油梨果实的生长和内含物变化的观察

本文报道对油梨果实的生长及内含物的变化的观察结果．果实生长发育过程中,以６—７份生长最快,干物质及脂肪含量由低到高变化,以１１月份增加最快,蛋白质含量由高到低递诚．１１月份后含量相对稳定,总糖和维生素Ｃ含量随果实的发育程度而下降。     

甜玉米籽粒糖代谢关键调控基因的鉴定

为了探究甜玉米籽粒形成过程中还原糖、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量变化规律及糖代谢关键调控基因,选取授粉后10天、15天、20天、25天和30天这几个时间点进行含糖量检测和转录组分析。结果显示还原糖含量在授粉后10天最高,约15 mg/g,此后逐渐下降到约4 mg/g。可溶性糖和蔗糖含量变化均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,两者在授粉后15天左右达到峰值,随后逐渐降低。PCA分析结果表明,授粉后10天的样本可以明显与其他时间点样本区分开,而授粉后15天～30天之间的时间点,样本区分度不大,表明授粉后10天时的籽粒发育与15天后的发育模式存在很大的不同。以授粉后10天样本基因的表达量为参照,对221个淀粉和蔗糖代谢通路上的基因进行分析,发现绝大部分注释基因在籽粒发育过程中不表达或低表达。有6个注释基因在授粉后15天持续高表达,分别是编码淀粉合成酶(EC 2.4.1.21)的基因Zm00001d045261、编码α-葡糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.20)的基因Zm00001d036608、编码颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶(EC 2.4.1.242)的基因Zm00001d033937和Zm00001d045462、编码葡糖...     

无距虾脊兰果实发育及其解剖学特征

以授粉后无距虾脊兰不同发育阶段的蒴果为材料,对果实生长动态进行研究,并用石蜡切片法进行果实结构研究。观察结果表明：无距虾脊兰果实授粉至授粉后40 d生长速度最快。果实由3心皮组成,横切面为6瓣,3瓣有胎座,3瓣无胎座,开裂后6瓣于顶端连接。发育的过程中,果皮细胞层数及果实内外表皮细胞体积不变,果实直径的增加主要来自于细胞平周分裂和中果皮细胞体积的增大。果实成熟时只有少数细胞有细胞壁增厚现象,开裂线的前体细胞细胞壁发生木质化并向不同方向收缩导致果实的开裂。     

油梨果实生长发育过程中的物质变化

本文观测了油梨果实生长发育的情况并测定了脂肪、蛋白质及糖等物质含量的变化过程,发现其中脂肪的含量随着果实的生长显著增长,以9～10月间增长速度最快,所测品种的果实含量最高可达12.86‰,其他营养物质的变化不甚显著,本测定为油梨果实生长发育生理的研究及油梨果实的最佳收获期的确定提供了依据。     

大血藤叶片生化成分的动态变化

对自然条件下大血藤叶片生化成分的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明;大血藤叶片可溶性糖,淀粉和总糖含量的动态变化有相同的趋势。在叶片生长季节早期含量较低。随着叶片的生长发育,其含量逐渐上升。至8月达到最大值后逐渐下降,叶片总糖含量与日均净光合速率的季节变化呈极显著的正相关,在整个生长季节中,可溶性糖含量比淀粉高,大血藤叶片总蛋白含量季节性变化呈单峰曲线,在展叶初期含量较低;随后迅速上升,至8月达到最大值后逐渐下降,叶片总糖含量与日均净光合速率的季节变化呈极显著的正相关。在整个生长季节中,可溶性糖含量比淀粉高。大血藤叶片总蛋白含量季节性变化呈单峰曲线,在展叶初期含量较低;随后迅速上升,在6月初达到最大值后逐渐下降,落叶前降至最低占,可溶性蛋白质含量的季节性变化曲线与总蛋白含量基本相似,DNA含量在叶生长初期大幅度上升,至6月达到高峰后迅速下降,以后基本趋向稳定,RNA在叶生长初期有所上升,峰值也出现在6月,以后缓慢下降,到9月降至最低值,在落叶前又有所回升,总核酸含量的季节变化与RNA变化相似,RNA/DNA比值在生长季节中出现3次高峰,大血藤叶片总黄酮含量季节性变化呈“双峰”型,第1高峰期在开花期的5月。第2高峰期在秋季的9月份。     

