米曲霉蛋白酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

【目的】获得米曲霉蛋白酶主要成分及其酶学性质。【方法】利用硫酸铵盐析,DEAE-Sepharose FF阴离子交换层析、Phenyl-Sepharose HP疏水层析和Superdex-G75/200凝胶层析对米曲霉所产蛋白酶系进行分离纯化,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白酶纯度和分子量,采用高效液相凝胶色谱分析两种蛋白酶酶解产物。【结果】从米曲霉所产蛋白酶系中分离纯化获得两种蛋白酶组分P1和P2,分子质量分别约为37 kD和45 kD。以酪蛋白为底物时,P1的Km=8.36 g/L,Vm=12.95μg/(mL·min),最适反应条件为pH 8.0、45°C;P2的Km=4.11 g/L,Vm=4.86μg/(mL·min),最适反应条件为pH 7.0、45°C。两种蛋白酶均对酪蛋白水解活性最高,而对牛血清蛋白的水解活性很低。P1和P2分别酶解大豆分离蛋白后水解产物中肽分子质量分布呈现出一定的差异。【结论】两种蛋白酶的酶学性质存在差异;两者对疏水氨基酸构成的肽键具有选择性,但其作用基团存在特异性。这些研究结果将为米曲霉所产蛋白酶在食品上的应用提供指导。     

一株β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

【目的】分离获得β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株,确定该菌分类地位,并对其所产β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质进行初步研究。【方法】采用七叶灵显色法从土壤样品中筛选β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌,再用对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(PNPG)显色法进行复筛;通过形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列相似性分析等方法确定其分类学地位;利用超滤、疏水层析、阴离子层析、分子筛层析法对β-葡萄糖苷酶进行分离纯化;以PNPG为底物,测定β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应pH及最适反应温度,通过双倒数作图法确定β-葡萄糖苷酶催化不同底物水解的米氏常数Km值。【结果】从土壤样品中筛选得到一株β-葡萄糖苷酶高产菌株ZF-6C,初步鉴定为Bacillus korlensis;芽胞杆菌ZF-6C所产β-葡萄糖苷酶的分子量约为90 kD,最适反应pH和温度分别为7.0和40°C,该酶具有水解β(1,4)糖苷键的活性,最适底物为邻硝基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,Km值为0.73 mmol/L。金属离子Ca2+、Pb2+增强酶活,而Cu2+、Fe2+抑制酶活。【结论】首次报道从Bacillus korlensis中分离得到β-葡萄糖苷酶,Bacillus korlensis ZF-6C所产β-葡萄糖苷酶在分子量、最适反应条件及底物特异性等方面均不同于已知酶,可能为一结构新颖且催化效率较高的β-葡萄糖苷酶。     

嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶的表达、纯化及特性分析

摘要：【目的】表达、纯化嗜水气单胞菌J-1株弹性蛋白酶,并对弹性蛋白酶的性质进行分析。【方法】以pET-32a为表达载体将弹性蛋白酶基因ahyB转化至大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行诱导表达,表达重组酶用His TaqNi2+亲和层析柱纯化并用6 mol/L盐酸胍进行复性;利用硫酸铵分级沉淀、阴离子交换层析和分子筛层析对嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中的弹性蛋白酶进行纯化。将【结果】从嗜水气单胞菌培养上清液中获得的弹性蛋白酶原酶的最适pH 为8.5,而表达重组酶为 10.0;对热的稳定性,原酶高于表达酶。两种形式酶的性     

苹果树腐烂病菌胞外果胶酶分离纯化及其性质

【目的】分离纯化苹果树腐烂病菌的果胶酶,明确其酶学性质。【方法】利用0.5%淀粉MS培养基对苹果树腐烂病菌分别进行不同天数发酵,DNS法定量测定果胶酶活性。通过硫酸铵梯度盐析、Sephacryl S-100凝胶过滤层析和阴离子交换层析DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow分离纯化果胶酶,经SDS-PAGE检测样品纯度,并利用生物化学技术分析其酶学性质。【结果】发酵10 d的发酵液中果胶酶活性最高;分离得到的果胶酶为鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸酶,分子量为58.83 k D,等电点为6.03,最适反应温度为40°C,最适反应pH为3.5,在pH 2.0-5.5之间酶活性比较稳定。Ca~(2+)、Li~+、Co~(2+)对酶活力有激活作用,K~+、Fe~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ni+对酶活有抑制作用,Ba~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对酶活性有钝化作用。酶动力学常数Km和Vm值分别是3.600 g/L和0.162 7 g/(L·min)。【结论】从苹果树腐烂病菌的发酵液中分离得到鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸酶并明确了其酶学性质,为果胶酶抗体的制备和细胞化学研究奠定基础。     

