HPLC法测定安宫牛黄栓中体外培育牛黄含量

目的:用HPLC法测定安宫牛黄栓中体外培育牛黄含量。方法:样品经二氯甲烷超声提取后,采用HPLC法测定安宫牛黄栓中胆红素的含量,使用C18色谱柱,乙腈—1%醋酸溶液(95:5)为流动相,检测波长450nm。结果:胆红素线性范围0.0638～1.276μg,平均回收率99.89%。结论:样品处理方法合理,方法学考察符合定量要求,可用于安宫牛黄栓中胆红素的含量测定。     

天然牛黄对MODS大鼠保护作用的实验研究

目的:肠道内的消化酶在MODS发生发展过程中起着关键的作用,有研究发现非结合型胆红素可以灭活胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶.基于非结合型胆红素对消化酶的灭活作用,本研究主要探讨非结合型胆红素含量丰富的天然牛黄对多器宫功能障碍综合症大鼠的保护作用.方法:通过腹腔注射无菌石蜡酵母多糖混悬液的方法制作MODS大鼠模型.观察天然牛黄对MODS大鼠的生理状态,生命体征,血气分析,多指标系列生化检测,二胺氧化酶水平,以及心肺肝肾重要脏器病理组织学检查的变化及影响.结果:天然牛黄治疗纽大鼠生命体征,血气分析结果,生化指标,血清DAO水平与MODS模型纽比较,体温、心率、呼吸检测结果显著降低;pH、PaO2、SO2、AB、BE值升高,PaCO2值降低;LDH、ALT、Cr值减少;DAO水平降低,均有显著差异(P＜0.05),且心肺肝肾等组织病理变化也有明显改善.结论:天然牛黄能明显恢复石蜡酵母多糖混悬液造模方法引起的MODS大鼠生理状态,生命体征,能有效改善MODS大鼠脏器功能及病理形态,对MODS大鼠具有脏器保护作用.其机制可能是非结合型胆红素灭活消化酶所致,待进一步研究.     

牛体人工培殖天然牛黄技术

牛黄(Calcu lue Bovis)是一种珍贵的中药材,含有胆汁酸、胆红素、胆固醇、麦角固醇、维生素 D、钠、钾、钙、镁、锌、铁、铜、磷等,并含有平滑肌收缩物质、类胡罗卜素、多种氨基酸等。具有清热解毒,消痈利咽,开窍镇惊之功效。牛黄是牛胆囊,胆管或肝管中的结石,天然牛黄的产量甚低,虽现在已见有人工合成牛黄的报道,但人工合成牛黄的品质远不如天然牛黄。试验表明:牛体人工培殖天然牛黄方法简便易行,实验期间不影响牛的使役、放牧、产犊和增重,是农村家庭致富的一条途径,现将试验过程介绍如下。一、材料准备1、家畜外科手术器械一套,高压灭菌后备用。     

活体牦牛人工培植牛黄药理作用的研究

本文采用比较药理学的研究方法,将培植耗牛黄与天然牛黄在同等条件下进行了生物活性的考察,研究结果表明,培植牦牛黄与天然牛黄具有镇静、抗惊厥。解热及抗炎症作用,二者的作用强度与毒性也相似,认为培植牦牛黄的药效与天然牛黄基本相似,同样可供药用。     

牛黄消炎丸"泛白"现象探析

牛黄消炎丸,为百草霜包衣丸,该药常出现"泛白"现象,严重影响了产品的质量。而引起"泛白"的物质是易溶性阳离子盐类。为解决此问题,我们对百草霜的前处理工艺进行了改进,降低了百草霜中Na、K、Ca等金属离子的含量,从而减少其"泛白"现象,最终提高了药品质量。     

培养牛黄中胆酸及去氧胆酸薄层色谱荧光扫描定量测定

应用薄层色谱荧光扫描法对培养牛黄中胆酸及去氧胆酸的含量进行了测定,为控制其质量提供了依据。     

紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的研究

本文研究了用紫外分光光度法测定牛黄中胆酸的实验条件和方法。     

胆红素自由基对人红细胞的损伤作用

为了进一步证明胆红素自由基对细胞造成的直接损伤,探讨胆红素对细胞表现毒性的机理以及在色素类结石形成中所起的作用,我们以胆红素自由基作用于人红细胞,用TBA法研究了完整人红细胞的脂质过氧化,用SDS-PAGE法研究了红细胞膜的损伤以及用荧光法研究了膜损伤后某些性质的改变。结果表明:胆红素自由基能引起人红细胞膜脂质过氧化,使膜蛋白发生降解,从而直接可测氨基减少,而溶液中游离氨基的含量却相应增加。根据以上事实,重点讨论了胆红素对细胞表现毒性的可能原因以及与色素类结石形成的关系。     

