西沙东岛珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成特征与演变

为更好保护和管理东岛珊瑚礁鱼类资源, 2021和2022年通过水下摄影和水下潜水捕捞对东岛珊瑚礁鱼类进行现场调查,并结合历史研究探讨了东岛珊瑚礁鱼类种类组成及历史演变特征,结果如下:东岛共发现珊瑚礁鱼类235种,隶属于辐鳍鱼纲(Actinopterygii; 222种)和软骨鱼纲(Chondrichthyes; 13种),由16目、55科组成,其中鲈形目(Perciformes)鱼类最多,为181种,科层面,蝴蝶鱼科(Chaetodontidae)和鹦嘴鱼科(Scaridae)最多,均22种。东岛珊瑚礁鱼类物种数与其对应的最大全长成指数相关,随其增加而显著减少。东岛以小型鱼类最多,占总种类数的38.72%;其次是中型鱼类,为34.47%;大型鱼类为26.81%。从食性类型来看,东岛肉食性鱼类最多,占物种数的56.60%。各时间段之间鱼类的相似性指数均较低,证实了鱼类发生了显著的演替变化。研究较历史共有103种鱼类未发现,其中,肉食性鱼类占未发现鱼类的74.76%,同时未发现大型鱼类几乎全部分布在肉食性鱼类中; 14种位列于IUCN红色名录的鱼类,除一种外,其他均在此研究中未发现并均为大...     

鱼类线粒体DNA及其在分子群体遗传研究中的应用

鱼类是脊椎动物亚门中种属数量最多的类群,分布广泛,起源复杂,拥有丰富的遗传多样性.多种自然和人为因素对鱼类遗传资源存在不同程度的作用,对鱼类生存和进化有重要影响.采用分子手段探讨鱼类遗传资源现状,可为遗传育种、鱼类进化研究和遗传资源保护等提供一定科学依据.以鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)为代表的分子标记技术已被用于研究鱼类群体遗传结构及其与影响因素间的关系.本文综述了鱼类mtDNA的结构特征及其在鱼类分子群体遗传研究中的应用,对了解和运用mtDNA等分子标记研究鱼类群体遗传具有一定参考价值.     

台湾海峡鱼类组成及其生态区系

本文依据台湾海峡鱼类物种的相关历史调查资料和文献, 分析了台湾海峡鱼类物种组成及其生态类型和区系特征, 探讨全球变化背景下台湾海峡鱼类物种组成变化。结果显示, 台湾海峡共有鱼类1,697种, 分隶40目206科740属, 其中, 目级分类阶元种类数最多的为鲈形目, 科级分类阶元种类数最多的为鰕虎科; 从适温性上看, 暖水性鱼类最多, 有1,560种, 其次为暖温性鱼类(128种)和冷温性鱼类(9种); 栖息地生态类型则以大陆架砂泥质底层鱼类和岩礁性鱼类种类数最多, 各有596种, 其后依次是大陆架近底层鱼类(249种)、大陆架中上层鱼类(158种)和大洋性鱼类(98种), 洄游性鱼类181种, 经济性鱼类735种; 海区间鱼类种类数对比显示, 台湾海峡鱼类与南海鱼类共有种最多, 共有种比例高达91.9%, 其次为东海(69.3%)和黄海(19.4%), 多为印度—西太平洋海区分布种, 仅288种广泛分布于中国各海区。由此, 台湾海峡鱼类区系特征兼有热带和亚热带海区鱼类区系特点, 属于印度—西太平洋暖水区系中—日亚区和印度—马来亚区的过渡海区, 其分界区域在台湾浅滩东部外缘至澎湖列岛偏北海域。     

秦岭西段鱼类多样性现状初报

对秦岭西段汉江水系和嘉陵江水系的鱼类和环境调查显示,人类活动对鱼类多样性产生了较大的影响。本文试图对该地区鱼类多样性丧失的现状加以报道并对原因进行分析。以前该地区鱼类共有142种,本次调查的渔获物中只有34种。鱼类物种资源的减少是多种因素造成的：水坝的修建使得鱼类栖息地环境改变从而导致鱼类的种类和种群数量变化,水污染、过度捕捞和非法渔业也在一定程度上破坏了鱼类物种多样性。     

