Growth,biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions

Plants of two bread wheat cultivars,Triticum aestivum L. Katya Al and Mexipak 65, were grown in pots during the crop season in the field in NW Syria, a region with a Mediterranean climate. The experiment involved two treatments. Control plants were well-watered throughout the experiment (watering to 0.22 g water g^–1 dry soil). In the second treatment, water was withheld from the plants until soil water content had decreased to 0.10 g water g^–1 dry soil, the level that was maintained thereafter. Water use was measured by weighing the pots, and growth by destructive sampling. Growth of Katya and Mexipak was similar. Mexipak had a lower (though not significant atp<0.05) plant water use efficiency (WUE_p) in both treatments due to higher rates of water loss. On a leaf area basis differences in water use were especially high since Mexipak had a smaller total leaf area. In spite of a smaller investment in photosynthesizing area, Mexipak achieved similar growth as Katya. Carbon isotope discrimination and organic nitrogen concentration (both higher for Mexipak) suggest that Mexipak accomplished higher mean net photosynthetic rates with a higher mean leaf diffusive conductance, higher intercellular carbon dioxide partial pressure, and possibly a greater investment in the photosynthetic apparatus compared to Katya. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination suggest a larger difference in average photosynthetic WUE (net photosynthesis/transpiration) than in plant WUE. This could indicate that loss of carbon in respiration was greater in Katya. Gas exchange measurements on the youngest fully expanded leaves showed only minor differences between the cultivars. It is hypothesized that Mexipak, with a smaller total leaf area, is able to maintain high leaf conductance and photosynthesis for a longer period of time during the day or during the life span of leaves.     

Establishment of a plant regeneration system for wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum,Agropyron and Pascopyrum)

Wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum, Agropyron and Pascopyrum spp.) are a ubiquitous group of cool-season grasses used throughout much of the semiarid temperate world. In order to explore the potential of biotechnology to accelerate conventional breeding efforts, we developed an efficient plant regeneration system for different wheatgrass species: tall wheatgrass [Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Liu and Wang], intermediate and pubescent wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. and D.R. Dewey], crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner], and western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Löve]. Embryogenic callus was induced from mature and immature embryos and immature inflorescence with an induction frequency in the range of 0.5–8.3% for the different wheatgrass species tested. Individual embryogenic calluses were then used to establish single genotype-derived suspension cultures. Efficient plant regeneration was achieved from the established em-bryogenic suspensions with regeneration frequencies in the range of 20–65% for tall wheatgrass, 21–40% for intermediate and pubescent wheatgrasses, 32–51% for crested wheatgrass, and 25–48% for western wheatgrass. The cell suspension-derived wheatgrass plants were fertile and phenotypically normal in the field. The efficient plant regeneration system provides a solid basis for genetic transformation of wheatgrasses.     

Relative growth rate, biomass allocation pattern and water use efficiency of three wheat cultivars during early ontogeny as dependent on water availability

We have investigated the water use efficiency of whole plants and selected leaves and allocation patterns of three wheat cultivars (Mexipak, Nesser and Katya) to explore how variation in these traits can contribute to the ability to grow in dry environments. The cultivars exhibited considerable differences in biomass allocation and water use efficiency. Cultivars with higher growth rates of roots and higher proportions of biomass in roots (Nesser and Katya) also had higher leaf growth rates, higher proportions of their biomass as leaves and higher leaf area ratios. These same cultivars had lower rates of transpiration per unit leaf area or unit root weight and higher biomass production per unit water use. They also had higher ratios of photosynthesis to transpiration, and lower ratios of intercellular to external CO₂ partial pressure. The latter resulted from large differences in stomatal conductance associated with relatively small differences in rates of photosynthesis. There was little variation between cultivars in response to drought, and differences in allocation pattern and plant water use efficiency between cultivars as found under well-watered conditions persisted under dry conditions. At the end of the non-watered treatment, relative growth rates and transpiration rates decreased to similar values for all cultivars. High ratios of photosynthesis to transpiration, and accordingly high biomass production per unit of transpiration, is regarded as a favourable trait for dry environments, since more efficient use of water postpones the decrease in plant water status.     