棘孢曲霉SM-L22β-葡萄糖苷酶的纯化与性质

通过分子筛层析和离子交换层析等手段,分离纯化了棘孢曲霉SM-L22纤维素酶系中的β-葡萄糖苷酶组分。通过SDS-PAGE和IEF电泳测得其分子量为57.9 kDa,等电点为pH 4.5。该酶组分的最适温度60℃,最适pH 5.5,在40℃以下以及pH 3.0~10.0范围内稳定。Fe2+和Mn2+ 对酶有激活作用,而 EDTA对酶有较明显的抑制作用。底物专一性实验表明,该酶可作用于纤维二糖、水杨素和乳糖。作用于纤维二糖和水杨素的Km值分别为17.13 10-3 mol/L 和11.93 10-3 mol/L,Vmax分别为3.456 10-4 mol/L/min和7.139 10-4 mol/L/min,Kcat分别为3.75 S-1和7.73 S-1。     

棘孢曲霉SM-L22 β-葡萄糖苷酶的纯化与性质*

通过分子筛层析和离子交换层析等手段,分离纯化了棘孢曲霉SM-L22纤维素酶系中的β-葡萄糖苷酶组分。通过SDS-PAGE和IEF电泳测得其分子量为57.9 kDa,等电点为pH 4.5。该酶组分的最适温度60℃,最适pH 5.5,在40℃以下以及pH 3.0~10.0范围内稳定。Fe2+和Mn2+ 对酶有激活作用,而 EDTA对酶有较明显的抑制作用。底物专一性实验表明,该酶可作用于纤维二糖、水杨素和乳糖。作用于纤维二糖和水杨素的Km值分别为17.13 10-3 mol/L 和11.93 10-3 mol/L,Vmax分别为3.456 10-4 mol/L/min和7.139 10-4 mol/L/min,Kcat分别为3.75 S-1和7.73 S-1。     

尖孢镰刀菌M1耐热蛋白酶纯化及酶学性质

【背景】前期工作中,从北大仓白酒大曲分离到一株真菌,经形态学和分子生物学方法,将其鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporim)M1,研究发现该菌能产中性蛋白酶。中性蛋白酶是应用于工业化生产的重要酶制剂。由于其作用条件温和、催化速率较高,被广泛应用于食品、医药、皮革、饲料、化工和废弃物处理行业。【目的】为了使该菌蛋白酶应用于相关工业生产,需要对该蛋白酶进行纯化和酶学特性研究。【方法】采用硫酸铵分级分离、疏水和离子交换层析对该菌蛋白酶进行纯化,通过SDS-PAGE测定酶的纯度和分子量,并研究其热稳定性和酸碱适应性。【结果】经各步层析,蛋白酶纯化倍数达26.1,得率为7.9%;经测定纯酶的分子量为62 kD;该酶最适温度为40℃,最适pH为7.0,属于中性蛋白酶;该酶对酸较敏感,对碱有较强的耐受性;耐热性较强,但酶活性不受乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐抑制。【结论】由于该中性蛋白酶具有较好的耐热性,因此,可作为工业生产上潜在的生物催化剂。     

沙漠生物结皮芽孢杆菌产胞外多糖的纯化及其絮凝性的研究

【目的】以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠的生物结皮为样品,通过培养、筛选、分离得到一株高产胞外多糖(EPS)的菌株XJ-27,对XJ-27菌株所产的胞外多糖进行分离纯化,并对其絮凝性进行研究。【方法】利用DEAE sepharose CL-6B阴离子层析和Sephadex G100凝胶层析的方法对胞外多糖进行纯化,通过紫外分析方法和高效凝胶渗透色谱进行纯度的测定,利用高效凝胶渗透色谱法(HP-GPC)测定其分子量,以高岭土为体系对其絮凝性进行研究。【结果】利用层析分离的方法共得到2个胞外多糖的组分,对其中一个组分进一步纯化,得到组分EPS-I。结果表明,EPS-I纯度较高,分子量为575 kD。同时对胞外多糖的絮凝性进行了研究,结果表明该胞外多糖对高岭土为体系的絮凝率为80.4%。【结论】菌株XJ-27产胞外多糖,其胞外多糖具有絮凝性,对该胞外多糖进行分离纯化后,得到分子量为575 kD的多糖组分EPS-I。     

