不同光温条件下紫背浮萍叶肉细胞和叶绿体超微结构的研究

以浮萍科紫萍属紫背浮萍为试验材料,利用透射电子显微镜研究了紫背浮萍叶肉细胞和叶绿体的超微结构。结果发现:强光下,紫背浮萍叶肉细胞内的叶绿体数明显增加;弱光时虽然叶绿体数减少,但叶绿体基粒片层结构变厚,增加了光合作用反应面积。与25℃适温条件相比,10℃低温和35℃高温下,紫背浮萍细胞均出现一定程度的逆境胁迫作用。表现在低温时部分叶绿体皱缩成带状,叶肉细胞之间出现较大空隙;高温时叶绿体外膜溶解,基质外渗,脂质小球数量增多。紫背浮萍通过改变细胞内部形态结构的方式来适应不同光强和温度环境条件,对逆境光温条件具有一定的耐受性。     

模拟酸雨对农作物生长和产量影响的初步研究

 本文报道了模拟酸雨对小麦、水稻、大豆和白菜的生长与产量影响的试验。模拟酸雨含自然酸雨中已知的离子成分。模拟酸雨PH值为5.6、4.5、4.0、3.5、3.0、2.5和2.0。结果指出：大豆和白菜叶片的可见伤害阈值为pH2.5,水稻和小麦的可见伤害阈值分别为pH2.0和pH3.0,大豆和白菜的电导度随酸雨的pH值下降而增加,pH3.5的模拟酸雨可引起白菜叶片叶绿素含量减少,叶绿素a／叶绿素b的比值发生变化;pH3.0的模拟酸雨使大豆和小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a／叶绿素b比值改变。pH3.5的模拟酸雨就可抑制白菜生长;pH3.0的模拟酸雨对小麦和大豆生长产生抑制．pH3.5的模拟酸雨造成小麦和白菜减产;pH3.0引起大豆产量下降;pH2.5时,对水稻生长和产量没有影响。大麦和大豆减产主要由酸雨引起籽粒重下降而造成的。     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下两种刺槐叶肉细胞叶绿体超微结构

二倍体刺槐(diploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是我国水土保持林的先锋树种,具有较强的适应性和抗逆性,对改善生态环境、防治水土流失、调节水文状况有重要作用。四倍体刺槐(tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是二倍体刺槐的加倍品种,也称多倍体刺槐,由韩国引进,具有速生、耐盐碱、耐干旱和耐烟尘等特点。目前,关于四倍体刺槐的研究,主要集中于栽培技术和繁殖技术方面,而关于四倍体刺槐叶片超微结构与其耐盐性的关系尚缺乏报道。比较了二倍体刺槐和四倍体刺槐在NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫下,叶片叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,一方面可以对二者的耐盐性进行鉴定,同时也可以探讨不同盐分胁迫条件下的作用机制。利用NaCl和Na₂SO₄进行20d的盐胁迫处理,观察叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,发现:NaCl处理前,二者叶肉细胞叶绿体为梭形、形态饱满、结构完整,NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现变形、膜模糊、基粒片层松散、类囊体解体、脂质球增多等现象,NaCl处理后20d时,叶绿体肿胀、变形,基粒片层断裂,膜系统解体。Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体肿胀,膜模糊,基粒片层松散、类囊体解体,Na₂SO₄盐胁迫处理后20d时,膜系统全部解体,结构破坏更为严重。总体来说,四倍体刺槐在盐胁迫后叶绿体结构变化不明显,只是在Na₂SO₄处理20d时,四倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现中空、基粒片层松散、膜边缘模糊现象。在处理前,两种刺槐的叶绿体均紧贴细胞壁,分布于细胞壁边缘。在NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体仍呈有序排列,紧贴细胞壁,但在处理后20d时,大部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,呈随机分布。在Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,位于细胞中央。在Na₂SO₄处理后20d时,二倍体刺槐叶绿体大部分与细胞壁脱离。四倍体刺槐在两种盐胁迫处理前后叶绿体的排列变化不明显,均分布于细胞壁边缘,紧贴细胞壁。所以在盐胁迫下,耐盐植物叶片的叶绿体表现为结构完整,基粒片层清晰,类囊体结构完整,而不耐盐植物则表现为叶绿体超微结构松散、变形,基粒片层模糊,破坏严重时基粒片层扭曲,叶绿体解体,失去完整结构。     