长江口中华鲟自然保护区潮间带鱼类群落结构

为深入了解鱼类对潮间带水域的利用,2010年5月、8月、11月在长江口中华鲟自然保护区潮间带水域进行了插网调查。结果表明:调查期间共出现28种鱼类,隶属于10目16科,鲤形目种类最多,其次为鲈形目;群落优势种为中国花鲈(Lateolabrax maculates)、鮻(Liza haematocheila)和窄体舌鳎(Cynoglossus gracilis);长江口中华鲟自然保护区潮间带鱼类群落可以分为河口定居鱼类、海洋偶见鱼类、降海洄游鱼类、溯河洄游鱼类、海洋洄游鱼类和淡水鱼类6种生态类群,其中河口定居鱼类和海洋洄游鱼类占据明显优势。对调查水域鱼类群落进行聚类分析,结果表明秋季和春夏季差异显著,鮻、中国花鲈、斑尾刺虾虎鱼(Acanthogobius ommaturus)是对季节差异贡献最大的3种鱼类。主成分分析结果表明,夏季鱼类群落主要受到海洋洄游鱼类的影响,而秋季主要受到河口定居鱼类的影响,这2种鱼类的幼鱼在不同季节利用潮间带水域索饵肥育可能是造成季节差异的主要原因。     

实验用鱼类福利的发展现状

伴随着鱼类作为科研重要材料的迅猛发展,实验用鱼类福利引起了人们的关注。本文旨在阐述国内外鱼类福利发展的历史和现状,剖析鱼类福利实施困难的因素,提供提高福利的参考对策,以期帮助科研工作者进一步地了解实验用鱼类福利,促进在实验过程中鱼类福利的发展。     

鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的评估方法

鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的量化对鱼道设计有重要理论和实际价值,其基础是鱼类游泳能力的测定.首先对鱼类游泳能力的研究方法进行了概述总结,指出了鱼类游泳能力经典测试方法存在测定流场与自然情况相差较大的不足;分析了关键要素如鱼类行为特征、生理耗能规律及水力特性对鱼类通过水流速度障碍能力的影响;提出了分析鱼类游泳行为和能力与特征流场的关系,探讨鱼类通过水流障碍行为规律和生理疲劳恢复特征,通过研究仿自然流态下的鱼类自由游泳行为、水力计算及生理耗能的关系,构建多因素鱼类游泳能力关系式,定量评价鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍的发展方向.     

基于水声学频差技术的镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区鱼类资源时空特征

为掌握镇江长江豚类省级自然保护区鱼类资源现状,于2020年春季(4月)和秋季(9月)利用水声学频差技术和网具调查方法同步开展鱼类资源调查,评估调查江段鱼类资源时空特征。水声学调查结果表明,调查江段鱼类资源密度均值为(0.094±0.183)尾/m²,鱼类单体目标强度(Target strength, TS)均值为–(57.33±5.69) dB,主要分布在–62.5—–50.5 dB,随着水深的增加, TS逐渐增大;网具调查结果表明,调查江段共采集鱼类758尾、53.53 kg,鉴定鱼类种类达48种,其中以鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鱼类占优,中上层鱼类群体数量和质量占比分别为36.15%和66.12%,长江江豚饵料鱼类(体长小于20 cm、体高小于6 cm、体重小于100 g的中上层鱼类)数量和质量占比分别为23.22%和8.72%。在时间特征上, 4月和9月鱼类资源密度差异不显著(P>0.05), 4月鱼类TS均值小于9月,且4月鱼类平均规格小于9月。在空间特征上,鱼类资源主要分布于和畅洲北汊和焦北滩附近水域,中上层鱼类资源相对较多,且4月鱼类资...     

三峡库区大宁河鱼类的时空分布特征

为了解大宁河鱼类资源量及其分布特点,于2006年12月和2007年4月利用HTI Model 241鱼探仪对三峡库区大宁河进行了声学调查。结果表明：冬季鱼类密度显著高于春季,这与鱼类自身的繁殖越冬行为有关。统计分析显示,鱼类水平分布的差异与水深没有明显的相关性,可能主要由群聚行为引起。另外,冬季大宁河鱼类主要分布在中下层,上层和中下层的鱼类密度分布存在极显著性差异(p <0.01);春季鱼类主要分布在中上层,中层和下层的鱼类密度分布差异显著(p <0.05)。大宁河鱼类在冬季和春季均属于成群分布,并且春季各层鱼类密度的变异系数高于冬季,这与水温和鱼类的防御机制有关。     

傀儡湖18种鱼类全长与体重关系研究

为了了解中国长江中下游湖泊——傀儡湖(N 31o24′, E 120o51′)鱼类生长的特性, 于2013年4月至2015年4月利用地笼、多网目复合刺网和网簖等工具对该水域鱼类进行了月度调查。共捕获鱼类18种, 隶属于3科, 主要以鲤科鱼类为主。运用最小二乘法对这18种鱼类的全长和体重的回归关系进行拟合, 其中3种鱼类全长与体重的回归方程为首次拟合。此外, 15种鱼类的最大全长超过世界鱼类数据库(FishBase)中记录的最大全长。研究提供的鱼类全长与体重回归方程及其参数填补了世界鱼类数据库的空白。     