3种薯蓣属植物珠芽糖类含量变化与茎叶生长的关系

以山药、日本薯蓣和黄独3种薯蓣属植物为材料,研究珠芽育苗中其茎叶生长与珠芽内的干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、还原糖含量和淀粉酶活性变化的关系.结果表明: 3种薯蓣在茎蔓生长过程中珠芽内的干物质和淀粉含量均逐渐降低.山药和黄独的珠芽可溶性糖含量在茎蔓生长初期不断增加,随着茎蔓节数继续增加又逐渐降低,而还原糖含量在叶片展开前不断增加,叶片展开后又急剧降低;日本薯蓣珠芽的可溶性糖和还原性糖含量随着茎蔓节数增加逐渐上升,但保持相对较低水平.3种薯蓣珠芽内α-淀粉酶活性均强于β-淀粉酶,其在茎蔓和叶片生长中发挥重要作用.研究发现,薯蓣珠芽内淀粉主要在α-淀粉酶作用下转化分解为还原糖和可溶性糖,从而为茎蔓和叶片生长提供能量,且还原糖含量与叶片生长的关系更为密切.     

授粉对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以 津绿 3号 黄瓜为试材 ,研究了授粉对黄瓜果实发育、营养成分变化及采后果形变化的影响 .结果表明 ,授粉可减少化瓜、刺激果实发育、提高果实商品性 ,并提高产量 ,其坐瓜率、商品瓜率、单瓜重及产量分别较单性结实提高 6 3.0 %、6 8.7%、2 2 .6 %和 12 7.6 % .授粉瓜和单性结实瓜均表现为随着果实发育 ,可溶性蛋白质和维生素 C含量呈减少的趋势 ,可溶性糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势 ,游离氨基酸含量呈波动变化 ,但授粉瓜的 4种营养成分均高于单性结实瓜 .在采后 1～ 5 d,授粉瓜头部易膨大形成大头瓜 ,而单性结实瓜果形变化不大     

授粉对黄瓜果实发育和品质的影响

以“滓绿3号”黄瓜为试材．研究了授粉对黄瓜果实发育、营养成分变化及采后果形变化的影响。结果表明,授粉可减少化瓜、刺激果实发育、提高果实商品性,并提高产节,其坐瓜率、商品瓜率、单瓜重及产节分别较单性结实提高63．0％、68．7％、22．6％和127．6％。授粉瓜和单性结实瓜均表现为随着果实发育．可溶性蛋白质和维生素C含量呈减少的趋势,可溶性糖含量呈逐渐增长的趋势,游离氨荩酸含量呈波动变化,但授粉瓜的4种营养成分均高于单性结实瓜。在采后1～5d,授粉瓜头部易膨大形成大头瓜．而单性结实瓜果形变化不大。     

银杏种实发育过程中营养成分的动态变化研究

以银杏良种桂 G86 - 1为试材 ,对种实发育过程中种仁和种皮的维生素 C、 N、 P、 K、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、蔗糖、还原糖、粗纤维、淀粉等 11种营养成分的含量和积累的变化动态进行系统研究。结果表明 ,在种仁发育过程中 ,蔗糖、粗纤维、淀粉的含量和积累均随生长发育期的变化而递增 ,呈极显著相关关系 ;还原糖、粗脂肪、 N、 P、 K、灰分等养分在幼果期含量较高 ,但随发育期的变化而降低 ,呈显著相关关系 ,除还原糖外 ,这些养分的积累逐渐增加 ,呈极显著相关关系 ,还原糖的积累在盛花后 110 d前明显增加 ,随后逐渐下降 ;维生素 C在种实发育初期含量较高 ,至盛花后 80 d达到最高 ,随后逐渐下降。在种皮发育过程中 ,除还原糖、维生素 C外 ,其它营养成分的含量和积累的变化动态规律与种仁相一致 ;维生素 C在种皮的含量和积累均逐渐上升 ,呈显著相关关系 ;还原糖的含量变化没有明显的规律 ,呈上升趋势 ,积累逐渐增加 ,呈极显著相关关系。     

瓯柑果实贮藏期间的某些生理变化及其耐贮性(简报)

常温条件下瓯柑贮藏期为２２０ｄ,红桔为１１０ｄ左右。瓯柑果实的呼吸速率下降幅度小些,１２０ｄ上升,果肉中可溶性糖含量至初枯期前稍有增加,可滴定酸呈减少的趋势。红桔果实采后第３ｄ起呼吸速率逐渐下降,４５ｄ后上升,果肉前期呼吸速率变化与整果同步,可溶性糖含蜈同时下降。两者果肉中ＰＯＤ活性和果实呼吸速率均呈正相关。瓯柑的ＳＯＤ活性呈低－高－低变化吉贮藏期内则下和,瓯械的ＭＤＡ含量低于红桔。果实进入桔水工     

