虎皮鹦鹉声行为的研究

本文对虎皮鹦鹉(Melopsittacus undelafus)不同声行为叫声的声学特性进行了定量分析,为地震前鸟类声行为的定量观测和鸟声学研究提供了新的资料和认识。 虎皮鹦鹉求偶、离群、受伤及其同伴叫声中变音调声段的声学特性有明显的差异。但是抗议叫声具有鸟类警戒叫声的一般特征,即都有时间图样基本相同的音节组成,每个音节含有若干个调幅脉冲列,其频带和声强都明显加宽和增大。 雏鸟不同的声行为叫声都是简单结构。与成鸟叫声相比较,尤其是抗议叫声呈现明显的发育过程。     

野生猕猴（Macaca mulatta）通讯行为的初步研究

本文报道了野生猕猴通讯行为的初步研究结果。分别观察成年雌性和幼年猴的鸣叫和表情行为。猕猴正常时的表情自然轻松,有时发出一些声音。在听觉上成年雌猴的叫声为“hè”,幼年猴叫声为“ēn”,其最大共振峰频率Fmax分别为900Hz和1000Hz。猴受惊时表情紧张,双目圆睁,微张口,两嘴角外拉。成年雌猴和幼猴分别发出“kè”和“giè”的叫声,其最大共振峰频率分别为550Hz和350Hz,与正常叫声相比,惊叫声的最大共振峰频率降低,各单叫声持续的时间较短。     

灵长类声行为研究进展

灵长类动物以鸣声、触觉、视觉及化学物等方式进行通讯,树栖性动物偏重声通讯;地栖性的主要是声音及视觉;夜行性多为声音和化学通讯。声通讯作为灵长类动物通讯的主要形式,自然选择的作用使动物声通讯趋于完善而不需其它通讯媒介的辅助,因而声行为是灵长类通讯研究中的重要内容。     

猕猴不同性别年龄组个体时间分配和姿态行为的差异分析

2005 年11 月至2006 年10 月,对生活在广西桂林七星公园内的一群半野生猕猴进行观察,采用瞬时扫描取样法收集不同性别-年龄组个体的活动时间分配、活动高度和姿态行为的数据。研究结果表明:七星公园猕猴属半地栖性灵长类动物,花费较多的时间休息(41.5% );坐是猕猴最主要的休息姿态
(85. 5% )和觅食姿态(85. 4% ),四足行走是最主要的移动模式(64.5% )。成年个体的活动时间分配表现出明显的性别差异,主要表现为成年雌猴花费更多的时间相互理毛。不同年龄组个体的活动时间分配也表现出显著差异。休息时间随年龄的增长而增加,而玩耍时间则表现出相反的趋势。猕猴的活动高度和移动模式也表现出明显的年龄差异。成年个体花费更多的时间在地面活动。在移动过程中,成年个体采用四足行走的频率明显高于其它年龄组个体;亚成年个体跳跃最多;少年个体采用攀爬和架桥的频率明显高于成年个体。这些差异可能与个体在不同发育阶段的体型和活动水平差异以及林冠的不连续性有关。本研究结果将有助于了解猕猴不同性别年龄组个体对其栖息的社会和自然环境的行为适应机制。     

长颚斗蟋的鸣声结构与行为分析

通过计算机外接话筒对长颚斗蟋（Velarifictorus asperses)在不同条件下的鸣声进行录音,利用软作Cool edit2000对其结构进行了较系统的分析。结果表明：长颚斗蟋的鸣叫声有7种类型,即召唤声,警戒声,挑衅声,胜利声,欢迎声,求爱声和催促声;这7种鸣声在声学特征上有明显的区别,并与行为有关。     

华南梅花鹿声音通讯行为的初步研究

2005年3～12月,在江西桃红岭自然保护区对华南梅花鹿的声音通讯行为进行了初步研究,得到4种特点较为分明的梅花鹿叫声类型,即警戒叫声、求偶叫声、呼唤叫声和团体合唱声,并对这4类叫声的生物学意义进行了初步分析.     

蝼蛄的声学通讯

通过对蝼蛄声学通讯的研究,揭示了蝼蛄鸣叫时发出的志信号对其种群所引起的行为反应,和蝼蛄声学通讯的特点,观察了发声器的结构与听器的作用。同时,记述了观察分析昆虫声信号的一般方法。声引诱的实验证明,不同参量的鸣声信号对蝼蛄的引诱作用不同。     

四个猕猴地理种群惊叫行为的比较

对华南地区４个猕猴种群惊叫行为的比较表明：叫声发生时,发声猴的行为在地理种群间的差异不明显。在叫声的频谱结构方面,个体间的差异不明显;湖南索溪峪、广西龙虎山、海南南湾种群间差异不明显,但深圳内伶仃岛种群与上述３个地理群间有明显差异。判别分析表明,基频频率（Ｆ１）是区分猕猴上述各地理种群间异同的重要参数。这些结果为研究猕猴的分类及演化提供了基础资料。对上述的猕猴地理种群,惊叫声传输性较好和“符号”较专一而有效与群体大、生境降雨量小的相关,本质上是惊叫声对内陆、热带地区、小海岛不同环境的适应     

