四川凉山彝族的人体测量学

本文调查了402例(男197例,女205例)彝族成人的68项体质指标,计算了20项体质指数,对凉山彝族体质进行了初步分析。结果表明:1)四川凉山彝族头面部主要特征为圆头型、中鼻型、狭面型。体部特征为中躯干型、中骨盆型,彝族男性为亚中等型身材,女性为中等型身材;2)四川彝族与广西、云南彝族比较,头宽、额最小宽、形态面高值最大;头长值小;口裂宽、鼻宽居中;面宽值接近,鼻型均为中鼻型。四川彝族男性身高与云南彝族接近,明显高于广西彝族(p<0.01),四川彝族女性身材明显高于云南彝族和广西彝族(p<0.01);3)四川凉山彝族体质特征与阿昌族、怒族、仡佬族等南方少数民族较接近,与四川汉族最接近。     

An immunocytochemical study of human pituitary mammotropes from fetal life to old age.

The objectives were to (a) describe the cytology and distribution of mammotropes in the human pituitary gland, (b) determine whether the mammotrope is a distinctive secretory cell type and (c) ascertain when it first appears in the fetal hypophysis. Identification of mammotropes was based primarily on the Sternberger peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical method used with an antiserum to human prolactin. Hypophyses from 25 male and 6 female adults, and 21 fetuses ranging in gestational age from 6 to 23 weeks were studied. In the adult two morphological forms of mammotropes were observed. Mammotrope I possessed a small perikaryon that commonly was located centrally in parenchymal cell cords. From the perikaryon long cytoplasmic processes extended toward neighboring capillaries. Mammotrope I reached its highest incidence in the posterolateral zones of the pars distalis. Mammotrope II possessed a larger perikaryon with short processes; cells of this form were fewer and occurred chiefly in the anteromedian zone. Mammotropes with intermediate morphological features that prevented classification into categories I or II were common in some hypophyses. Both forms of mammotropes were present prepuberally (one 6-week and one 9-year-old male) and in adult males and females. Mammotropes were only slightly more prominent in females than males. Regression of mammotropes was evident in old age. Mammotropes were distinctly different from somatotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes and thyrotropes. In the fetal hypophysis mammotropes appeared first at 14 weeks of gestational age and remaind few through 16.5 weeks. Their number increased greatly at 23 weeks.     

Population structure,relative growth and morphological sexual maturity of the snapping shrimp Alpheus brasileiro Anker, 2012 (Caridea: Alpheidae) from the south-eastern coast of Brazil

The present study investigated the population structure of the snapping shrimp Alpheus brasileiro. We tested the hypotheses that the sex ratio of the population differs from the expected 1:1 and that the growth pattern differs between adults and juveniles and between sexes. Reproductive period, juvenile recruitment and morphological sexual maturity were estimated. Samples were collected in two periods. The first sampling occurred bimonthly from March 2013 to January 2014. The second sampling occurred monthly from April 2015 to March 2016. The population structure was determined based on the size-frequency distribution of different demographic categories. To analyse the relative growth, we measured the second pleuron length, major cheliped propodus length, major cheliped propodus width, major cheliped propodus height, appendix interna length, appendix masculina length. The results showed that the sex ratio did not differ from 1:1 (male:female). Reproduction and juvenile recruitment were continuous throughout the study period. The analysis of relative growth confirmed the hypothesis that males and females, and juveniles and adults, have different growth patterns, indicating distinct strategies of energy allocation. The estimated carapace length at the onset of morphological sexual maturity was 4.9?mm in males and 4.7?mm in females. The results obtained in this study are probably related to the monogamous social behaviour of A. brasileiro. Monogamy can influence demographic parameters such as sex ratio and the size at which males and females reach morphological sexual maturity.     

