中国穿山甲有丝分裂染色体和减数分裂联会复合体（SC）的研究

中国穿山甲（Manis pentadactyla）的细胞遗传学分析表明,染色体数目2n=40。除着丝粒C带外,还有染色体端部C带和插入性C带。两对小的端着丝粒染色体的随体部位有银染核仁组织者（Ag-NORs）。本文对穿山甲核型的多态性以及减数分裂联会复合体的结构,性染色（X,Y）在减数分裂前期的行为进行了分析和讨论。     

中国穿山甲和马来穿山甲头骨量度的测定及比较

全球共有7种穿山甲。本文报道的是中国穿山甲和马来穿山甲的头骨形态学资料,涉及头骨特征描述和一些形态学指标测定。被测定的指标主要有颅全长、基底长、腭长、眶间宽、后头宽、鼻骨长、鼻骨宽、脑颅高、听泡长和下颌长,并且在这两个物种之间进行了比较。结果表明,(1)这两个物种头骨形态十分相似,但马来穿山甲头骨细长,听泡长小于10mm(n=12),鼻骨狭长,前后部宽窄相似,两鼻骨外侧缘内凹或平行,鼻骨宽长之比值小于0 3000(0 2025～0 2811,n=12);而中国穿山甲头骨较粗短,听泡长大于11mm(n=46),鼻骨宽短,后部较前端宽,外侧缘外凸,鼻骨宽长之比值大于0 3000(0 3154～0 5325,n=33)。这些异同之处,可以作为区分这两个物种的依据。(2)中国穿山甲华南亚种与海南亚种头骨各变量之间的差异不显著(P>0 05),用颅全长是否大于83mm来区分这两个亚种不能成立,但海南亚种头骨上颌骨的颧突和鳞骨的颧突通常越过眶颞窝完全相接触,如果不是这样,则在它们之间有一个小的骨质棒状结构将它们连接起来。     

大雾岭保护区穿山甲冬季生境选择

1999年12月至2001年2月,对大雾岭自然保护区穿山甲冬季栖息地的选择进行了研究,结果表明对林型选择的先后次序为针阔混交林、灌木丛、常绿阔叶林、针叶林;最偏爱针阔混交林,最不喜爱针叶林.多选择陡坡(30～ 60°);干扰源距离较远(>1 000 m),干扰程度小;林下草灌层盖度高(81% ～ 100%),隐蔽程度好; 阳坡或半阴半阳坡;中低海拔(760 ～ 1 500 m);中下坡位;水源距离较近(<500 m);乔木郁闭度适中(31% ～ 70%)的生境.较少选择上坡位,林下草灌层中低(0 ～ 50%),乔木郁闭度偏高(71%～ 100%)或偏低(0～ 30%),阴坡的生境.对洞口设置的要求是多朝南,而且要求隐蔽条件好,多数为全隐蔽或半隐蔽;最不喜爱将洞口设置在裸露、隐蔽程度差的生境,强力避免洞口向北.坡度、干扰源距离和林下草灌层盖度是影响穿山甲冬季栖息地选择的关键环境因子.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Kallima inachus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae): comparison of K. inachus and Argynnis hyperbius

In this paper, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Kallima inachus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae), which is considered a rare species in China. The genome is 15,183 bp in size. Its gene arrangement pattern was identical with those of Argynnis hyperbius. We compared the mitochondrial genome of K. inachus with that of A. hyperbius. Nucleotide sequence similarity between the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 85.92%, and the relatively low similarity seems to indicate that the two species are distinctly separated on the species level. The information on the mitochondrial genome comparison of the two species is discussed in detail in this paper.     

中国穿山甲与爪哇穿山甲甲片异速生长分析及其在司法鉴定中的应用

甲片对于穿山甲具有重要的防护功能,其形态差异反映了穿山甲对不同环境的适应性进化。该文对35只中国穿山甲和119只爪哇穿山甲甲片干重的异速生长模式进行了比较分析。结果表明,爪哇穿山甲较中国穿山甲的甲片干重相对于头体长具有更高的异速生长速率(P=0.005):爪哇穿山甲的甲片干重相对于头体长具有正的异速生长速率(b=3.725,P=0.001),而中国穿山甲的甲片干重相对于头体长则是等速生长(b=3.105,P=0.054)。这可能是由于较低纬度地区生活的爪哇穿山甲较较高纬度地区生活的中国穿山甲受到了更大的捕食压力影响。由于穿山甲甲片是一种重要传统中药材原料,相关违法贸易案件频发,且数量巨大。为推算穿山甲的涉案个体数量,建议这两种穿山甲甲片干重与个体数的换算标准为中国穿山甲573.47g,爪哇穿山甲360.51g,但是当两种穿山甲大量甲片混合在一起时,建议采用上述两个参数的平均值,即466.99g,以此为穿山甲甲片贸易案件的司法鉴定以及司法审判中的定罪量刑提供依据。     

On a new nematode Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. (Strongyloididae), parasitic in the pangolin Manis pentadactyla from Hyderabad, India.

