真菌类遗传学分析教学概论

真菌类遗传学分析教学概论侯占铭（内蒙古师范大学生物系,呼和浩特０１００２２）ＯｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆＴｅａｃｈｉｎｇＭｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒＧｅｎｅｔｉｃＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＦｕｎｇｉＨｏｕＺｈａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏ...     

计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中的应用

本文首先回顾了我国遗传学传统的教学方式,分析了目前多媒体组合在遗传学教学中的应用特点,指出计算机辅助教学及多媒体在遗传学教学中具有的独特优势,对我国高校建立和应用遗传学CAI课件提出了若干可行建议。 Abstract:The article firstly reviewed traditional teaching method of genetics in China,the characteristics of combination of media mix at present was analyzed in teaching genetics,the unique superiority of computer assisted instruction and multimedia was pointed out in teaching genetics,some suggestions to establish and utilize CAI class document of genetics was proposed in Chinese universities.     

遗传学双语教学探讨

遗传学双语教学是一个全新的教学研究领域。介绍了几种国外英语原版遗传学教材和教学参考书,并对遗传学双语教学方法进行了探讨。 Abstract:Bilingual teaching of genetics is a new teaching research area.This papper introduces a number of texts of genetics in English,and outlines principles of bilingual teaching of genetics.     

表遗传学推动新一轮遗传学的发展

科学的发展孕育着突破,表遗传学研究推动着新一轮的遗传学的发展。表遗传学是研究没有DNA序列变化的、可遗传的表达改变。表遗传学不仅对医学和农业有重要的实践意义,而且还提供了理解遗传和进化的新观点。研究表明,人类基因组含有两类遗传信息,遗传学信息提供了合成生命所必需蛋白质的模板,而表遗传学信息提供了何时、何地和怎样地应用遗传学信息的指令;遗传学和表遗传学的关系有如“阴阳”,它们既相区别又协同参与调节生命活动。同时还讨论了基因的概念、进化和epigenetics的中文译名等问题。表遗传学研究应引起国内学术界的关注。Abstract: Scientific development is pregnant with a breakthrough, epigenetic studies are pushing the genetics forward. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occurs without a change in DNA sequence. Epigenetics not only has practical significance for medicine and agriculture, but also provides new views on understanding heredity and evolution. Human genome contains information in two forms: the genetic information provides the blueprint for the manufacture of all the proteins necessary to create a living thing while the epigenetic information provides instructions on how, where, and when the genetic information should be used. The interrelationship of genetics and epigenetics is like a yin-yan, they are different from each other, and cooperatively take part in regulation of a variety of living activities. In this paper concept of gene and problems of evolution has been also discussed according to epigenetic viewpoints.     

遗传学教学中Morgan定律讲解新探

运用广义和狭义的定义模式,对Morgan定律中的几个基本概念做了新的注释,深入地分析了经典三点测交的使用条件,并找出了粗糙脉孢菌的经典三点测交中不相邻两点间的交换值(FC)与其重组值（FR）差的出处。 Abstract:Using the model of broad and narrow way,the paper introduces a new approach in the explaining of a few basic concepts in the Morgan Law.The paper introduces a thorough inquiry into the applying condition of the three-factor crosses,and finds the source of the difference between the crossover frequency (FC) and recombination frequency (FR) of the non-adjacent factors in the three-factor crosses in Neurospora crassa.     

小麦农家品种大籽糙抗条锈性的遗传分析

以抗条锈病的农家品种大籽糙作父本、感病品种铭贤169作母本杂交获得F1代杂交种,F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,F1代植株与铭贤169回交获得 BC1代种子。在人工控制条件下,用我国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中28号和条中32号,分别对F1、F2、BC1代及其亲本的幼苗进行人工接种,研究了它们的抗性表现和杂交后代中抗条锈性的分离情况。结果表明,大籽糙对条中32号小种的抗性由一对隐性基因控制;对条中28号小种的抗性由一对显性基因和一对隐性基因的互补作用控制。 Abstract:Dazicao,a native wheat variety with stripe rust resistance from Henan,China,was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169 as the female parent.The F1 progeny was selfed to produce F2 progeny and backcrossed with Mingxian 169 to produce BC1 progeny.In air-conditioned greenhouse,seedlings of the F1,F2,BC1 progenies and their parents were inoculated with the prevalent races CY28 and CY32 of Puccinia striiformis respectively.The phenotypes of the F1,F2 and BC1 plants were analyzed for resistance to the two races.The results indicated that the resistance in the Dazicao to race CY32 was controlled by one recessive gene,and the resistance to race CY28 by complementary action of one dominant gene and one recessive gene.     