山东寿光汉族体质特征

在山东省寿光市调查了城市汉族306例(男为156例, 女为150例)和乡村汉族472例(男为272例, 女为200例)成人的86项体质指标, 计算了50项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 对山东寿光汉族体质进行了初步分析。结果显示: (1)山东寿光汉族上眼睑皱褶率(城男为64.1%, 城女为72.0%, 乡男为79.0%, 乡女为76.5%), 山东寿光汉族蒙古褶率(城男为40.4%, 城女为60.0%, 乡男为21.0%, 乡女为34.0%), 眼裂倾斜度多为眼外角高于内角, 鼻根高度多为低型, 鼻梁侧面观多为直型, 鼻基部多上翘, 鼻孔最大径多为斜的, 鼻翼宽多为宽型, 上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型, 红唇厚度以薄唇为主, 发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色。城市男女肤色多为黄色, 而乡村女性肤色多为黄色, 男性多为暗黄色。(2)山东寿光汉族男女均以高头型、中鼻型、长躯干型、中肩型率最高。城市男女还以亚短腿型、宽胸型率最高, 乡村男女还以中头型(头长宽指数)、狭头型、狭面型、中骨盆型率最高。(3)山东寿光汉族男女以高身材率最高。城市男性头面部的宽度与高度, 体部的高度与宽度, 下肢、躯干与颈部的围度均高于乡村男性。城市女性骨盆宽与手足宽度比乡村女性小, 而头面部的宽度与高度, 体部的高度均高于乡村女性。(4)聚类分析显示, 山东寿光汉族体质特征与蒙古族、回族等北方族群接近。     

Nucleoside phosphatase and nucleotide tetrazolium reductase as markers of arteriolar differentiation in fetal pig tissue

Nucleoside phosphatase and nucleotide tetrazolium reductase reactions were studied as potential markers of arteriolar differentiation. Arteriolar systems were analyzed cytochemically and morphologically in a variety of fetal pig tissues at 70 and 110 days of gestation. In skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue there were age dependent changes in phosphatase and reductase reactivity in arteriolar vessels. These changes were temporally associated with the morphological differentiation of the tunica medial arteriolar layer. There were no age dependent changes in the cytochemistry of arterioles in liver and cardiac muscle. In the youngest fetuses, arterioles in liver and cardiac muscle displayed a typical tunica medial layer (normal morphology). The cytochemical reactions (phosphatase, reductase) of arterioles in cardiac muscle and liver from 70 (and 110) days old fetuses were identical to cytochemical reactions of arterioles in muscle and adipose tissue from 110 days old fetuses. In the skin, there were age dependent increases in phosphatase reactive arterioles and capillaries. Capillary staining (phosphatase) and capillary bed size were inversely correlated in the skin. Capillaries in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue and liver were not phosphatase reactive. These results indicate that the morphological and cytochemical differentiation of arterioles is dependent on tissue and age in the fetal pig. Furthermore, several histochemical techniques (phosphatase, reductases) are validated as simple means to analyze arteriolar differentiation in general.     

Structural teratogenicity evaluation of methyl chloride in rats and mice after inhalation exposure

One hundred bred Fischer-344 female rats were exposed daily for 6 hours to atmospheres containing 0, 100, 500, or 1,500 ppm methyl chloride, 25 females per exposure concentration, from gestation day (gd) 7 through gd 19. On gd 20, the females were sacrificed for evaluation of maternal reproductive and fetal parameters. Maternal and fetal toxicity was apparent at the highest exposure concentration. There were no methyl chloride-induced external, skeletal, or visceral abnormalities seen in the fetuses. One hundred thirty-two C57BL/6 female mice bred to C3H males to produce B6C3F1 offspring were exposed daily for 6 hours to atmospheres containing 0, 100, 500, or 1,500 ppm methyl chloride, 33 females per exposure concentration, from gd 6 through gd 17. Exposure to the entire 1,500-ppm group was terminated on gd 10-14, with the animals killed in extremis. Selective necrosis of neurons in the internal granular layer of the cerebellum, ranging from individual cell involvement to focal areas comprising large numbers of neurons, was found in all females. On gd 18, the females from the other treatment groups, all of which survived, were killed for evaluation of maternal reproductive and fetal parameters. No evidence was seen of maternal or fetal toxicity in these exposure groups. There were no significant alterations in external appearance in fetuses from any of the exposure groups. Visceral examination of mouse fetuses revealed a small, but statistically significant, incidence of heart defects in litters of the 500-ppm group. The anomaly, a reduction or absence of the atrioventricular valve, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscle, was observed on the left side (bicuspid valve) in three fetuses and the right side (tricuspid valve) in six fetuses: three males and six females. It is concluded that methyl chloride inhalation exposure in pregnant rats, during critical periods of embryo and fetal development, is not teratogenic at concentrations which elicit maternal and fetal toxicity. In pregnant mice, methyl chloride was severely toxic to dams following 4 days or more of exposure to 1,500 ppm in air. Methyl chloride, at 500, but not 100 ppm, was teratogenic in mice, leading to a malformation in the heart. No embryo-fetal toxicity or teratogenicity was associated with exposure of mice, during critical periods of embryo and fetal development, to 100 ppm of ethyl chloride.     