大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交结实率研究初报

取3个大花蕙兰品种与1个墨兰品种进行自交与杂交。共设计10个组合,成功获得4个杂交组合;共授粉257朵花,成功获得21个果荚,结实率为8.1%。大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交正反交的结实率差异不大。各组合果荚生长曲线走势大致相同,授粉后10~12 d,子房开始膨大,并于60~80 d趋于平稳。大部分落果于授粉后30d内发生,部分于生长中后期黄化脱落,双亲遗传物质的不协调性及栽培管理可能是重要影响因素。     

Effects of fruit set sequence and defoliation on cell number,cell size and hormone levels of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) within a truss

Fruit size within a tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) truss depends on both fruit position in the truss and the time of pollination among fruits. In the natural pollination sequence a difference of 5 days in the pollination of proximal and distal flowers results in significant final size differences between proximal and distal fruits. These final size differences were eliminated when all flowers were pollinated simultaneously. At anthesis proximal ovaries have higher cell numbers than distal ovaries but the cell division activity and cell enlargement in both positions was similar in the first 10 days of fruit growth. Simultaneous pollination resulted in lower cell numbers in proximal but higher cell numbers in distal fruits compared to control fruits.Hormone levels in different sized fruits were measured using radioimmunoassays. Cytokinin concentration during the cell division period indicated a possible role in the regulation of cell division. With other hormones no obvious correlations were found. The results are discussed in relation to factors determining final fruit size in tomato.     

谷氨酸和TDZ对荔枝果皮着色及果实品质的影响

为提前或延迟果实的成熟,改善果实品质,以荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)早熟品种‘三月红’和‘水东’为试验材料,在盛花后50 d用谷氨酸(Glu)和TDZ(Thidiazuron)进行处理,研究Glu和TDZ对果皮着色和果实品质的影响。结果表明,Glu能促进果皮转红,500~1500 mg L-1范围内随浓度增加果皮红色面积加大,果皮的花青苷含量增加。1500 mg L-1Glu处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷含量分别达到8.62 U g-1、11.53 U g-1,分别比对照高出1.33、1.25倍。同时,Glu处理能促进‘三月红’总糖的积累,但对两品种果实大小和质量的影响不大。TDZ显著迟滞果实着色,果实转红延后,果皮花青苷含量降低。5.0 mg L-1TDZ处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷仅为1.23和3.4 U g-1,显著低于对照。TDZ处理两品种果实的可溶性固形物、总糖含量均下降,但果实大小和质量均增加。因此,Glu能促进荔枝果实转色成熟,TDZ则抑制果实转色。     

不同遮荫处理罗汉果内在品质的变化研究

以罗汉果‘永青1号'品种为试验材料,在授粉30 d后,设置不遮荫、遮荫70%、遮荫95%三个处理,探讨遮荫对罗汉果总苷、总糖、维生素C等内在品质的影响。结果表明:在授粉30 d后,对罗汉果进行一定程度的遮荫处理,显著提高了罗汉果果实重要内含物总苷、甜苷Ⅴ、总糖和维生素C的含量,可有效改善罗汉果果实的内在品质。遮荫70%处理条件下较适宜罗汉果果实内含物的累积。     

中华猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃果实碳水化合物及维生素Ｃ的动态变化研究

分别对中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis）黄肉品种‘金桃’和毛花猕猴桃（Actinidia eriantha）品系‘6113’果实生长发育过程中碳水化合物及维生素C的动态变化进行了系统研究。结果表明,中华猕猴桃‘金桃’和毛花猕猴桃‘6113’果实的可溶性固形物（SSC）含量均于谢花后146d内保持相对平稳,而后开始上升;此时,两物种果实的淀粉含量均上升到最大值,之后两者均开始下降。两者糖含量的变化与SSC相似,且中华猕猴桃‘金桃’果实糖含量进入快速增长期的时间比毛花猕猴桃‘6113’早1个月。两者果实Vc含量的变化趋势相似,均于7月上中旬达到一个高峰,以后随着果实的生长发育,含量下降,‘金桃’于8月14日降至最低值,‘6113’于9月13日降至最低值;两者的Vc含量降到最低值后均缓慢上升,到果实完全成熟期（树上自然软熟期）回升到第二个峰值。‘6113’果实的Vc含量在完全成熟期的峰值远远高于7月上旬的高峰值。对‘金桃’和‘6113’果实碳水化合物及Vc含量方差分析表明,两者的可溶性固形物、淀粉和总糖没有明显差异,而毛花猕猴桃‘6113’的Vc含量显著高于中华猕猴桃‘金桃’。     