Leipernema leiperi n.g., n.sp. is described from the pangolin Manis pentadactyla in India. Both parasitic free-living generations have been examined. Features which differentiate the parasite from Strongyloides and Parastrongyloides are described.     

两种穿山甲外形量衡度的测定及比较

There are 7 species of pangolin in the world. This paper deah with the measurement of some morphology indices in Manis petadactyla and Mania javanica. Measured variables included the body weight, the total body length, the length of head and body, the length of tail,the length of protruding rim of external ear, the length of hind feet, the length of middle claws of fore feet, the length of middle claws of hind feet, the number of rows of scales round mid-body, the number of single flank scales of edge tail. All variables measured were compared respectively between this 2 species. The results indicated that: ( 1 ) there were no signifieant differences in body weight and length of hind feet between this 2 species, but differences in the other variables were extremely significant. (21 The ratio of the length of middle claws of hind feet and fore feet in Mania pentadactyla was less than 1/2 ( n = 48 ), while Mania jaw, nica was more than 1/2 ( n = 15 ) ; the length of protruding rim of external ear in Mania pentadactyla was over 10 mm { n = 38 ), whereas Manis javanica was under 10 mm { n = 13 ) ; the number of single flank scales of edge tail in Mania pentadactyla was not beyond 21 (n = 65), and Mania javanica exeeeded 21 (n = 14) . So the ratio of the length of middle claws of hind feet and fore feet, the length of protruding rim of external ear, arid the ntunber of single flank scales of edge tail should be regard as distinctive features and taxonomic indices between this 2 species. (3) The relationships between body weight ( Y) and the total body length, the length of head and body, the length of tail {X) were positive correlation, and satisfied relation equation Y= aX^b.     

广东内伶仃岛兽类资源与保护

经过１年多对内伶禁仃岛兽类资源和保护等方面的调查研究,结果表明,该岛有兽类１９种,隶属６目７科,其优势种有猕猴、穿山甲、普通伏翼、褐家鼠、小家鼠等。列为国家二级保护兽类有猕猴、穿山甲和水獭等３种。阐述了该岛兽类区系组成、特征和水獭种群的分布及保护,并提出了内伶仃岛兽类资源管理和保护建议。     

Monitoring the gestation period of rescued Formosan pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) with progesterone radioimmunoassay

Eight species of pangolin have been identified in the world. However, understanding of pangolin reproductive biology has been limited to fragmentary records. In this study, the concentration of serum progesterone in three pregnant and two nonpregnant rescued female Formosan pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) was monitored using a commercial progesterone radioimmunoassay kit. During gestation, the serum progesterone of pregnant pangolins A, B, and C remained at 28.5–55 ng/ml (n = 31 samples), 10.9–50.1 ng/ml (n = 34), and 12.4 and 33.5 ng/ml with a peak at 47.6 ng/ml (n = 19), respectively, whereas the serum progesterone of nonpregnant pangolins D and E remained at 1.99 ± 1.62 ng/ml (n = 80) and 2.27 ± 1.64 ng/ml (n = 27), respectively. From this study, it was found that female pangolin weighing as low as 2.14 kg was already capable of reproduction. For pregnant pangolins to give birth to viable offspring, their body weight must increase significantly, 63.89 and 134.0% in the study, from the time of inception or early pregnancy until parturition. In addition, study has found that both viable offspring were born fully developed and exceeded 80 g in weight. The period of gestation was found to be as short as 318 or longer than 372 days. Therefore, the Formosan pangolin should only be able to reproduce once a year. This study is the first insight into hormone assay for determining the gestation period of pangolin. Further investigations on the same subject are necessary to establish criteria for the recognition of reproductive status in pangolins. Zoo Biol 31:479–489, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Complete mtDNA of the Meretrix lamarckii (Bivalvia: Veneridae) and molecular identification of suspected M. lamarckii based on the whole mitochondrial genome