Nucleoside phosphatase and nucleotide tetrazolium reductase as markers of arteriolar differentiation in fetal pig tissue

Summary Nucleoside phosphatase and nucleotide tetrazolium reductase reactions were studied as potential markers of arteriolar differentiation. Arteriolar systems were analyzed cytochemically and morphologically in a variety of fetal pig tissues at 70 and 110 days of gestation. In skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue there were age dependent changes in phosphatase and reductase reactivity in arteriolar vessels. These changes were temporally associated with the morphological differentiation of the tunica medial arteriolar layer. There were no age dependent changes in the cytochemistry of arterioles in liver and cardiac muscle. In the youngest fetuses, arterioles in liver and cardiac muscle displayed a typical tunica medial layer (normal morphology). The cytochemical reactions (phosphatase, reductase) of arterioles in cardiac muscle and liver from 70 (and 110) days old fetuses were identical to cytochemical reactions of arterioles in muscle and adipose tissue from 110 days old fetuses. In the skin, there were age dependent increases in phosphatase reactive arterioles and capillaries. Capillary staining (phosphatase) and capillary bed size were inversely correlated in the skin. Capillaries in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue and liver were not phosphatase reactive. These results indicate that the morphological and cytochemical differentiation of arterioles is dependent on tissue and age in the fetal pig. Furthermore, several histochemical techniques (phosphatase, reductases) are validated as simple means to analyze arteriolar differentiation in general.     

斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为

【目的】为了解斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征对其性选择行为的影响。【方法】本实验通过标记成虫后,采用观察记录的方法对其进行探究。【结果】斜纹夜蛾雌虫的体重对雄虫的性选择影响比较明显,体重较大雄虫优先选择体重较小的雌虫(71.43%),而体重较小雄虫喜欢选择体重较大的雌虫(72.00%)。体重较大和体重较小的雄虫都能获得体重较大雌虫的交配选择,但是体重较大者被选择的机会更大(70.00%),体重较小的雄虫不能获得体重较小雌虫的选择。雄虫仅选择1日龄的雌虫,而雌虫偏向选择3日龄和5日龄雄虫。交配经历影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择,未交配的雄虫优先选择未交配的雌虫(86.67%),但未交配的雌虫则优先选择已交配的雄虫(66.67%)。雄虫的形态特征(体长、翅展、腹长、复眼间距和触角长)对雌虫性选择有较明显的影响,但雌虫的形态特征除翅展的大小外,其体长、腹长、复眼间距和触角长等形态特征在雄虫选择进行交配中的作用不大。【结论】体重、日龄、交配经历及形态特征都能不同程度影响斜纹夜蛾的性选择行为。     

Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity of the caridean shrimp Nematopalaemon schmitti (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) in an upwelling region in the Western Atlantic*

In crustaceans, successful reproductive processes, such as the transition from juvenile to adult, exhibit important morphological changes that can be detected by analyzing relative growth. This study describes the relative growth of body structures in Nematopalaemon schmitti and its secondary sexual characteristics, and also estimates the morphological sexual maturity of this species in a region influenced by upwelling. The carapace length (CL), second pleuron length (PlL), cheliped carpus length (CaL), cheliped propodus length (PrL) and the length of appendix masculina (AML) of the shrimp were measured. The relationships that best demonstrated the changes in allometric coefficient between demographic categories were AML vs. CL for males, and PlL vs. CL for females. The estimated CL for morphological sexual maturity in males was 8.51 mm and 9.30 in females. Our results showed the appendix masculine and the second pleuron were secondary sexual characteristics that play roles in reaching the morphological sexual maturity necessary for reproductive success and to assure the life cycle of this species.     