Effect of ovular receptivity on seed set and fruit development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary Seed set and fruit development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were studied in relation to female flower receptivity from day — 2 before anthesis to day + 2 after anthesis. The female cucumber flower is protogynous. The pistil was receptive 2 days before anthesis. The iso-electric focusing (IEF) patterns of the stigma/style proteins, were identical from day -5 to day +2. In pollinated flowers in vivo germination and pollen-tube growth in the ovary were affected by pistil age from day -2 to day +2. In addition, differences in sectorial filling in full seeds were observed within the fruits. A negative correlation was observed between the frequency of fertilized ovules in the pedoncular part of the fruit and ovary length at the time of pollination. In the whole fruit, significant differences in the number of full seeds and fruit size at maturity were found, and these were observed to be correlated with the various stages of female flower maturation at pollination. The day -2 and day +2 stages yielded the smallest fruits with few full seeds compared to the day -1, day 0 and day +1 stages, which had the biggest fruits and a large number of full seeds. A strong positive correlation was found between total seed number (including full and empty seeds), fruit length and weight at maturity. All these results suggest that both seed set in the different parts of the fruit and fruit development are controlled by ovular receptivity rather than by stigma/style receptivity.     

Plant Growth Regulators in Cucumis melo L. var. flexuosus Naud Fruit during Rapid Growth

The fruit growth of the snake melon (Cucumis melo L. var. flexuosusNaud) and the plant hormones contained in its immature fruitwere investigated. The fruit growth started 5 days after pollinationand its rapid growth continued for about 10 days. During thisperiod the growth rate (length) was 9 cm per day. The finalsize of the fruit was about 120 cm in length and 6 cm in width25 days after pollination. The cell number of the fruit increasedto more than twice that of the fruitlet before pollination.The increase started immediately after pollination and stoppedat 10 days after pollination. On the other hand, no change incell size was observed during the first 7 days after pollination.After this period, rapid growth started and continued to theend of the fruit growth. The cell size increased to more than7 times that of the fruitlet before pollination. In rapidly developing immature fruit including placenta andimmature seeds, trans-zeatin riboside (ZR) and ABA were identifiedwith gas-liquid chromatography-selected ion monitoring or gas-liquidchromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, thepresence of trans-zeatin (Z) and another very polar cytokinin,and a novel gibberellin-like substance which is probably anisomer of GA₃ was suggested. The possible significance of theseplant hormones in fruit growth is discussed. (Received June 27, 1985; Accepted April 8, 1986)     

Do Genetic Make-up and Growth Manipulation Affect Tomato Fruit Size by Cell Number,or Cell Size and DNA Endoreduplication?

This work investigated the link between genetic and developmental controls of fruit size and composition. On two isogenic lines (CF12-C and CF14-L), differing by fruit weight and sugar content quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified previously, basal and tip fruits were characterized at anthesis and at maturity through their growth, dry matter and sugar content, number and size of cells and nuclei DNA content. The influence of competition was assessed by removing either basal or tip ovaries at anthesis. On an intact inflorescence, CF12-C fruits grew less than CF14-L fruits, with 1.67 fewer cell layers and similar cell size, suggesting that genes controlling cell division may be responsible for this fruit size variation. Truss thinning masked the QTL effect on fruit size, mainly by reducing the difference in cell number between the two lines and by promoting cell expansion in tip fruits, so that fruit growth was similar at both positions and for both lines. Thus, in these lines, cell number exerts a control on final fruit size only when there is competition among fruits. Different responses of basal and tip fruits after flower removal suggested that this treatment induced changes in hormonal relationships within the truss. No fixed relationship between DNA endoreduplication and cell size was found, as while cell size and dry matter and sugar contents differed with tomato lines, fruit position and truss size, endoreduplication patterns were the same. CF12-C fruits had a higher dry matter (+0.3% of fresh weight) and carbohydrates (+8% of dry matter) content than CF14-L fruits. The percentage dry matter was independent of truss size but decreased slightly from basal to tip fruits.