

以蝶兰(Phalaenopsis“Mt.Kaala”cv SM9108)为材料,分别提取大孢子母细胞时期胚珠和成熟胚珠的PolyA RNA,反转录成cDNA,构建起两个cDNA文库。克隆筛选采用差异杂交法。从上述两个cDNA文库中,各选择一个筛选出的cDNA,对其在植物体不同器官和不同发育时期的胚珠内的表达进行了分析。结果表明该两个cDNA均为胚珠特异,并且分别在胚珠发育的特定时期表达。推测该两个cDNA的表达受胚珠内部的不同因子调控。     

Position of operant cost affects blue foxes’ time budget between sand floor and mesh floor

The aim of the study was to assess whether positioning of the operant cost would affect blue foxes’ (Vulpes lagopus) behaviour and time budget between a mesh floor and sand floor. We built fourteen test apparatuses, six consisting of two fox cages with a mesh floor in both cages and eight with a mesh floor in one cage and a sand floor in the other cage. A cost could be imposed to pass through one-way doors between the cages. The effect of changing the cost to move from the mesh floor to the sand floor or from the sand floor to the mesh floor or between the two mesh floors was examined in 28 juvenile male blue foxes. The foxes’ time allocation between the cages was recorded for four different costs. The foxes’ behaviour was analysed in more detail at the lowest and highest costs. The visit duration increased considerably when leaving the cage became costly, but did not markedly change when entering was costly. The foxes spent less time on the sand floor than on the mesh floor. The foxes preferred to rest on the mesh floor, but rested also on the sand floor when there was a cost associated with leaving the sand floor. The sand floor stimulated digging, rooting and play. In conclusion, both positioning of the cost and the floor material affected blue foxes’ time budget between the two cages.     

Microbial diversity and stratification of South Pacific abyssal marine sediments

Abyssal marine sediments cover a large proportion of the ocean floor, but linkages between their microbial community structure and redox stratification have remained poorly constrained. This study compares the downcore gradients in microbial community composition to porewater oxygen and nitrate concentration profiles in an abyssal marine sediment column in the South Pacific Ocean. Archaeal 16S rRNA clone libraries showed a stratified archaeal community that changed from Marine Group I Archaea in the aerobic and nitrate-reducing upper sediment column towards deeply branching, uncultured crenarchaeotal and euryarchaeotal lineages in nitrate-depleted, anaerobic sediment horizons. Bacterial 16S rRNA clone libraries revealed a similar shift on the phylum and subphylum level within the bacteria, from a complex community of Alpha-, Gamma- and Deltaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in oxic surface sediments towards uncultured Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes in the anaerobic sediment column. The distinct stratification of largely uncultured bacterial and archaeal groups within the oxic and nitrate-reducing marine sediment column provides initial constraints for their microbial habitat preferences.