Functional morphology of the M. gastrocnemius medialis of the rat during growth

Length-force relations, both active and passive, and twitch contraction characteristics were quantified for left medial gastrocnemius muscles of four young, four adult, and four old male Wistar rats. Muscle and bundle optimum length and muscle weight were also determined and subsequently used for calculation of a number of morphological characteristics of the muscles. Fiber optimum length was derived from muscle bundle optimum length. Generally, physiological characteristics remained constant during growth. There was no change either in active tension at muscle optimum length or in active working range relative to fiber optimum length, relative passive fiber stiffness, active force relative to passive force at optimum length, twitch contraction time and twitch half relaxation time at optimum length. A number of morphological changes, however, did take place in the medial gastrocnemius muscle during growth. Fiber optimum length increased but only by about 2 mm from youth to old age, whereas muscle optimum length increased by approximately 14 mm, presumably owing to extensive hypertrophy of the muscle fibers during growth. The priority for force of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (defined as the quotient of physiological cross-sectional area of a muscle and the cubed root of its volume, a measure independent of architecture and dimensions of muscles) increased during growth. This increase indicates that during growth the muscle shifts relatively more towards force generation than towards excursion generation. These findings are discussed in view of existing scaling theories.     

Long-lasting fitness consequences of prenatal sex ratio in a viviparous lizard

Maternal effects and early environmental conditions are important in shaping offspring developmental trajectories. For example, in laboratory mammals, the sex ratio during gestation has been shown to influence fitness-related traits via hormonal interaction between fetuses. Such effects have the potential to shape, or constrain, many important aspects of the organism's life, but their generality and importance in natural populations remain unknown. Using long-term data in a viviparous lizard, Lacerta vivipara, we investigated the relationship between prenatal sex ratio and offspring growth, survival, and reproductive traits as adults. Our results show that females from male-biased clutches grow faster, mature earlier, but have lower fecundity than females from female-biased clutches. Furthermore, male reproduction was also affected by the sex ratio during embryonic development, with males from male-biased clutches being more likely to successfully reproduce at age one than males from female-biased clutches. Thus, the sex ratio experienced during gestation can have profound and long-lasting effects on fitness in natural populations of viviparous animals, with important implications for life-history evolution and sex allocation.     

中国僜人体质特征

在西藏察隅县调查了144例(男为60例, 女为84例)僜人成人的67项体质指标, 计算了31项体质指数, 统计了指数分型情况, 对僜人的体质进行了初步分析。结果显示: (1)僜人上眼睑皱褶率、蒙古褶率极低,鼻翼高度多为中等型, 鼻根高度男多为中等型, 女多为低型, 耳垂、上唇皮肤部高度多为中等型。(2)在藏缅语族中, 僜人头面部的很多指标值小或偏小, 只有头宽值较大。僜人男女均以高头型、狭头型、中面型率最高。此外, 男性还以中头型(头长宽指数)、中鼻型率最高, 女性还以圆头型、狭鼻型率最高。(3)僜人男女均以长躯干型、中骨盆型率最高。此外, 男性以中腿型、中胸型、宽肩型率最高, 女性以亚短腿型、宽胸型、中肩型率最高。僜人男女身材均以矮型率最高, 僜人体部测量指标值均很小。(4)僜人体质特征与独龙族最为接近, 属于蒙古人种南亚类型的体质特征。     

Sex Ratio and Sexual Size Dimorphism in a Toad-headed Lizard,Phrynocephalus guinanensis

Phrynocephalus guinanensis has sexual dimorphism in abdominal coloration, but its ontogenetic development of sexual size dimorphism(SSD) is unknown. Using mark-recapture data during four days each year from August from 2014 to 2016, we investigated the development of sex ratios, SSD, sex-specific survivorship and growth rates in a population of P. guinanensis. Our results indicated that the sex ratio of males to females was 1:2.8. Males had a lower survival rate(6%) than females(14%) across the age range from hatchling to adult, which supported the discovered female-biased sex ratio potentially associated with the low survival rate of males between hatchlings and juveniles. Male-biased SSD in tail length and head width existed in adults rather than in hatchling or juvenile lizards. The growth rates in body dimensions were undistinguishable between the sexes during the age from hatchling to juvenile, but the growth rate in head length from juvenile to adult was significantly larger in males than females. Average growth rate of all morphological measurements from hatchling to juvenile were larger compared with corresponding measurements from juvenile to adult, but only being significant in tail length, head width, abdomen length in females and snout-vent length in males. We provided a case study to strengthen our understanding of the important life history traits on how a viviparous lizard population can survive and develop their morphology in cold climates.     