The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the clam Meretrix lamarckii (Bivalvia: Veneridae) was determined. It contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs, and a non-coding region. We also sequenced the mitochondrial genome of the sample collected from Zhejiang province, which showed morphologic discrepancy compared with classic M. lamarckii. Comparison of two complete mitochondrial DNA data demonstrated that the two sequences have a similarity as high as 99%. The complete mitochondrial genome of M. lamarckii from Hainan is 20,965nts in length and the sample from Zhejiang is 21,209nts in length. We therefore record one new locality for the M. lamarckii and thus the geographic distribution of M. lamarckii stretches from the south coast of Guangdong China to more north, arriving at the south coast of Zhejiang China.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Seoul frog Rana chosenica (Amphibia, Ranidae): comparison of R. chosenica and R. plancyi

Here, we have sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the Seoul frog Rana chosenica (Amphibia, Ranidae), which is known as a Korean endemic species. It is listed as a vulnerable species by IUCN Red List and also an endangered species in South Korea. The complete mitochondrial genome of R. chosenica consists of 18,357?bp. Its gene arrangement pattern was identical with those of other Rana frogs. We compared the mitochondrial genome of R. chosenica with that of the Peking frog Rana plancyi that has been known closely related to R. chosenica. Nucleotide sequence similarity between the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 95.7%, and the relatively low similarity seems to indicate that the two species are distinctly separated on the species level. The information of mitochondrial genome comparison of the two species was discussed in detail.     

几种野生动物样品的DNA分子鉴定

用12S rDNA通用引物L1091和H1478扩增了宜兴工商执法部门送检的5件野生动物样品。测定其序列后,与GenBank的同源序列比对,并计算测定得到的序列与相关物种序列间的P值,作为种类鉴定的依据。分子鉴定的结果：2件样品为孟加拉巨蜥(Varanus bengalensis)、1件为黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)、1件为中国穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)、1件为穿山甲属未定种(Manis sp．)。     

海南岛南湾珍贵动物保护区植被调查初报

海南岛南湾珍贵动物保护区是我国唯一的猕猴保护区,总面积约15000亩,现保存有550—650只猕猴(Macaca mulatta)。此外,在保护区内尚有水鹿、豪猪、穿山甲等36种动物,其中25种鸟类。在植物区系上有维管束植物388种(包括亚、变种在内),棣属110个科309属。根据群落组成成分、外貌结构以及种群特征,可将该区植被划为三个类型：(一)砂生灌草丛;(二)砂生刺灌丛;(三)次生常绿季雨林或次生热带雨林。     

Hematological parameters of four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)

Hematological, differential, and blood chemistry values were determined in four Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla), both at the time of their arrival and after more than 1 year in captivity. The data presented were derived from two samples obtained from each of four animals, and they provide a preliminary basis for comparison with clinical blood values from this and other pangolin species. No peculiar features were identified that distinguish this species from other mammals.     

穿山甲生态学研究概况

综述了全球现存7种穿山甲生态学研究概况,目前的研究主要是通过访问法对中国穿山甲(Manis pentadactyla)的栖息地、活动习性、食性、繁殖习性、打洞习性进行一般性的描述。开普穿山甲(M．temminckii)主要集中在家域、活动和运动、食谱和觅食行为生态上,繁殖生态学、种群生态学及栖息地的研究没有涉及。树穿山甲(M．tricuspts)仅见其家域研究的报道。其它4种穿山甲生态学研究未见任何报道。7种穿山甲的习性相似。今后应当强调从生命的各个层次对其生态学进行比较研究,以揭示其存在的生态差异。重点应是洞穴生态、觅食生态、行为生态(如家域与活动)、繁殖生态和种群生态。     

Mitochondrial genome of Amblyomma javanense: a hard tick parasite of the endangered Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)

Amblyomma javanense is an important ectoparasite of Manis javanica, although the population genetics, molecular biology and systematics of A. javanense remain poorly understood. In the present study, the mitochondrial genome of A. javanense was sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) and compared with the genomes of two closely related species: Amblyomma fimbriatum and Amblyomma americanum. The intraspecies and interspecies relationships of A. javanense and another 21 selected species were investigated by constructing a maximum-likelihood tree and a neighbour-joining tree. The mitochondrial genome of A. javanense was 14 780 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and two control regions. The results of the comparisons indicate that there is great similarity among these three species, and both trees indicate that A. javanense is a member of the Amblyomminae. The study of A. javanense of pangolins also indicates the premise and foundation of the relationship between the parasite and other species.     

名贵中药穿山甲的规范化养殖技术

穿山甲是一种常用作传统中药的珍稀动物,由于人为的滥捕,穿山甲已成为一种濒危动物.开展穿山甲的人工饲养,扩大物种繁殖和保护,已成为保护穿山甲资源的有效途径.本文通过对穿山甲生活习性和人工繁养的多年研究,总结制定出一整套优质高产养殖技术规范化操作规程:场地的选择与建造、种苗来源、饲料调配、饲养管理、日常管理、疾病防治和出栏时间等,以利于进一步快速有效地扩大穿山甲资源.     