Molecular identification of hybrids of the invasive gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio and crucian carp Carassius carassius in Swedish waters

Both mitochondrial DNA sequence and two nuclear microsatellite markers were used to confirm the identity of the first record of Carassius auratus gibelio in the western (Swedish) Baltic Sea region. A total of 49 fishes were analysed, where 22 were from three Swedish sites connected to the Baltic Sea. The D-loop mitochondrial DNA sequences showed that 16 of 22 Swedish fishes were related to C. a. gibelio. The phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that these fish are probably not native, but represent different lineages of C. a. gibelio from China, Japan and Russia. All except three of these 16 fishes had microsatellite alleles suggesting hybridization with Carassius carassius. These findings suggest that a cryptic invasion of C. a. gibelio might be in progress.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of the rayfish Raja porosa (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae).

We isolated mitochondrial DNA from the rayfish Raja porosa by long-polymerase chain reaction (Long-PCR) with conserved primers, and sequenced it by primer walking method using flanking sequences as sequencing primers. R. porosa mitochondrial DNA consists of 16,972 bp and its structural organization is conserved in comparison with other fishes and mammals. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequence, the phylogenetic position of R. porosa among cartilaginous fishes was inferred using different phylogenetic methods (ML-based quartet puzzling, Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Bayesian approaches). In this paper, we report the characteristics of the R. porosa mitochondrial genome including structural organization, base composition of rRNAs, tRNAs and protein-encoding genes and characteristics of mitochondrial tRNAs. These findings are applicable to comparative mitogenomics of R. porosa with other related taxa.     

Sequence Characterization of a Unique Intergenic Spacer in Gadiformes Mitochondrial DNA

The nucleotide sequences of intergenic spacers located between the tRNA^Thr and tRNA^Pro genes in mitochondrial DNA of cod fishes (order Godiformes) were determined. Spacers from eight species representing two families of cod fishes were analyzed and found to vary in size from 25 to 99 bp. Each spacer sequence contains one or two copies of a conserved 17-bp motif. Four to five central nucleotides of this motif constitute a substitutional hot spot as observed from interspecific and intraspecific comparisons. The substitution rate of the spacer is approximately twice that of the variable part I of the mitochondrial DNA control region, making this sequence region interesting as a molecular marker in population studies or stock assessments of cod fishes. We propose that the spacer originated in a duplication event and evolved into a functional domain, perhaps by binding regulatory proteins. Accepted February 26, 1999     

Evaluating the roles of energetic functional constraints on teleost mitochondrial-encoded protein evolution

Mitochondria are the power plant of cells, which play critical roles not only in energy metabolism but also in thermoregulation. These two roles have been individually suggested to influence mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution, however their relative importance is still rarely considered. Here, we conduct a comparative genomic analysis of 401 teleost complete mitochondrial genomes and test the roles of these dual functional constraints on mitochondria to provide a more complete view of mtDNA evolution. We found that mitochondrial protein-coding genes of migratory fishes have significantly smaller Ka/Ks than nonmigratory fishes. The same data set showed that the genes of fishes living in cold climates have significantly smaller Ka/Ks than tropical fishes. In contrast, these trends were not observed for two nuclear genes that are not involved in energy metabolism. The differences in selection patterns observed between mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that the functional constraints acting on mitochondria, due to energy metabolism and/or thermoregulation, influence the evolution of mitochondrial-encoded proteins in teleosts.     

Molecular characteristics of mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic analysis of the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) from the Poyang Lake

The goal of our study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and phylogenetic construction of the weather loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in Poyang Lake. The complete mitochondrial genome was 16,634?bp, and the gene order was identical to that of teleost fishes. Compared with the previous reported weather loach in China, there were numerous nucleotide substitutions and length polymorphisms on the structural genes of mitochondrial DNA in the loach from the Poyang Lake. The Phylogenetic tree indicated that the loach had its own molecular characteristics and was somewhat different from those in other regions of China. Fourteen unique haplotypes of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene were obtained from 300 weather loaches. The Phylogenetic tree based on the cyt b gene showed that the loaches were substructured into two different populations in The Poyang Lake. Results indicated that the loaches in Poyang Lake not only showed the same phylogeny as the loaches in other areas of China, but also generated its own unique phylogenetic relationships.     