Sex-specific differences in body condition indices and seasonal mass loss in Tufted Puffins

ABSTRACT.   Reduced prey availability can affect the growth and survival of nestling seabirds. However, few studies have demonstrated similar effects on indices of adult body condition. We examined body condition and seasonal mass loss of breeding adult male and female Tufted Puffins ( Fratercula cirrhata ) at Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska, in 2004–2005. We determined sex using genetic analysis, developed a discriminant function to determine sex using morphometric measurements, and examined the body condition of adult males and females relative to the growth rates of their offspring. We found that morphological measurements were only moderately useful for sexing Tufted Puffins, with 74% of adults ( N = 176) correctly classified. We also found that the relationship between adult body mass and size differed between sexes and conclude that body condition indices must be calculated separately for each sex to avoid inter- and intrasexual bias. Body condition of male and female Tufted Puffins declined during the chick-rearing period. However, body condition of females did not differ between years, whereas male condition declined to a greater degree during 2004 when the mass of young at fledging was significantly lower. Although these results suggest that adult male Tufted Puffins sacrifice their own body condition in years of diminished nestling growth and females do not, reasons for this apparent intersexual difference in reproductive strategies remain unclear.     

Ontogeny of secretory patterns of LH release and effects of gonadectomy in the chronically catheterized pig fetus and neonate

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ontogeny of secretory patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH) release and effects of gonadectomy on the characteristics of LH secretion in the chronically catheterized pig fetus and neonate. To study secretory patterns in intact animals, blood samples were collected from 44 pig fetuses and their mothers (Days 81, 99, 109 and 113 of gestation) as well as from 25 neonates (Days 4 and 8) every 15 min for 3 h (2 h on Day 81). The results indicate that the fetal adenohypophysis secretes occasional pulses of LH as early as Day 81 of fetal life. Fetal and maternal mean LH levels are low (0.25-0.50 ng/ml) at all gestational ages, with lowest values just before birth (Day 113 post coitum). Four-day-old neonates show a significant increase in pulse frequency (male and female) as well as pulse amplitude (female), relative to fetal values, leading to significant augmentations in mean LH levels. This is associated with reductions in both 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone. By 8 days of age significant sex differences in mean LH levels (males greater than females) appear. Testosterone/5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels (males) are low prenatally but are significantly increased after birth, possibly due to the stimulating effects of increasing LH levels. To study the gonadal control of LH secretion, forty-one 105-day-old fetuses and thirty-eight 4-day-old neonates were chronically catheterized and were either gonadectomized or remained as sham or control animals. Forty-eight and 96 h after surgery, blood samples were taken every 15 min for 3 h. No significant changes are detectable at 96 h in mean LH, pulse frequency and amplitude in female or male fetuses or in neonates. While significant reductions in testosterone levels are observed at 96 h in the male fetus and neonate, progesterone concentration is reduced only in the neonate. In the castrated female, on the other hand, neither fetus nor neonate display significant changes in circulating levels of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol at 96 h. It is concluded that the pituitary of the pig is able to discharge LH with occasional pulses as early as Day 81 of fetal life; however, the pituitary remains suppressed until after birth, probably due to high circulating nongonadal steroids in the fetal compartment.     

不同性别河北柴鸡早期生长规律及其生长曲线拟合

本研究运用Logistic、Gompertz和Bertalanffy三种非线性模型对不同性别河北柴鸡早期生长规律和生长曲线进行分析及拟合比较.结果表明,3种曲线模型拟合度均达到0.99以上,但Gompertz曲线模型在拟合度和预测极限生长量、拐点周龄和最大周增重等方面相对较好.进一步分析表明,河北柴鸡公鸡的极限体重和拐点体重均高于母鸡,拐点周龄性别间差异不大,公鸡最大周增重与实际观测值接近.本文有助于了解不同性别河北柴鸡各自的生长模式及其对营养、环境的需求,为开展规模化饲养提供参考.     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