江西省九连山自然保护区的植被

1． 九连山自然保护区位于我国南部的南岭山地东段,处于江西南部,与广东边境相连,北纬24˚31′一24˚39′,东经114˚27′一114˚29′,面积约2000公顷。2．自然保护区内动植物种类极为丰富,其中高等植物1200种以上,约有206科;苔藓植物约30种,蕨类约62种,种子植物1100种以上。脊椎动物100多种。3．动植物区系起源较古老,有许多古代的科属,包括很多残遗种和稀有种。又是我国著名的单种属：观光木属和半枫荷属的家乡。有许多稀有的珍贵动物如：云豹、金猫、豹、华南虎、獐、水鹿、鬣羚、大灵猫、穿山甲、水獭、白鹇、平胸龟等。动物区系上,属于东洋界的华中区。4．自然保护区植被主要有四个群系纲;Ⅰ．常绿阔叶林;Ⅱ．针叶林;Ⅲ．山地草甸;Ⅳ．山地苔藓、矮林;14个群系,约19个群丛。顶极植被为常绿阔叶林。     

穿山甲洞穴生态学初步研究

20 0 0年 6月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月 ,在大雾岭自然保护区共记录到 6 1个穿山甲洞穴 ,并对其中的 4 0个进行了解剖 .结果发现 ,穿山甲的洞均为盲洞 ,没有分支 ;洞口径大小一般为长径 14 2 0± 2 79cm (n =6 1) ,短径 12 5 0± 2 83cm(n =6 1) ;洞穴可分为冬洞和夏洞 .冬洞在冬春季节打造 ,洞穴较深 (1 4 4± 0 73m ,n =2 8) .夏洞在夏秋季节打造 ,洞穴较浅 (0 32± 0 11m ,n =12 ) ;穿山甲多在冬春季打洞 ,夏季打洞少 ,并且主要选择在土质松软湿润、土层厚、地表有机质丰富的黄壤土中打洞 ,以获得食物白蚁 ,然后再利用它越冬、卧息、繁殖、隐藏和逃避敌害 ;穿山甲对新洞的平均利用时间为 12 2 5± 2 2 5d ,而对旧洞的再次利用率极低 (1/12 =8 33% ) .文中还记录了 6 1个洞穴所在的各种环境因子 (分为 9类 ,2 7种 ) ,并依据因子出现频次和系统聚类结果 ,对穿山甲的洞穴生境选择进行了分析 .穿山甲喜爱将洞穴设置在干扰程度小 (干扰源距离 >10 0 0m)、坡度较陡 (30°～ 6 0°)、坡向为半阴半阳坡、针阔混交林、中低海拔 (76 0～ 15 0 0m)、洞口隐蔽程度好 (全隐蔽或半隐蔽 )、中坡或下坡位、离水源距离近 (<5 0 0m)的生境内 ;不喜爱将洞穴设置在阴坡、洞口隐蔽程度差 (裸露 )、极陡坡 (>6 0°)或缓坡     

A new AluI satellite DNA in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne fallax: relationships with satellites from the sympatric species M. hapla and M. chitwoodi

A highly abundant satellite DNA comprising 20% of the Meloidogyne fallax (Nematoda, Tylenchida) genome was cloned and sequenced. The satellite monomer is 173 bp long and has a high A + T content of 72.3%, with frequent runs of A's and T's. The sequence variability of the monomers is 2.7%, mainly due to random distribution of single-point mutations. A search for evidence of internal repeated subunits in the monomer sequence revealed a 6-bp motif (AAATTT) for which five degenerated repeats, differing by just a single base pair, could be identified. Pairwise comparison of the M. fallax satellite with those from the sympatric species Meloidogyne chitwoodi and Meloidogyne hapla revealed a high sequence similarity (68.39%) with one satellite DNA subfamily in M. chitwoodi, which indicated an unexpected close relationship between them. Given the high copy number and the extreme sequence homogeneity among monomeric units, it may be assumed that the satellite DNA of M. fallax could have evolved through some recent and extensive amplification burst in the nematode genome. In this case, its relatively short life would not yet have allowed the accumulation of random mutations in independent amplified repeats. Considering the morphological resemblance between the two species and their ability to produce interspecific fertile hybrids under controlled conditions, these results indicate that M. fallax may share a common ancestor with M. chitwoodi, from which it could have diverged recently. All these data suggest that M. fallax could be the result of a recent speciation process and show that Meloidogyne satellite DNAs may be of interest to resolve phylogenetic relationships among closely related species from this genus.