太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳对稻瘟病抗性的遗传分析

太湖流域粳稻地方品种黑壳子粳对稻瘟病菌表现抗谱广,抗性强的特点,利用黑壳子粳与感病的云南稻地方品种丽江新团黑谷杂交获得的F1、F2和RIL群体,在苗期喷雾接种研54-04和北1两个日本稻瘟病鉴别菌系,根据抗感反应分析亲本的抗病基因组成,结果表明,黑壳子粳对菌系北1的抗性由一对显性基因控制,对菌系研54-04的抗性由两对互为独立遗传的显性基因控制,等位性测定结果和重组自交系的抗感反应表明：黑壳子粳对菌系北1的抗病基因兼抗菌系研54-04,该抗病基因与Pi-k,Pi-z,Pi-ta,Pi-b,Pi-t等5个已知抗病基因座呈非等位关系。也不是Pi-i和Pi-a基因,推断是一个未知的新基因;另一个抗病基因抗菌系研54-04,感菌系北1。     

4个太湖流域粳稻地方品种抗稻瘟病性的遗传分析

以太湖流域粳稻地方品种薄稻、铁杆青、江南晚和缺儿糯等广谱、高抗稻瘟病为材料, 与高感稻瘟病品种苏御糯杂交, 获得杂交F1、F2 , 分别接种日本稻瘟病鉴别菌系北1和中国稻瘟病菌生理小种ZE3、ZG1, 根据P1、P2、F1和F2等不同世代植株的抗、感反应, 分析地方品种对不同稻瘟病菌生理小种(菌系)的抗性遗传机理。结果表明: 薄稻、铁杆青及缺儿糯对北1菌系的抗性均可能由一对显性基因控制, 江南晚对北1的抗性则可能由两对抑制基因互作控制; 铁杆青及缺儿糯对ZE3小种的抗性均可能由一对显性基因控制, 薄稻和江南晚对ZE3小种的抗性可能分别由两对显性基因和两对抑制基因互作控制; 铁杆青对ZG1小种的抗性可能是由一对显性主基因控制, 薄稻和江南晚对ZG1小种的抗性则可能由两对抑制基因互作控制。进一步将薄稻与12个日本稻瘟病菌鉴别品种杂交,用北1菌系接种不同组合的F1和F2 , 进行抗病基因的等位性测定。结果表明, 薄稻对北1菌系的抗性基因与12个鉴别品种所携带的已知抗稻瘟病基因是不等位, 将该基因暂定为Pi-bd1(t)。     

籼型三系杂交水稻稻曲病抗性遗传研究

用抗稻曲病三系不育系与抗和感稻曲病的恢复系配组,研究杂交水稻抗稻曲病不育系的胞质效应和恢复系稻曲病抗性遗传。结果表明,杂交水稻抗稻曲病不育系无胞质效应,抗病不育系与感病恢复系所配组合的杂种一代均表现感病。杂种F1的稻曲病抗性主要受核基因控制,其遗传表达特征有：抗性显性、抗性不完全显性和抗性隐性三种类型,恢复抗性遗传为显性和不完全显性的频率占81.25%。F1稻曲病病穗穗率、病情指数、平均每穗病粒数和病穗最高病粒数与恢复系相对应的稻曲病病情指标极显著相关,相关系数（r）分别为0.898**、0.868**、0.901**和0.569**;杂种F1与恢复系之间的?稻曲病病情指标极显著相关。创制和筛选出HA188、HA197、HA198等抗稻曲病恢复系新种质。讨论了杂交稻稻曲病抗病育种。     

三基因聚合改良恢复系福恢673的稻瘟病抗性

为了改良水稻优良恢复系福恢673的稻瘟病抗性,以该恢复系为轮回亲本,以携有3个稻瘟病抗性基因(Pi-1、Pi-9和Pi-k~h)的优质恢复系金恢1059为供体亲本,通过回交育种结合分子标记辅助选择,选育出10个导入了这3个抗稻瘟病基因的福恢673近等基因系,其遗传背景恢复率为92.96%–98.59%。抗性鉴定结果表明,这些近等基因系及其与不育系宜香A配制的杂种一代均表现抗稻瘟病,抗性明显强于对照福恢673和宜优673,且半数以上杂种一代基本保留了原组合的主要优点。用近等基因系Line 9配组的杂交稻新组合两优7283和金泰优683在区试中均表现出产量高、稻瘟病抗性强、生育期适中等特点,表明该近等基因系具较好的应用前景。     