Female biological resiliency: Differential stress response by sex in human remains from ancient Nubia

This research presents male-female differences in stress response evidenced in human remains from the Medieval site of Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia. This analysis is unique in that a direct comparison of subadult males and females is rarely possible using archaeological remains. Rather, such analyses invariably rely on evidence of subadult differences retained in adult (sexable) skeletons. In the case of Kulubnarti, natural mummification has made it possible to measure sex-specific differences among subadults as well as adults following five avenues of investigation: 1) mortality, 2) growth and development, 3) enamel hypoplasia, 4) cribra orbitalia, and 5) cortical bone maintenance. A comparison of mean life expectancy (eox) values for males and females aged 10–55+ years revealed a consistent pattern of greater female survivorship, particularly in childhood (age 10 category) where female life expectancy exceeds that of males by 19%. Measures of growth and development, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, and cortical bone loss were subsequently used to test a hypothesis of greater female resiliency based on the mortality data. Male-female differences in skeletal maturation are pronounced with male skeletal ages averaging a significant 2.9 years below their dental age. Females show no significant differences with an average skeletal age 0.75 years ahead of dental age. Males begin hypoplasia formation one year earlier than females and, prior to age four, average 18% more hypoplasias (p<0.05). Also, by age 8, males have on average more than twice the frequency of cribra orbitalia (p<0.05). In contrast to their consistent pattern of reduced childhood stress, adult females lose significantly more cortical bone than their male counterparts and have less cortical bone across the adult age range. Nevertheless, females outnumber males of all ages with a sex-ratio below but parallel to that observed in modern populations. The rapid age-related reduction in males relative to females, even in old age, suggests a continuing female resiliency in spite of their greater rate of osteopenia and may reflect a reproductive advantage to the population through heightened female survival and adaptability.     

Male disadvantage? Fetal sex and cardiovascular responses to asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep

Clinically and experimentally male fetuses are at significantly greater risk of dying or suffering injury at birth, particularly after premature delivery. We undertook a retrospective cohort analysis of 60 female and 65 male singleton preterm fetal sheep (103-104 days, 0.7 gestation) with mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, and carotid and femoral blood flow recordings during 25 min of umbilical cord occlusion in utero. Occlusions were stopped early if fetal MAP fell below 8 mmHg or if there was asystole for >20 s. Fetuses that were able to complete the full 25-min period of occlusion showed no differences between sexes for any cardiovascular responses. Similar numbers of occlusions were stopped early in males (mean: 21 min, n = 16) and females (mean: 23 min, n = 16); however, they showed different responses. Short-occlusion males (n = 16) showed a slower initial fall in femoral vascular conductance, followed by greater bradycardia, hypotension, and associated organ hypoperfusion compared with full-occlusion fetuses. In contrast, short-occlusion females (n = 16) showed a significantly more rapid early increase in femoral vascular conductance than the full-occlusion fetuses, followed by worsening of bradycardia and hypotension that was intermediate to the full-occlusion fetuses and short-occlusion males. Among all fetuses, MAP at 15 min of occlusion, corresponding with the time of the maximal rate of fall, was correlated with postmortem weight in males (R(2) = 0.07) but not females. In conclusion, male and female fetuses showed remarkably similar chemoreflex and hemodynamic responses to severe asphyxia, but some males did show impaired hemodynamic adaptation within the normal weight range.     

布朗族成人的身体成分分析

本文采用生物阻抗分析法,研究了布朗族成人的体成分特点。我们在云南省测量了604例（男性248例,女性356例）布朗族成人19项身体成分指标,运用Excel 2003、Spss 19.0对其各项指标进行统计分析。结果显示,男性全身脂肪分布特征为躯干和下肢的脂肪率都大于上肢脂肪率,女性脂肪率从大到小依次为下肢、躯干、上肢;男、女性双侧下肢脂肪率和肌肉量接近,左上肢肌肉量低、脂肪率高;布朗族男性的身高、体质量、肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、内脏脂肪等级均大于女性,而体脂率、BMI小于女性。随着年龄的增长,布朗族成人身体肌肉量、骨量、下肢脂肪率、能量代谢等呈明显下降,而内脏脂肪等级明显增加。与云南汉族比较,布朗族成人的体脂率较低、肌肉较发达。