Cr^6＋污染对水鳖的超微结构及菱、莼菜、黑藻细胞膜的影响

Cr^6＋污染对水鳖超微结构的影响主要表现在：胞间连丝呈现不同程度的断裂;细胞核出现各种各样的变形;叶绿体膨胀,其基粒解体。细胞损伤程度与Cr^6＋培养浓度呈正相关。Cr^6＋对水鳖、菱、莼菜和黑藻这几种水生高等植物的细胞膜影响主要表现在：质壁发生分离,质壁之间有黑色颗粒存在。在做生理验证时发现处理组的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）和超氧阴离子（O^-.2）均高于对照。     

Cr6+污染对水鳖的超微结构及菱、

Cr6+污染对水鳖超微结构的影响主要表现在胞间连丝呈现不同程度的断裂;细胞核出现各种各样的变形;叶绿体膨胀,其基粒解体.细胞损伤程度与Cr6+培养浓度呈正相关.Cr6+对水鳖、菱、莼菜和黑藻这几种水生高等植物的细胞膜影响主要表现在质壁发生分离,质壁之间有黑色颗粒存在.在做生理验证时发现处理组的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O2)均高于对照.     

基于人工培养的浮萍快速无性繁殖营养条件研究

为探究并优化浮萍人工培养技术, 研究以广布种紫萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)和青萍(Lemna minor)为主要研究对象, 探索两种浮萍植物在不同营养水平的Hoagland和Hunter培养液中的鲜重、叶状体数的生长变化状况。结果表明: (1)紫萍和青萍鲜重在Hoagland培养液的不同营养水平下先增加后减少, 而在Hunter营养液中呈持续增长趋势; 两种浮萍的鲜重最大相对增长率(RGR)分别为0.11和0.18, 鲜重受浮萍品种和培养基类型及其不同营养水平影响显著(P<0.05), 以青萍在Hunter原液培养基下的无性繁殖产生的生物量最高。(2)紫萍和青萍叶状体数在Hoagland培养液的不同营养水平下先增加后减少, 而同鲜重一样在Hunter营养液中呈不断增长趋势; 两种浮萍的叶状体最大相对增长率分别为0.14和0.19, 叶状体生长的RGR变化同样受浮萍品种和培养基类型及营养水平影响显著(P<0.05), 以青萍在Hunter原液的营养环境下收获的叶状体数最高。(3)两种浮萍在Hoagland和Hunter营养液的不同营养水平下鲜重/叶状体比呈下降趋势, 表明两种浮萍在适应不同营养时优先繁殖子代叶状体, 以扩大种的适合度。研究认为Hunter原液可作为广布种青萍的最优培养条件, 可实现短时间内收获较大浮萍鲜生物量和叶状体数, 为进一步资源化利用提供原材料。     

盐胁迫对玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对玉米叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响. 结果表明：NaCl胁迫破坏了玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜的正常结构,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,玉米叶肉细胞核膜,线粒体膜,细胞膜,叶绿体膜,液泡膜都受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体基粒类囊体膨胀,间质片层空间增大,片层紊乱。100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,质膜,液泡膜,线粒体,叶绿体都受到严重的破坏。细胞质膜破坏,破损的叶绿体充斥在细胞间隙中;叶绿体外膜破坏,甚至解体消失,叶肉细胞中充满膜结构,基粒排列方向改变,垛叠层数减少,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,有的基粒解体消失,甚至叶绿体完全解体;核膜破坏、解体,核中的染色质高度凝缩;线粒体的数量增多,线粒体膜破坏,脊的数量减少,甚至整个线粒体破损解体;液泡膜破坏;由于各种生物膜的破坏,使细胞内充满许多囊状小泡、多泡体或斑层小体;叶肉细胞发生严重的质壁分离,严重时发生细胞壁断裂;甚至整个细胞溶解。     