大麦籽粒及花药愈伤组织的游离氨基酸含量分析

对同一基因型大麦花药愈伤组织与籽粒中的游离氨基酸含量尤其是赖氨酸含量之间的关系进行分析,结果表明,对同一基因型而言,愈伤组织及籽粒中的同一氨基酸含量高低具有相同趋势。同时着重分析了愈伤组织中游离脯氨酸的含量与绿苗分化的关系,结果表明游离脯氨酸含量高的愈伤组织,其绿苗分化率较高,说明脯氨酸对绿苗分化具有重要作用。966259的花药愈伤组织及籽粒中的游离氨基酸总含量及游离赖氨酸含量均最高。     

鱼腥草游离氨基酸组成及含量的HPLC分析

研究不同鱼腥草材料间及其两个不同采收时期游离氨基酸组成及含量差异 ,筛选游离氨基酸种类较多 ,含量较高的新品系 ,并确定适宜的采收时期。对 1 9份鱼腥草材料阴干地上部分游离氨基酸成分进行了高效液相色谱分析。 6月和 1 0月采收的鱼腥草中分别含有 1 5种和 1 4种氨基酸 ,都不含Cysteine -ss -Cysteine和Lysine,1 0月采收的还不含有Tyrosine。氨基酸中Proline含量最高 ,Glycine含量最低。此外 ,1 0月采收的鱼腥草的游离氨基酸总量高于 6月采收的鱼腥草。供试材料中 6月采收的W0 1 - 86和 1 0月采收的W0 1 - 5多数游离氨基酸含量均为同一采收时期的最高值。分别为 5 894 .76mg/kg和 6 1 6 6 .1 3mg/kg。此外 ,蕺菜与峨眉蕺菜间游离氨基酸成分间无显著差别。因此鱼腥草不同材料间及不同采收时期游离氨基酸含量不尽相同 ,游离氨基酸含量与染色体数目间相关不显著     

Restoration of the anterior neck surface in the burned patient by free groin flap

In treating extensive burn contractures of the anterior neck, we obtained good results using free flaps. Ninety-nine patients with neck contractures were treated with free flaps. The ages of the patients range from 2 to 64 years. We used 84 free groin flaps, 10 free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps, 2 free deltopectoral flaps, 2 free scapular flaps, and 1 free anterolateral thigh flap. In all patients, contractures were sufficiently released and no recurrences followed after a mean follow-up of 8.7 years. After defatting procedures, natural profiles and good appearances were restored, especially in patients in whom groin flaps were used.     

Synthetic and natural Escherichia coli free lipid A express identical endotoxic activities

The recently chemically synthesized Escherichia coli lipid A and the natural free lipid A of E. coli were compared with respect to their endotoxic activities in the following test systems: lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity, local Shwartzman reactivity, Limulus amoebocyte lysate gelation capacity, tumour necrotizing activity, B cell mitogenicity, induction of prostaglandin synthesis in macrophages, and antigenic specificity. It was found that synthetic and natural free lipid A exhibit identical activities and are indistinguishable in all tests.     

Parasitoids follow herbivorous insects to a novel host plant,generalist predators less so

The ‘enemy‐free space’ hypothesis predicts that herbivorous insects can escape their natural enemies by switching to a novel host plant, with consequences for the evolution of host plant specialisation. However, if natural enemies follow herbivores to their novel host plants, enemy‐free space may only be temporary. We tested this by studying the colonisation of the introduced tree Eucalyptus grandis (Hill) Maiden (Myrtaceae) by insects in Brazil, where various species of herbivores have added eucalyptus to their host plant range, which consists of native myrtaceous species such as guava. Some herbivores, for example, Thyrinteina leucoceraea Ringe (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), cause outbreaks in eucalyptus plantations but not on guava, possibly because eucalyptus offers enemy‐free space. We sampled herbivores (mainly Lepidoptera species) and natural enemies on eucalyptus and guava and assessed parasitism of Lepidoptera larvae on both host plant species during ca. 2 years. Overall, predators were encountered more frequently on guava than on eucalyptus. In contrast, parasitoids were encountered equally and parasitism rates of Lepidoptera larvae were similar on both host plants. This indicates that herbivores may escape some enemies by moving to a novel host plant. However, this escape may be temporary and may vary with time. We argue that studying temporal and spatial patterns of enemy‐free space and the response of natural enemies to host use changes of their herbivorous prey is essential for understanding the role of natural enemies in the evolution of host plant use by herbivorous arthropods.     

Speciation of copper in relation to its bioavailability

Abstract

Copper speciation and bioavailability for Scenedesmus quadricauda has been studied in natural waters and in synthetic culture media. Other elements were studied simultaneously. When phosphorus and nitrogen limitation were excluded by adding these elements, copper was limiting algal growth in some natural waters. In the toxic range, growth inhibition by copper was highly correlated with copper detected by electrochemical methods and with calculated free copper.