意大利蜜蜂N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及性质分析

【目标】N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖糖苷酶(NAGase)是一种重要的几丁质分解酶,能从N-乙酰葡萄糖苷的非还原端催化去除β-1,4-N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖残基,参与了昆虫外骨骼的蜕皮过程。研究蜜蜂该酶的特征有助于阐明其在蜜蜂发育过程中的作用机制。【方法】采用40%-70%硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-纤维素离子交换层析和葡聚糖G-100凝胶过滤层析的方法从意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica幼虫体内分离纯化NAGase。以对-硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷(pNP-NAG)为底物检测该酶的活力,用native PAGE和SDS-PAGE检测酶的纯度。IEF-PAGE测定该酶等电点。葡聚糖G-200凝胶过滤层析测定酶的总分子量。【结果】结果显示,纯化的NAGase酶的比活力为803. 09 U/mg,总分子量为77. 3 kD。结合SDS-PAGE表明该酶由两个具有相同分子量(39 k D)的亚基组成。该酶等电点为4. 8。酶水解底物pNP-NAG的过程遵循米氏方程,米氏常数(Km)和最大反应速度(Vm)分别为0. 11 mmol/L和17. 65μmol/L·min。该酶水解反应的最适pH和最适温度分别为pH 5. 5和60℃。酶催化pNP-NAG反应的活化能为64. 8 k J/mol。Pb2+,Cu2+,Zn2+和Al3+对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用。【结论】本研究描述了意大利蜜蜂NAGase的分离纯化方法及其理化性质,为进一步进行蜜蜂NAGase的结构解析和功能研究奠定基础。     

Flavobacterium johnsoniae昆布多糖酶的分离纯化及其催化性质

约氏黄杆菌Flavobacterium johnsoniae具有分泌裂解酵母细胞壁酶系的能力,经初步分析发现其发酵液中具有葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶和蛋白酶等活性。通过离子交换层析、疏水层析和凝胶过滤层析,从该菌发酵液中分离纯化到一种昆布多糖酶。该酶分子量为35 kD左右,其最适反应温度为50°C,最适反应pH为5.0。以昆布多糖和昆布寡糖为底物的反应表明,该酶以内切酶作用模式进行催化水解。     

固态发酵苦荞制备多肽菌种的筛选

【目的】筛选固态发酵苦荞高产多肽及发酵产物液具有抗菌、抗氧化活性的菌株。【方法】采用米曲霉、酱油曲霉、雅致放射毛霉和少孢根霉分别对苦荞进行固态发酵,以蛋白酶活力、水解度、可溶性肽得率、抑菌率和体外自由基清除率作为筛菌指标。【结果】米曲霉固态发酵苦荞的可溶性肽得率最高达38.83%±1.18%,发酵产物液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为96.62%±1.66%和97.54%±0.54%,同时羟自由基(·OH)清除率和二苯基苦味酰基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)清除率分别为55.65%±1.25%和10.84%±1.03%。对米曲霉发酵2 d发酵产物液的不同分子量分布及活性分析表明,分子量大小对抗菌及抗氧化活性有一定的影响。【结论】米曲霉可作为固态发酵苦荞制备多肽且发酵产物液具有抗菌及抗氧化活性的最佳菌株,并在多肽产量提升及抗菌、抗氧化活性的研究上具有巨大空间。     

米曲霉发酵纯化无患子皂苷的工艺研究

采用微生物发酵法对无患子皂苷水提取液进行纯化.比较了采用自然发酵、接种酵母菌发酵和接种米曲霉发酵纯化无患子皂苷的效果.结果表明,提取液不灭菌,接种米曲霉发酵纯化效果较为明显,优化后的发酵条件为:温度30℃、接种龄12 h、接种量为3％、摇床转速150 r/min,发酵7d后,皂苷含量稍有下降,但皂苷纯度可从48.71％提高到82.47％.米曲霉发酵法明显优于水提醇沉法、絮凝法和正丁醇萃取法.     