古纹状体粗核损毁对燕雀鸣声的影响

古纹状体粗核(RA)损毁对燕雀常用短叫声的声学特性基本无影响, 但对习得性长叫声的时域和声学特性产生显著的失控性影响. RA损毁可导致单音调长叫声的基本音主频率约提升500音分, 并失去2个陪音. RA损毁不仅导致变音调长叫声的高潮声和尾声的声长分别平均增长13.4%～22.1%和缩短21.2%～24.2%, 而且高潮声的偶次谐分音的频率提升系数平均下降18.5%～25.8%, 递升速率随频率增高平均下降22.7%～24.0%. 进而表明, RA对习得性发声时域和频率特性的调控是相互匹配的. 同时, 双侧RA损毁可引起发声模式混乱, 所产生的长叫声具有单音调和变音调长叫声的双重特性, 前奏呈频率提升, 高潮声为单音调声.     

燕雀丘间复合体背内侧核对叫声的调控模式

鸣禽鸟的基本发声中枢——丘间复合体背内侧核(nucleus dorsalis medialis of the intercollicular complex,DM)对叫声的调控模式是诱发单次叫声。应用电生理与声学分析相结合的方法研究鸣禽鸟燕雀(Fringilla montifringilla)DM核团对声音调控的模式。经语图和频谱图分析,结果显示：燕雀左侧DM诱发单次叫声的声长和主能量区的带宽分别为右侧DM诱发叫声的2倍和1．7～3．1倍,提示燕雀DM对叫声声长和声强的调控能力,均呈明显的左侧优势。这与高级发声中枢(high vocal center,HVC)和古纹状体粗核(nucleus robustus archistriatalis,RA)等发声控制核团在控声模式中具有左侧优势的特征相似,从而为鸣禽发声控制通路高、低级中枢具有内源投射关系提供了声学上的证据。     

人工饲养环境下长江江豚的行为谱的构建

对行为的定义和描述是定量开展行为学研究的前提与基础。通过对人工饲养环境下长江江豚行为的观察、记录和分析,定义和描述了长江江豚近40种行为。在此基础上,初步构建了人工饲养环境下长江江豚行为学研究所必需的行为谱,由活跃的水面行为、玩耍、索食、社群行为、性行为、休息、摩擦、杂类八个类别组成。文中对某些行为可能具有的生物学意义进行了初步的分析和讨论。     

Temporal and spatial variations in the behavior of shrubsteppe birds

Summary We documented patterns of activity and microhabitat use by breeding male Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli) and Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri) in the semiarid shrubsteppe of northwestern U.S.A. to determine how their behavior varies in space and time and how these variations relate to environmental features. In analyses of several sites with multiple plots that were studied for 2–4 yr, the frequencies of activities and substrate use varied significantly with year, plot, and location. The major activities, foraging and singing, varied inversely with one another. Thus, although the general structure of the activity budgets of these species was stable (i.e. foraging and singing were always the most frequent activities), there was considerable variation in the quantitative details of their behavior in space and time. Using stepwise regression, we related these variations in behavior to variations in environmental features such as the densities of the same or other species, the number of species in the community, and coverages of the different substrate types. Few patterns emerged, and those that did were generally not in accord with our expectations. In particular, patterns of substrate use were not related to variations in coverages of those substrates. Sage Sparrows, for example, increased their use of sagebrush and grass with increasing grass coverage and with increasing densities of Sage Sparrows. Responses to both variables suggested nonlinear threshold patterns.We interpret the variations in behavior as indicating a loose coupling between behavior and proximate environmental conditions for these species. In such situations, the variability of behavior complicates attempts to test ecological hypotheses (e.g. behavioral niche partitioning) with data from a limited number of locations or years.     

人与大型兽类的冲突: 野生动物保护所面临的新挑战

人和大型兽类的冲突已经成为人们日益关注的问题。野生动物损害庄稼,捕食家畜,甚至危及到人身安全。人兽冲突增加了野生兽类保护工作的困难。目前,导致人兽冲突比较典型的物种包括野生非洲象和野生亚洲象、绝大多数食肉动物和鹿类等等。引发人和大型兽类冲突的具体原因包括人口增长、野生动物栖息地丧失、土地利用方式的改变以及实施保护后野生动物种群的恢复,多数情况是多种因素共同作用的结果。减少人和大型兽类的冲突应从两方面着手:加强野生兽类管理,利用各种方法减缓损失;另一方面,关注当地社区,在提高当地人的保护意识的同时也要提高当地的经济水平。     