Copper was toxic to S. quadricauda when free copper concentrations roughly exceeded 10^?10.5 M, and was limiting for values somewhere lower than 10^?12.5 M. Because we found copper limitation in some natural water samples, free copper concentration in those water samples therefore must have been lower than 10^?12.5 M.

The hypothesis that the free metal concentration rather than the total concentration determines bioavailability was confirmed for copper, cobalt and zinc.     

Two kinds of archaeal group II chaperonin subunits with different thermostability in Thermococcus strain KS-1

The thermostability of the recombinant alpha- and beta-subunit homo-oligomers (alpha16mer and beta16mer) and of natural chaperonins purified from cultured Thermococcus strain KS-1 cells was measured to understand the mechanism for the thermal acclimatization of T. KS-1. The beta-subunit content of the natural chaperonin from cells grown at 90 degrees C was higher than that at 80 degrees C. The optimum temperature for ATPase activity of the natural chaperonins was 80-90 degrees C, whereas that for alpha16mer and beta16mer was 60 degrees C and over 90 degrees C respectively. Judging from the ATPase activity, beta16mer was more thermostable than alpha16mer. The thermostabilities of the natural chaperonins were intermediate between alpha16mer and beta16mer, whereas the natural chaperonin with a higher beta-subunit content was more stable than that with a lower beta-subunit content. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed that the chaperonin oligomers thermally dissociated to their ATPase-inactive monomers. The thermal denaturation process monitored by circular dichroism showed that the free beta-subunit was more stable than the free alpha-subunit, and that the secondary structure of the chaperonin monomer in the oligomer was more stable than that in the free monomer. These results suggest that the structure of these subunits was stabilized in the oligomer, and that an increase in the beta-subunit content conferred higher thermostability to the natural hetero-oligomeric chaperonin.     

Enemy free space and the structure of ecological communities

We define 'enemy free space' as ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species' vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies. Many aspects of species' niches, in ecological and evolutionary time have apparently been moulded by interactions with natural enemies for enemy free space. We review a large number of examples. Yet many ecologists continue to think and write as though classical resource based competition for food or space is the primary determinant of species' niches. Often it is not. The recognition that the struggle for enemy free space is an important component of many species' ecologies may have important consequences for studies of community convergence, limits to species packing, and the ratio of predator species to prey species in natural communities.     

Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper:silver and reduced levels of free chlorine

As an alternative disinfectant to chlorination, electrolytically generated copper:silver (400 and 40 micrograms/L copper and silver, respectively) with and without free chlorine (0.3 mg/L) was evaluated over a period of 4 weeks in indoor and outdoor water systems (100 L tap water with natural body flora and urine). Numbers of total coliform, pseudomonas, and staphylococci were all less than drinking water standards in systems treated with copper:silver and free chlorine and systems treated with free chlorine alone (1.0 mg/L). No significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) in bacterial numbers were observed between systems with copper:silver and free chlorine and those with free chlorine alone. Overall, free-chlorine treatments (0.3 or 1.0 mg/L) showed significantly lower heterotrophic plate numbers than those without free chlorine. When challenged with a natural Staphylococcus sp. isolate, water with copper:silver and free chlorine had a 2.4 log10 reduction in bacterial numbers within 2 min, while free chlorine alone or copper:silver alone showed 1.5 and 0.03 log10 reductions, respectively. Addition of copper:silver to water systems may allow the concentration of free chlorine to be reduced while still providing comparable sanitary quality of the water.     

A source of energy for survival and amplification of heterotrophic microorganisms in the absence of organic substrate. I. Formulation of a hypothesis

The dynamic characteristics of populations of heterotrophic microorganisms Escherichia coli incubated in a medium devoid of organic substrate were studied. It was found that the population dynamics is related to the electromagnetic environment. A mathematical and physical models of cell multiplication in a medium free of organic substrate were constructed. In these models the natural electromagnetic background near the Earth surface serves as a source of free energy.     

Free radical activity of natural and heat treated amphibole asbestos

The amphibole minerals amosite and crocidolite were subjected to calcination and to hydrothermal treatment in order to study the effect of these heat treatments on the ability of the minerals to trigger formation of free radicals, which is known to be a main factor causing asbestosis and other asbestos-induced diseases. Free radical activity of the natural and heat treated minerals was studied by using supercoiled DNA (pUC18 plasmid) as a target molecule, and also by means of EPR spectroscopy. It was shown that after calcination of the natural minerals at 1073 K their free radical activity was strongly decreased These results, which may have relevant consequences for asbestos technology, were correlated with concomitant alteration of the structure and surface chemistry of the minerals during calcination.