分子标记辅助选择改良水稻不育系臻达A及其杂交种的稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi25是一个遗传传递能力强的广谱抗性基因。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pi25的BL27为抗源供体,与优质、配合力强、感稻瘟病的水稻保持系臻达B为受体亲本进行杂交、回交创制水稻抗病保持系新种质,再与臻达A测交和回交进行不育系转育,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,获得3个抗性基因纯合、农艺性状和开花习性均与臻达A相似的改良不育系株系。利用福建省近年来致病性代表的22个稻瘟病菌株对3个改良不育系及其15个杂交种进行抗性鉴定,3个改良不育系的抗性频率为95.45%~100%,15个杂交种的抗性频率均达75%以上,而原始对照臻达A及其杂交种的抗性频率仅为54.55%和40.91%~63.64%。自然病圃诱发鉴定表明,3个改良不育系的叶瘟和穗颈瘟均为0级,表现高抗,而对照臻达A的叶瘟为5级,穗颈瘟为7级,表现感病;15个杂交种均表现良好的稻瘟病抗性。进一步分析比较15个杂交种的产量、农艺性状和稻米品质表现,结果表明臻达A-Pi25-3改良不育系的综合性状表现最优,继续回交转育,于2015年育成了稻瘟病抗性强、配合力好、群体整齐和性状稳定的不育系,命名为157A。研究表明,抗稻瘟病基因Pi25不仅在水稻不育系臻达A的遗传背景下的抗性表达完全,且在不同水稻恢复系测交种的背景下同样表现出较高水平的抗性,说明抗性基因Pi25对不育系稻瘟病改良的效果明显。创制的新不育系157A的稻瘟病抗性显著提高,还基本保留了原来不育系高配合力等优良特性,为选育高产、优质、抗病杂交稻新品种提供了不育系新种质。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-d(t)1、Pi-b、Pi-ta2的聚合及分子标记选择

冈46B(G46B)是水稻生产应用中的一个农艺性状十分优良的保持系,其主要的缺陷是稻瘟病抗性较弱,通过对地谷,BL-1,Pi-4号等三个分别含抗病基因Pi-d(t)1、Pi-b、Pi-ta2的稻瘟病抗性材料与G46B聚合杂交,并利用抗病基因连锁的分子标记对杂交后代进行辅助选择,在聚合杂交的F2代及B1C1代群体中共获得了15株含Pid(t)1、Pi-b、Pi-ta2等三个抗稻瘟病基因的材料,其可能的基因型分别为:三基因杂合体Pi-d(t)1pi-d(t)1/Pi-bpi-b/Pi-ta2pi-ta2 4株,双基因杂合体10株,其中Pi-d(t)1Pi-d(t)1/Pi-bpi-b/Pi-ta2pi-ta26株,Pi-d(t)1pi-d(t)1/Pi-bpi-b/Pi-ta2Pi-ta23株,Pi-d(t)1pi-d(t)1/Pi-bPi-b/Pi-ta2pi-ta21株,双基因纯合体Pi-d(t)1Pi-d(t)1/Pi-bpi-b/Pi-ta2Pi-ta2仅1株,这一研究结果为进一步改良G46B的稻瘟病抗性奠定了基础,同时这一研究结果表明利用分子标记可快速、有效地实现多个抗病基因的聚合,大大提高水稻抗病育种的效率.     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种。通过对A1、A2、A3、A5,A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因。研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系。找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系——A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料。     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种.通过对A1、A2、A3、A5、A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因.研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系.找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系--A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料.     

几种小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性的比较研究

以三种小麦胞质雄性不育系(Q型不育系、T型不育系和 AL型不育系)与 13 个 Q型胞质恢复系进行杂交,以花粉碘染率为指标,比较研究了不同恢复系对不同不育系的恢复度。研究发现,尽管 Q型胞质恢复系本身育性正常,但它与Q型不育系杂交后所得 F1 代,育性有较大变幅,花粉碘染率 0.177 7~0.774 7。有些恢复系如QR3、QR3 37、QR30207等对AL型不育系、恢复系 QR2 143 对 T型不育系的恢复度(杂种花粉碘染率)较高,达0.85以上。在对供试恢复系对不同不育系的恢复度进行 t检验后发现,这三种不育系在恢复程度上无显著差别,说明它们可能是同类不育系,或者可能是所涉及的恢复系具有广泛恢复能力。在上述三种类型不育系中,QA92 8的可恢复程度偏低,其原因可能是其核遗传背景不同。     

抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54和Pikm在黄淮稻区水稻品种资源中的抗性分布

为了探明黄淮稻区4个抗稻瘟病基因Pi-ta、Pi-b、Pi54和Pikm在品种资源中的分布及其不同基因型组合的抗病效性。本研究利用上述4个抗病基因的功能标记,对88个黄淮稻区育成品种进行抗稻瘟病基因型检测,结果表明:检出最多的抗稻瘟病基因组合是Pib+Pi54,占总检测材料的60.2%。经过2016-2017年连续两年的人工接种鉴定和田间自然鉴定,稻瘟病感病材料比例分别达到87.5%、77.3%,感病材料的比例增高说明抗性基因的抗性作用在逐渐降低。在检测品种中,抗性较好的4个基因型或基因型组合分别是Pi-ta、Pi-ta+Pi-b、Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54和Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54+Pikm,但检出率很低。本研究结果说明,黄淮稻区品种中,携带Pi-ta、Pi-ta+Pi-b、Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54和Pi-ta+Pi-b+Pi54+Pikm基因型的抗病性较好,应得到加强利用。本研究结果对育成品种抗稻瘟病基因或基因组合跟踪检测和抗病性评价是抗稻瘟病育种的有效途径。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.