单色光对小麦草生长速率的影响研究

通过LED光照实验,探究不同光质和光周期对小麦草生长速率的影响。采用大功率红、蓝LED灯,红光峰值波长为655 nm,蓝光峰值波长为438 nm。实验采用控制变量法,以光质和光周期为变量,其余生长环境保持一致。结果表明:红光照射下生长速率要明显优于蓝光,甚至超过室内日光。在红蓝复合光中,红光光强高于蓝光时,更利于小麦草生长;连续24 h的光照与间隔12 h的光照相比,略有生长优势。     

增温对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生产的影响

近40a来,宁夏引黄灌区年平均增温幅度高于全国平均值,对春小麦生产已经产生了重大影响。基于哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会控制未来50 a全球升温幅度的范围值,设计增温幅度为0.5-2.5 ℃,采用红外线辐射器大田增温模拟实验,研究增温对宁夏引黄灌区春小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:增温0.5-2.5 ℃,宁夏引黄灌区春小麦全生育期(播种-收获)缩短1-22 d,减产0.5%-18.5%;增温2.0-2.5 ℃,春小麦全生育期缩短18-22 d,减产16.5%-18.5%。增温引起春小麦三叶期和孕穗期光合速率下降,穗粒数减少,千粒重下降,最终导致减产。     

Thinopyrum ponticum and Th. intermedium:the promising source of resistance to fungal and viral diseases of wheat

Thinopyrum ponticum and Th. intermedium provide superior resistance against various diseases in wheat （Ttricum aestivum）. Because of their readily crossing with wheat, many genes for disease resistance have been introduced from the wheatgrasses into wheat. Genes for resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, powdery mildew, Barley yellow dwarf virus, Wheat streak mosaic virus, and its vector, the wheat curl mite, have been transferred into wheat by producing chromosome translocations. These genes offer an opportunity to improve resistance of wheat to the diseases; some of them have been extensively used in protecting wheat from damage of the diseases. Moreover, new resistance to diseases is continuously detected in the progenies of wheat-Thinopyrum derivatives. The present article summaries characterization and application of the genes for fungal and viral disease-resistance derived from Th. ponticum and Th. intermedium.     

考虑土壤水分限制的春小麦生长简化模型

建立了以日长（Ｌ）和日总辐射（ＴＤＲ）为自变量的春小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）碳同化和干物质累积（ＤＭＡ）的简化模型,考虑了水分限制下光能利用效率（ａ）,碳传输导度（ｇｃ）均被降低的设定,将反映春小麦水分状况的叶水热（Ψ）作为参数纳一模型,Ψ则通过多元回旭由８０ｃｍ土层相对含水量（θＲ,８０＿,气温（Ｔａ）水汽压差（ＶＰＤ）,低于－１．５ＭＰａ叶水势之和（Ψｃ,１．５）给出。讨     

淹水和干旱生境下铅对芦苇生长、生物量分配和光合作用的影响

芦苇(Phragmites australis)作为典型的根茎型多年生湿地植物, 具有广泛的环境耐受性。该研究采用盆栽实验, 采取裂区实验设计, 水分处理为主区, 包括淹水和干旱两个水平, 铅(Pb)为副区, 包括0、500、1500、3β000、4β500 mg·kg^-1 5个水平, 共10个处理, 每个处理12个重复, 研究淹水和干旱条件下Pb污染对芦苇生长、生物量分配及光合作用的影响, 以期明确不同生境下芦苇适应或忍耐重金属污染而采取的策略, 为芦苇应用于湿地恢复和污染修复提供理论依据。结果表明, 在淹水处理中, Pb显著抑制地下芽形成和根茎生长, 但对子株数没有影响; 与母株相比子株具有高的日生长速率、光合速率和生物量(母株的3-7倍)。在干旱环境中, Pb显著抑制根、地下芽和根茎生长, 母株和子株生物量积累及光合作用, 且这些指标均小于淹水处理的。无论在淹水还是干旱环境中, 芦苇体内绝大部分Pb积累在根中, 根茎和子株中Pb含量较少, 被转运至母株中的Pb大约是子株的3倍。淹水条件下子株体内Pb含量小于干旱处理的。结果表明, 干旱和Pb的协同作用显著抑制芦苇生长、生物量积累和光合作用, 可能导致子株生产力和种群密度减小甚至种群衰退。但淹水芦苇能够采取相应的Pb分配策略减缓Pb污染对芦苇生长、生理和繁殖的负面影响, 有利于芦苇种群的繁衍和稳定。     

Variation in relative growth rate of 20 Aegilops species (Poaceae) in the field: The importance of net assimilation rate or specific leaf area depends on the time scale

Field experiments reporting the relative growth rate (RGR) patterns in plants are scarce. In this study, 22 herbaceous species (20 Aegilops species, Amblyopyrum muticum and Triticum aestivum) were grown under field conditions to assess their RGR, and to find out if the differences in RGR amongst species were explained by morphological or physiological traits. Plants were cultivated during two months, and five harvests (every 13–19 days) were carried out. Factors explaining between-species differences in RGR varied, depending on whether short (13–19 days) or longer periods (62 days) were considered. RGR for short periods (4 growth periods of 13–19 days each) showed a positive correlation with net assimilation rate (NAR), but there was no significant correlation with leaf area ratio (LAR) (with the exception of the first growth period). In contrast, when growth was investigated over two months, RGR was positively correlated with morphological traits (LAR, and specific leaf area, SLA), but not with physiological traits (NAR). A possible explanation for these contrasting results is that during short growth periods, NAR exhibited strong variations possibly caused by the variable field conditions, and, consequently NAR mainly determined RGR. In contrast, during a longer growth period (62 days) the importance of NAR was not apparent (there was no significant correlation between RGR and NAR), while allocation traits, such as LAR and SLA, became most relevant.     

灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响

在田间试验条件下,以小麦品种济麦20为材料,研究了不同灌水处理对小麦的耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响.试验设置7个处理:不浇水(W0);拔节期和开花期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm(W1)、60mm (W2)、90mm(W3);拔节期、开花期和灌浆期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm(W4)、60mm (W5)、90mm(W6).研究结果表明:(1)随灌水量的增加,总耗水量逐渐增加,土壤耗水量和降水量占总耗水量的比例降低.产量和水分利用率最高的W2和W4处理总耗水量分别为413.87,362.15mm;灌溉量、降水量、土壤耗水量分别占总耗水量的比例为29%、36.34%、34.66%,24.85%、41.53%、33.62%;两个处理比较,W4处理提高了对降水的利用比例,但降低了对灌溉水的利用比例.通过对全生育期0～200cm不同土层土壤耗水量的研究得出,W0和W1处理的深层土壤耗水量较低,W3、W5、W6处理的0～200cm 每个土层土壤耗水量均较低,对W2和W4处理,小麦能够利用120～200cm的深层土壤水分,其土壤贮水消耗量显著增加.(2)W2处理的籽粒氮素积累量较高,W1、W4处理籽粒中的氮素分配比例显著高于其它处理,有灌浆水的处理,尤其是灌浆水高于30mm的处理,营养器官氮素转移率和贡献率显著降低;W4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较高,W2和W4处理的籽粒蛋白质产量显著高于其它处理.(3)籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加先升高后降低,其中W2和W4处理显著高于其它处理;W4处理的产量水分利用效率和蛋白质产量水分利用率显著高于其它处理.结果表明,W4为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理.     

虑土壤水分限制的春小麦生长简化模型

The authors constructed a simplified model of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) carbon assimilation and dry matter accumulation (DMA) process which consisted of two independent variables, day length　(L) and total daily radiation　(TDR). Leaf water potential (Ψ) was incorporated into the simplified growth model based on the assumption that both light use efficiency　(α) and CO2 conductance of assimilation (gc) were depressed by water limitation. Finally,Ψ was estimated from a regression equation in which the independent variables were relative soil water content in the upper 80 cm (θR,80), ambient temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the cumulative leaf water potential below thresholds of -1.5 MPa　(Ψc,1.5). Some applications in research program of field experiment of atmosphere-land surface processes in Heihe River region were tested. The simulated data agreed well with the data observed at Linze oasis in 1989 for various levels of water supply and at Zhangye oasis in 1992 in the field. The analysis and simulation using the model demonstrated that the simplified growth model could describe very well the DMA process of spring wheat with and without water limitation in the region of HEIFE (Heihe field experiment).     

土壤水分亏缺对春小麦根系干物质累积和分配的影响

在人工气候室中进行实验,实施光、温自动控制,研究了土壤水分对春小麦根系干物质积累和分配的影响,３个处理是春小科整个生长发育期内土壤水分分别控制在田间持水量的３０％,６０％,９０％,实验结果表明,在四叶一心－抽穗开花期间,３个处理气孔阻力逐渐降低,光合速率蒸腾速度逐渐上升,其中,中等水分条件下蒸腾速率明显低于充分供水,而光合速率则接近或显著高于是。抽一开花期,下层以根长,根竽中等水分处理显著高于其余     

水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响

利用管栽试验研究了不同生育期,水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响.结果表明：任何生育期水分亏缺都会影响冬小麦的株高、叶面积、干物质累积及对氮素的吸收.冬小麦对水分亏缺的敏感期为拔节期,其次为开花期、灌浆期和苗期.苗期干旱后复水对后期生长有显著的补偿效应,开花期适度干旱后复水对生物量形成和氮素吸收有一定的补偿作用,拔节期干旱对小麦的生长影响明显.相同氮肥处理下, 与不亏水处理比较, 苗期水分亏缺、拔节期水分亏缺、开花期水分亏缺、灌浆期水分亏缺的根系氮素积累量分别平均降低25.82%、55.68%、46.14%和16.34%,地上部氮素积累量分别平均降低33.37%、51.71%、27.01%和2.60%.在相同水分处理下冬小麦含氮量、累积吸收氮量都表现为高氮处理（0.3 g N·kg^-1FM）>中氮处理（0.2 g N·kg^-1FM）>低氮处理（0.1 g N·kg^-1FM）.水分逆境条件下施用氮肥对冬小麦植株生长和干物质累积及氮吸收具有明显的调节效应.