CO2浓度倍增对谷子和紫花苜蓿叶绿体超微结构的效应

电镜观察结果表明,不同种类植物生长在相同倍增的高ＣＯ２ 浓度条件下,其叶绿体超微结构彼此呈现出明显的差异． 最醒目的特征是淀粉粒的积累比对照的增加很多;类囊体膜系发生异变． 总体上,（１）淀粉粒,Ｃ４ 植物谷子（Ｓｅｔａｒｉａ ｉｔａｌｉｃａ）叶绿体比Ｃ３ 植物紫花苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ ｓａｔｉｖａ）积累的更多． （２）淀粉粒较小且较少时,紫花苜蓿叶绿体基粒类囊体膜增多,与基质类囊体膜相间排列有序;谷子叶绿体的基粒垛及基粒类囊体膜数均增多,但基粒变小,基质类囊体膜变长,且有些膜出现膨胀甚至破损． （３）淀粉粒较大且积累过多时,紫花苜蓿叶绿体中尚可隐约见到由４～８ 个类囊体膜组成的短小基粒零星分布于淀粉粒间;谷子叶绿体中几乎找不到可辨认的基粒和基质类囊体膜     

模拟酸雨对小麦叶片同化物、生长和产量的影响

以小麦为材料,通过大田试验研究了模拟酸雨对小麦生长和产量的胁迫效应.结果表明：酸雨胁迫对小麦产量有较大影响,当酸雨pH≤3.5时显著低于对照（P＜0.01）;当pH≤ 2.5时,小麦株高明显变矮,叶片外观出现明显的受害症状,当pH≤3.5时,叶面积和比叶 鲜质量显著降低.酸雨胁迫下,小麦叶片叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素含量都明显降低,但对叶绿素a的影响更显著.酸雨胁迫导致小麦叶片可溶性糖和还原糖的合成受抑,当pH≤3.5时, 受抑作用较强,且酸度越高,影响越大;酸雨胁迫下,小麦叶片的总游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质含量均随着酸雨酸度的增加而降低,并分别在pH≤3.5和pH≤4.5时显著低于对照（P＜0.05）.     

Cr6+污染对水鳖的超微结构及菱、莼菜、黑藻细胞膜的影响

Cr⁶⁺污染对水鳖超微结构的影响主要表现在:胞间连丝呈现不同程度的断裂;细胞核出现各种各样的变形;叶绿体膨胀,其基粒解体。细胞损伤程度与Cr⁶⁺培养浓度呈正相关。Cr⁶⁺对水鳖、菱、莼菜和黑藻这几种水生高等植物的细胞膜影响主要表现在:质壁发生分离,质壁之间有黑色颗粒存在。在做生理验证时发现处理组的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和超氧阴离子(O₂)均高于对照。     

模拟酸雨胁迫对茶树幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

茶是世界三大饮料之一,并且茶树在中国被广泛种植。酸雨是中国乃至全球面临的主要环境问题,本研究选用一年生茶树幼苗作为实验材料,品种为湘妃翠,采用盆栽的方法培养,通过模拟pH值2.5、pH值3.5、pH值4.5酸雨以及自来水(pH值6.5)作为对照对茶树进行全喷淋,探究模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长状况和光合生理的影响。结果表明pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有一定促进作用,pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长具有抑制作用。茶树幼苗SPAD值(叶绿素相对含量)、以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm(PSⅡ最大光能转换率)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)在pH值2.5酸雨胁迫下与对照组相比都显著降低,Fo(初始荧光产量)则显著增大。由此说明pH值2.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗具有较强的胁迫作用,pH值4.5模拟酸雨对茶树幼苗生长有促进作用。     

模拟酸雨对濒危物种夏蜡梅幼苗生理生态特性的影响

以濒危物种夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)幼苗为对象,研究了不同强度酸雨（pH2.5、pH3.5、pH4.5和pH5.6（CK））对其生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：7月,不同强度酸雨处理下,净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线;随着酸雨pH值的降低,日均P_n值下降,各处理组之间均差异极显著。随着酸雨pH值的降低,夏蜡梅幼苗最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、光饱和点（LSP）、叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）逐渐下降。而光补偿点（LCP）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）随着酸雨pH值的降低而升高。pH3.5、pH2.5处理夏蜡梅幼苗表观量子效率（AQE）比对照低,而pH4.5处理比对照高。F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o随着酸雨pH值的降低而减小。酸雨胁迫增强了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,增加了丙二醛（MDA）的含量、提高了质膜的透性。总之,酸雨胁迫降低了夏蜡梅的光合能力,对其它生理指标产生不利的影响。     