寄生蠕虫的群体遗传学研究

寄生蠕虫群体遗传学研究常用的遗传标记有等位酶、线粒体DNA、随机扩增多态性DNA或扩增性片段长度多态性和微卫星DNA等。应用这些遗传标记的研究表明,大多数寄生蠕虫群体遗传结构有不同水平的变异,这些变异的产生主要与寄生虫的生活史和群体生态、宿主的地理分布和环境等因素有关,并因此提出了有关遗传变异的一些假说。本文对寄生蠕虫群体遗传学的研究作一综述。 Abstract:Genetic markers including allozyme,mtDNA,RAPD/RFLP and micro DNA have been used in the research of helminth population genetics.Available data on helminth genetic variability have shown that most helminth populations exhibit different levels of genetic variation resulting mainly from the pattern of life cycle,geographical distribution and parasite-host interaction,and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the genetic variation.     

遗传学的发展与遗传学教学改革诌议

本文概述了遗传学的最近发展及其对遗传学教学提出的新问题。针对面临的问题,从遗传学教学的目标、要求及几大分支的内容处理等方面的改革提出了作者的观点,根据教学与市场的关系提出教学改革的初步意见。 Abstract：New questions are now put forward to genetics teaching by the advance of genetics recently,and summarized in this discussion. According to relation between market requirement and education,the author suggested tentative proposal of reforming genetics teaching and improving contents of main parts in genetics.     

一例12号染色体臂间倒位的细胞遗传学研究

小麦主要经济性状大多属数量性状,是受 微效多基因控制的。为了探索小麦常用亲本配 制组合时各主要经济性状的遗传变异规律,于 1980年选用了江苏、浙江两省普遍采用的UP 301、泰山1号、908、早白、白壳早、短秆早6 个品种作为杂交亲本,研究并分析了主要经济 性状的遗传参数,为有效地选配亲本,提高育种 成效,提供一些理论依据。     

Bt水稻杂交育种中转基因的遗传分析

利用PCR、GUS染色和Western印迹杂交技术检测了Bt水稻杂交后代群体,发现在394株GUS阳性株中,共有392株表达Bt蛋白,协同表达株率达99.49%。由此表明,在杂交后代中报告基因Gus和目的基因crylAb紧密连锁遗传与表达。本试验还发现,在BC1、BC1F2和粳粳交F2群体中转基因呈单基因显性遗传,而在籼粳交F2群体中偏离3:1分离。 Abstract:Improved histochemical staining for GUS activity,PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the population of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.A total of 392 plants expressing Bt toxin protein were found in 394 GUS positive plants.The result demonstrated that cry1Ab gene closely inherited and expressed with reporter gene gus.Therefore,it is possible to develop GUS-assisted-selection to preliminarily identify the Bt gene and study the inheritance of transgenes in (back)cross breeding.Mendelian segragation of reporter gene Gus was observed in F2,BC1 and BC1F2 progenies.Thus indicated that transgenes inherited as a single dominant gene in the progenies of Bt rice crossed to conventional rice varieties.     

东南亚国家引进水稻种质的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

用72对SSR引物对316份东南亚不同地理来源的水稻种质资源进行遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果表明,共检测到387个等位基因,平均每对引物检测到5.375个,变幅在2~12之间;其中频率5%的稀有等位基因有293个,占全部等位基因数的75.7%。Nei基因多样性指数(He)变化幅度在0.055~0.855之间,平均为0.623。He以菲律宾的种质资源最为丰富(He=0.619),其余国家的He大小依次是越南(He=0.515)老挝(He=0.467)柬埔寨(He=0.455);聚类分析显示分为籼粳稻两大群体,地理分组不是特别清晰。AMOVA分析表明,遗传变异主要来源于不同地理类群间,且遗传分化极显著。遗传结构分析结果显示K=2时,有相对明显的遗传结构。其次是K=5时,显示菲律宾群体分为了3个比较明显的小类群,存在较为明显的遗传分化结构。东南亚引进水稻种质资源丰富的遗传多样性和遗传结构为后期水稻育种的亲本选择提供依据。     

野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

利用SSR分子标记结合荧光毛细管电泳检测技术,研究了野生杏和栽培杏的遗传多样性和遗传结构,结果显示:27个SSR位点,平均每个位点检测到17.82个等位基因(Na)和7.44个有效等位基因(Ne),平均Shannon's信息指数(I)为2.23,平均期望杂合度(He)和观察杂合度(Ho)分别为0.70和0.52。基于SSR位点,群体水平上平均等位基因数、有效等位基因数、期望杂合度、观察杂合度和Shannon's信息指数分别为6.59、4.15、0.70、0.53和1.50,说明我国杏种质资源遗传多样性丰富,其中野生杏资源遗传多样性明显高于栽培杏资源,野生杏中西伯利亚杏种质遗传多样性最高且具有较多的特异等位基因,而栽培杏中仁用杏遗传多样性最低,特有等位基因较少。聚类分析将供试159份种质分为4组。群体遗传结构分析将159份种质划分为5个类群,分类情况与传统形态指标划分基本一致。通过本研究可知,我国杏资源遗传多样性丰富,遗传结构较为复杂;西伯利亚杏与栽培杏亲缘关系较远;野生普通杏与栽培杏具有类似的遗传结构,推测野生普通杏为栽培杏原始种;仁用杏遗传多样性较低,遗传背景狭窄。本研究结果可为杏资源新品种选育及持续利用提供重要的理论依据。     