枯草芽孢杆菌ZC-7中性蛋白酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

枯草芽孢杆菌ZC-7的发酵液,经离心分离得到粗酶液,再经硫酸铵盐析、中空纤维膜除盐浓缩、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析、Sephadex G-75柱层析等步骤获得电泳纯的中性蛋白酶。SDS-PAGE测得其分子量大约为42KDa。以酪蛋白为底物时,该酶的Km为5×10-3,Vmax为2.5×104ug/min,酶的最适作用pH为7.0,最适反应温度为55℃,在pH6.5～8.0, 40℃以下较稳定,对1mol/L H2O2具有一定的耐受性。EDTA、异丙醇和乙醇对该酶有抑制作用,Ca2+、Mg2+和Li+离子对其具有保护作用。     

应用双分子荧光互补技术分析米曲霉Fus3与Ste12之间的蛋白互作

【背景】双分子荧光互补(Bimolecularfluorescencecomplementation,BiFC)在水稻恶苗病菌(Fusarium fujikuroi)等微生物蛋白互作中的应用已有报道,但在工业菌株米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)中还未见应用。【目的】探究米曲霉中Fus3和Ste12蛋白在生长发育中可能存在的相互作用关系,建立在米曲霉活细胞中检测蛋白互作的方法,即BiFC体系。该系统可用于特异性、可视化米曲霉目标蛋白在活细胞中的定位,并且可以更加直观地探究蛋白之间是否存在相互作用。【方法】利用MultisiteGateway复杂载体构建技术,使用切开的绿色荧光蛋白,将荧光蛋白分子的两个片段N端和C端分别与米曲霉Fus3和Ste12蛋白融合,对获得的转化株进行荧光观察。通过BiFC系统检测蛋白之间的相互作用。【结果】成功转化的米曲霉菌丝中观察到荧光,Fus3和Ste12在米曲霉中存在相互作用。【结论】通过BiFC技术证实蛋白质Fus3和Ste12在无性繁殖菌株米曲霉体内发生互作,暗示它们通过互作可能参与除了有性生殖之外的其他细胞功能,并为米曲霉蛋白互作功能研究提供一种新的检测技术和方法。     

A radiometric assay for HIV-1 protease

A rapid, high-throughput radiometric assay for HIV-1 protease has been developed using ion-exchange chromatography performed in 96-well filtration plates. The assay monitors the activity of the HIV-1 protease on the radiolabeled form of a heptapeptide substrate, [tyrosyl-3,5-3H]Ac-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr-Pro-Val-Val-NH2, which is based on the p17-p24 cleavage site found in the viral polyprotein substrate Pr55gag. Specific cleavage of this uncharged heptapeptide substrate by HIV-1 protease releases the anionic product [tyrosyl-3,5-3H]Ac-Ser-Gln-Asn-Tyr, which is retained upon minicolumns of the anion-exchange resin AG1-X8. Protease activity is determined from the recovery of this radiolabeled product following elution with formic acid. This facile and highly sensitive assay may be utilized for steady-state kinetic analysis of the protease, for measurements of enzyme activity during its purification, and as a routine assay for the evaluation of protease inhibitors from natural product or synthetic sources.     

Purification and characterization of protease Re, a cytoplasmic endoprotease in Escherichia coli.

Protease Re, a new cytoplasmic endoprotease in Escherichia coli, was purified to homogeneity by conventional procedures, using [3H]casein as the substrate. The enzyme consists of a single polypeptide of 82,000 molecular weight. It is maximally active between pH 7 and 8.5 and is independent of ATP. It has a pI of 6.8 and a Km of 10.8 microM for casein. Since diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited this enzyme, it appears to be a serine protease. Protease Re was sensitive to inhibition by L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethylchloromethylketone but not to that by 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-aminoheptanone, thiol-blocking reagents, chelating agents, or various peptide aldehydes. Re also degraded [125I]globin, [125I]glucagon, and 125I-labeled denatured bovine serum albumin to acid-soluble products (generally oligopeptides of greater than 1,500 daltons), but it showed no activity against serum albumin, growth hormone, insulin, or a variety of fluorometric peptide substrates. It also hydrolyzed oxidatively inactivated glutamine synthetase (generated by ascorbate, oxygen, and iron) four- to fivefold more rapidly than the native protein. Protease Re appears to be identical to the proteolytic enzyme isolated by Roseman and Levine (J. Biol. Chem. 262:2101-2110, 1987) by its ability to degrade selectively oxidatively damaged glutamine synthetase in vivo. Its role in intracellular protein breakdown is uncertain.     