Mitochondrial cytochrome b Sequence Variation and Phylogenetics of the Highly Specialized Schizothoracine Fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The complete 1140 bp mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences were obtained from 39 individuals representing five species of all four genera of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene was surveyed among the 39 individuals as well as three primitive schizothoracines and one outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the group assignment based on 1140 bp of the cytochrome b sequence is obviously different from previous assignments, and the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes (Schizopygopsis pylzovi, Gymnocypris przewalskii, G. eckloni, Chuanchia labiosa, and Platypharodon extremus) form a monophyletic group that is sister to the clade formed by the primitive schizothoracine fishes (Schizothorax prenanti, S. pseudaksaiensis, and S. argentatus). The haplotypes of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and G. przewalskii were paraphyletic based on cytochrome b data, which most likely reflected incomplete sorting of mitochondrial DNA lineages. The diploid chromosome numbers of Schizothoracinae were considered in phylogenetic analysis and provided a clear pattern of relationships. Molecular dating estimated for highly specialized schizothoracine fishes suggested that the highly specialized schizothoracine fishes diverged in the late Miocene Pliocene to Pleistocene (4.5 × 10⁴–4.05 × 10⁶ years BP). The relationship between the cladogenesis of highly specialized schizothoracine fishes and geographical events of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is discussed.     

Phylogenetic studies of three sinipercid fishes (Perciformes: Sinipercidae) based on complete mitochondrial DNA sequences

The sinipercids are a group of 12 species of freshwater percoid fish endemic to East Asia and their phylogenetic placements have perplexed generations of taxonomists. We cloned and sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of three sinipercid fishes (Siniperca chuatsi, S. kneri, and S. scherzeri) to characterize and compare their mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genomes of S. chuatsi, S. kneri, and S. scherzeri were 16,496, 17,002, and 16,585?bp in length, respectively. The organization of the three mitochondrial genomes is similar to those reported from other fish mitochondrial genomes, which contains 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs) and a major non-coding control region. Among the 13 protein-coding genes of all the three sinipercid fishes, three reading-frame overlaps were found on the same strand. There is an 81-bp tandem repeat cluster at the end of CSB-3 in the S. scherzeri control region. The complete mitochondrial genomes of the three sinipercids should be useful for the evolutionary studies of sinipercids and other vertebrate species.     

鱼类三代虫分子生物学的研究进展

三代虫是一类常见的鱼类体外寄生虫,绝大多数种类寄生于鱼类的体表和鳃,大量寄生可导致苗种甚至成鱼大批死亡,或引起其他病原感染而致继发性鱼病,造成严重的经济损失.本文从三代虫目前的分类学概况、DNA分类学和条形码技术、核糖体基因及线粒体基因的研究等方面概述了鱼类三代虫分子生物学的研究现状,为三代虫及扁形动物的分子生物学研究及其应用提供有用的资料.     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的沙鳅亚科鱼类DNA条形码及其分子系统发育研究

选择线粒体COⅠ基因作为分子标记,进行沙鳅亚科鱼类（Botiinae）DNA条形码及其分子系统发育研究。研究获得了沙鳅亚科7属19种共131个个体的COⅠ基因序列,利用MEGA5.0软件分析了沙鳅亚科鱼类COⅠ基因的序列特征,计算了种内及种间遗传距离。沙鳅亚科鱼类的分子系统发育关系的重建分别采用NJ法和Bayesian法。研究发现,沙鳅亚科COⅠ基因的碱基组成为: A 24.4%、T 29.5%、G 18.0%、C 28.1%。沙鳅亚科鱼类种内平均遗传距离为0.0020.000,种间平均遗传距离为0.1480.008。DNA条形码研究结果显示,所分析的19种沙鳅鱼类各自分别聚成单系分支,表明COⅠ基因在本研究中具有100%的物种鉴别率。同时,系统发育分析支持各属的单系性,并且结果显示沙鳅亚科鱼类聚为两个分支,其中一支由薄鳅属和副沙鳅属构成,另一分支则包括: （沙鳅属、色鳅属）和 中华沙鳅属、（缨须鳅属、安彦鳅属）。因此,COⅠ基因可以作为有效的分子标记对沙鳅亚科进行DNA条形码研究以及分子系统发育研究。       

Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of two haplotypes of the smallmouth bass, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Micropterus dolomieu</Emphasis>, collected from nonindigenous populations in Japan

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two haplotypes of the smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu; individuals used in the analysis were collected from nonindigenous populations in Japan. Both genomes comprised 16,488 bp, with genome contents and gene orders being identical to those of other teleost fishes. A previous study revealed that the Japanese smallmouth bass had only two haplotypes, and the present study revealed that the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the haplotypes differed in only one nucleotide difference. The low genetic diversity in the mtDNA of the smallmouth bass individuals in our study and the results of the mtDNA sequence comparison between the Japanese and the North American individuals suggested that the fish had been transplanted from a fish farm with a low-diversity stock.