A Plethora of Fungi: Teaching a Middle School Unit on Fungi

Abstract

While fungi play a vital role in Earth's ecosystems, they are not highlighted in the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). This article contains a unit plan to introduce students to the fungal kingdom, characteristics of fungi, and their role as decomposers. The unit plan is written in a 5E model format and can be adjusted for any type of lesson planning format. Students explore fungi through hands-on activities, a jigsaw activity that makes use of collaborative learning, and analysis of case studies. Teachers can use this unit without a strong background in mycology, the study of fungi, or costly materials. A summative assessment is included at the end of the unit plan.     

真菌遗传转化系统的研究进展

真菌遗传转化是功能基因研究的重要方法,就真菌遗传转化系统的最新研究进展进行了综述,主要包括真菌遗传转化的方法、各种方法的优缺点、选择标记的种类、标记基因的分离方法以及转化系统的应用等。     

耗散结构理论与农田杂草系统控制策略初探

一、农田杂草系统控制与耗散结构理论耗散结构理论阐明了一个开放系统由混沌无序向有序态进化的过程和规律。生态系统属耗散结构已得到论证。作为农田生态系统,在开放性、非平衡性、相干性和随机涨落机制四方面,与自然生态系统相似,均满足耗散结构的构成条件,因此,农田生态系统也属耗散结构。农田杂草防除实质上是农田生态系统的调     

脉冲场凝胶电泳技术及其在真菌学研究中的应用

脉冲电泳是用于分离大分子量DNA的一种电泳技术,已广泛用于真菌的核型分析,种群特异性鉴定,基因定位及遗传分析的研究。介绍了脉冲电泳的原理,发展和基本操作程序,并阐述了脉冲电泳技术在真菌分子生物学研究领域的应用。     

Genetic Analysis of Isozyme Loci in Adenophora potaninii Korsh.

Enzyme polymorphism in Adenophora potaninii Korsh. was investigated using vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic analysis of the population samples and the progeny of intraspecific crosses allowed the verification of the isozyme loci from eight enzyme systems. The system studies included aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), esterase (EST). formate dehydrogenase (FDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malic enzyme (ME) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results indicated that the eight enzyme systems are specified by at least 18 loci, 12 of which behaved as al|ozyme loci. Zymogram patterns showed that EST is monomeric and GDH is hexameric. AAT, FDH, IDH and SOD are apparently dimeric. The tissue and developmental variability are also discussed along with the genetic analysis of isozymes.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在血管性认知功能障碍中的应用分析

目的:研究蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)诊断临界值在宁夏回族自治区患有血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)中的应用价值。方法:对宁夏回族自治区人民医院神经内科住院治疗的126例脑血管功能性认知缺陷患者分为非痴呆性血管认知功能障碍(VCIND)组53例、认知功能正常(NCI)组47例和血管性痴呆(VaD)组26例,分别予以简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和MoCA进行认知能力检测,分析比较三组患者的诊断效果。结果:将认知功能障碍MoCA临界值26分定义认知功能障碍时,VCIND组MoCA评分结果显示敏感度86.8%、准确度94.3%;VaD组敏感度100.0%、准确度88.5%与MMSE比较均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:采用MoCA在VCI筛查评估中的诊断效果极佳,具有良好的敏感性、特异度和信度,临床推荐应用。     

真菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的：探讨真菌致呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素。方法：回顾性分析本院RICU和ICU2009年至2012年呼吸机相关性肺炎患者98例的临床资料,分为真菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎（FVAP）组和非真菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎（NFVAP）组,比较两组真菌感染的易患因素,采用单因素G（2检验）及多因素Logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果：急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分（APACHEII）、使用MV时间（〉7d）、住院时间（〉15d）、血白蛋白〈25g、合并糖尿病、联合使用抗生素、频繁更换抗生素（〉2次／周）是导致真菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素,其中血白蛋白〈25g、联合使用抗生素、频繁更换抗生素（〉2次／周）是导致真菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素。结论：患者血白蛋白〈25g、联合使用抗生素、频繁更换抗生素（〉2次／周）是导致真菌性呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素。