Optimization of cold-active protease production by the psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia sp. NJ341 with response surface methodology

Culture conditions were optimized for an extracellular cold-active protease production by the psychrophilic bacterium Colwellia sp. NJ341. Response surface methodology was applied for the most significant fermentation parameters (casein, citrate sodium, temperature and Tween-80) identified earlier by one-factor-at-a-time approach. A 2(4) full factorial central composite design was employed to determine the maximum protease production. Using this methodology, the quadratic regression model of producing cold-active protease was built and the optimal combinations of media constituents for maximum protease production (183.21 U/mL) were determined as casein 5.18 g/L, citrate sodium 3.84 g/L, temperature 7.96 degrees C, Tween-80 0.23 g/L. Protease production obtained experimentally coincident with the predicted value and the model was proven to be adequate.     

Production of alkaline protease by a genetically engineered Aspergillus oryzae U1521

The production of alkaline protease of Aspergillus oryzae U1521 was examined in liquid culture. In a culture of defatted soybean only, it gave satisfactory enzyme yields at 584,000 U/g defatted soybean. When various carbohydrates were supplemented, enzyme production was significantly increased. An increase in production by lactose was the most marked. Enrichment with casitone or casein increased productivity, but not cornsteep solid. Media formulation (g/L) of defatted soybean 10, lactose 5, casitone 1, and KH(2)PO(4) 5 enhanced alkaline protease production by A. oryzae U1521 to a maximum of 1,410,000 U/g defatted soybean. Scaling-up experiments indicated the flask-scale results could be reproduced at 40 g of substrate in 5-L fermenter. The enzyme activity was maximum between pH 8-9 and at a temperature of 45 degrees C.     

Protein purification, cDNA cloning and characterization of a protease inhibitor from the Indian tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta

An inhibitor of Aspergillus oryzae fungal protease was purified to homogeneity from the hemolymph of fifth instar larvae of Antheraea mylitta by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion exchange and gel filtration (FPLC) chromatography, and termed as AmFPI-1. The extent of purification was checked by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight of purified inhibitor was determined by SDS-PAGE as 10.4 kDa. Fifteen N-terminal amino acid sequences of this protein were determined, and degenerate oligonucleotides were synthesized on the basis of these sequences. A cDNA library of A. mylitta integument was constructed, and protease inhibitor cDNA was partially amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides and CDS primers. A full-length inhibitor cDNA clone obtained by screening the library with PCR amplified DNA as probe was sequenced. The cDNA consists of 543 nucleotides with an ORF of 315 bp and encodes a protein of 105 amino acids. The sequence exhibits similarity to several Bombyx mori ESTs, and in particular to N-terminal amino acid sequence of an inducible serine protease inhibitor (ISPI-1) from Galleria mellonella indicating its relatedness to ISPI-1 of G. mellonella. The presence of this protease inhibitor in the hemolymph may play an important role as a natural defense system against invading microorganisms.     

Expression of catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger

The cDNA encoding for catalytic subunit of bovine enterokinase (EK(L)), to which the sequence for Kex2 protease cleavage site was inserted, was expressed in the protease deficient filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger AB1.13. Fungal transformants were obtained in which expression of the glucoamylase fusion gene resulted in secretion of the protein into growth medium. Fusion polypeptide was processed to mature EK(L) by endogenous Kex-2 like protease cleavage during secretory pathway. The highest quantity of EK(L), up to 5 mg l(-1), was obtained in soya milk medium. The secreted EK(L) was easily purified from other proteins found in A. niger culture supernatant, using ion exchange and affinity chromatography. The yield of the purified and highly active EK(L) was 1.9 mg l(-1) of culture.