目标设定：促进糖尿病患者行为改变的方法

目标设定是将患者的自我管理和行为改变意图转换为目标的过程,是一种常见的、行之有效的行为干预策略。本文介绍了目标的种类、目标设定的原则、方法及利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育的效果,分析了目标设定在实际应用中存在的问题,为以后更好地利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育,从而达到改变患者行为的目的提供了理论依据。     

The 24-hour cycle of the mountain hare Lepus timidus Linnaeus, 1758

The behavioral decisions of wild animals are influenced by the often conflicting needs to both feed efficiently and to avoid predators. Information regarding how lagomorphs such as the mountain hare (Lepus timidus) balance these factors throughout the day-night cycle is largely lacking despite its importance to management.To better understand the type and proportion of various behaviors the mountain hare engages in over the course of a 24-hour period, I monitored the behavior of six mountain hares under controlled conditions from early to mid-winter. The mountain hares spend the majority of their time resting (mean ± standard deviation: 32.4 ± 14.4%) and under canopy (22.4 ± 18.7%), and a smaller proportion of their time feeding (16.2 ± 6.1%). Activity peaks over the course of the 24-hour cycle reflect natural behavior patterns that emphasize the reduction of predation risk. The sunrise phase is characterized by the search for a suitable resting place; the day phase by resting and hiding. The sunset phase is characterized by the search for food, and the night phase by an equal mix of food intake and movement through the home range. These results can help land managers predict how factors such as increasing tourist activity (perceived by the hare as a safety threat) will influence the behavior of free-ranging mountain hares.     

Diel changes in stream benthos density on stones and artificial substrates

Diel changes in stream benthos density were studied by comparing faunal densities on naturally occurring stones collected at noon and at midnight and on artificial substrates (bricks) collected at 2 hr intervals for 24 hr. Over all dates and all rivers, on stones, nighttime densities were higher in 37 cases, lower in 35 cases and unchanged in three cases. The magnitude of nocturnal density increases (expressed as a proportion of daytime density) ranged between 0.03 and 1.08 and the magnitude of nocturnal density decreases ranged between 0.01 and 0.81. Diel density changes on bricks generally were variable and not synchronized with changes in light intensity, but in most cases (60%) densities were greater at night.A new, accurate and rapid method to estimate the area of stone surface is also described.     

目标设定：促进糖尿病患者行为改变的方法

目标设定是将患者的自我管理和行为改变意图转换为目标的过程,是一种常见的、行之有效的行为干预策略。本文介绍了目标的种类、目标设定的原则、方法及利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育的效果,分析了目标设定在实际应用中存在的问题,为以后更好地利用目标设定的方法进行糖尿病教育,从而达到改变患者行为的目的提供了理论依据。     

三种老年痴呆动物模型行为学比较

目的老年大鼠、基底前脑损伤大鼠及注射东莨菪碱大鼠常作为老年性痴呆的动物模型,本研究对这三种模型的行为表现进行比较研究。方法采用水迷宫及旷场分析法对这三种模型及青年对照和假手术对照进行了研究。结果老年大鼠、基底前脑损伤大鼠和注射东莨菪碱大鼠的学习记忆能力显著减弱,老年大鼠对新环境的紧张程度增强;基底前脑损伤大鼠和注射东莨菪碱大鼠的空间认知能力显著下降;注射东莨菪碱大鼠的兴奋性异常增强,（Ｐ＜００５）。结论基底前脑损伤动物的行为表现最符合老年痴呆患者的早期临床症状。     

Behavior reuse and virtual sensors in the evolution of complex behavior architectures

Summary In this paper we discuss some of the new work we have been carrying out with the objective of making evolutionarily obtained behavior based architectures and modules for autonomous robots more standardized and interchangeable. The architectures contemplated here are based on a multiple behavior structure where all of the modules, as well as their interconnections, are automatically obtained through evolutionary processes. The main objective of this line of research is to obtain procedures that permit producing behavior based controllers that work on real robots operating in real environments as independently of the platform as possible. In this particular paper we will concentrate on different aspects regarding the inclusion of virtual sensors as a way to make improved use of the capabilities of the different platforms and on the reuse of behavior modules. This reuse will be contemplated within the same behavioral architecture and from the point of view of transferring behavior modules from one platform to a different one.     

γ-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism and Behavioral Effects After Intraventricular Injection of Spermine in Chicks

Effects of intraventricularly injected spermine on behavior and electrocortical activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism after a single dose of 1.13 mumol/animal were studied. Decrease in locomotor activity, sedation or sleep, and electrocortical synchronization that lasted approximately 2 h were observed. In addition spermine caused a significant increase in GABA content in diencephalon and brainstem, 30 min after administration. Concomitantly a significant increase of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was observed in cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, and brainstem. Reduction in gamma-aminobutyrate: alpha-oxoglutarate amino-transferase (GABA-T) levels occurred in the diencephalon along with a significant increase of GABA-T in the brainstem. The present results demonstrate that spermine has the capacity to affect GABA metabolism and are in favor of the suggestion that endogenous polyamines may modulate GABAergic mechanisms.