NaCl对齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层中的优势物种,对荒漠生态系统的稳定性及功能多样性具有十分重要的意义。利用透射电镜技术对不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞在未胁迫(0 mmol/L)处理下排列疏松,各种细胞结构完整,叶绿体基质排列均匀且叶绿体内含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。在轻度盐Na Cl胁迫(100 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞结构依然保持完整,叶绿体基质均匀,叶肉细胞超微结构仅有较小变化。在中度盐Na Cl胁迫(200、300 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞发生质壁分离,出现晶体结构,且中央大液泡发生破裂;叶绿体由梭形变成椭球形或圆球状,出现空泡化并伴随有轻微的解体;叶绿体类囊体肿胀,脂质球数量增加。在高度Na Cl胁迫(400、500 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓细胞的质壁分离加剧,叶肉细胞出现大量泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡;叶绿体片层结构消失,空泡化加重,脂质球数量增加且体积变大,叶绿体内外膜消失,叶绿体大部分解体,在叶肉细胞中几乎看不到叶绿体的存在。上述结果表明,叶绿体膜结构的损伤与盐胁迫下叶肉细胞死亡有密切关系。     

The effect of acid rain on ultrastructure and functional parameters of photosynthetic apparatus in pea leaves

The ultrastructure and functional parameters of the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves of 14-day-old pea seedlings were studied in conditions of laboratory simulated acid rain (SAR). Pea seedlings were sprayed with an aqueous solution containing NaNO₃ (0.2 mM) and Na₂SO₄ (0.2 mM) (pH 5.6, a control variant), or with the same solution, which was acidified to pH 2.5 (acid variant). Functional characteristics were determined by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. There was reduction in the efficiency of the photosynthetic electron transport by 25% accompanied by an increase in the quantum yield of thermal dissipation of excess light quanta by 85% without significant change in maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m). Ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2 days after the SAR treatment of pea leaves. In this case, changes in the structure of the grana and heterogeneity of the thylakoids packing in the granum, namely, an increase in thylakoid intraspace widths and thickness of granal thylakoids compared to the control, were found. It was shown also that carbonic anhydrase activity was significantly inhibited in chloroplast preparations isolated from SAR-treated pea leaves. We hypothesize possible involvement of chloroplast carbonic anhydrase in thylakoid granal structure maintenance. The structural disturbances and the inhibition of photochemical activity of chloroplasts are possible consequences of the carbonic anhydrase inactivation by SAR treatment leading to violation of HCO₃ ^?–CO₂ equilibrium. The data obtained suggest that acid rains negatively affect the photosynthetic apparatus by disrupting the membrane system of the chloroplast.     

Short-term effects of aluminium at alkaline pH on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus

A 24 h exposure of the salt-tolerant grass Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. and Rayss) A. Love seedlings to 1 mM aluminium (Al) in nutrient solution at pH of 9.0 resulted in a significant reduction of the biomass. In control samples the mesophyll chloroplasts exhibited the usual lens shape with most grana arranged in straight or slightly curving lines, and only 6.5 % of the grana were out of order. In Al-treated plants the mesophyll chloroplasts displayed a slightly distorted shape and distended size with most grana arranged in bow-like lines, while in the central region of the organelle as many as 26.7 % of the grana were independent and out of order in relation to the long axis. The morphological changes in the chloroplast shape and grana arrangement were probably due to swelling and distension of the chloroplasts in consequence to the altered membrane permeability. The initial in vivo chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence FO, as well as the intermediate FI and peak fluorescence FP were increased under the Al stress: this indicated a destruction of photosystem (PS) 2 reaction centres and increased reduction of QA. The (FI-FO)/(FP-FO) ratio exhibited a significant increase indicating higher proportion of PS2 centres unable to reduce QB. Changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure seemed to be the reason of photosynthetic electron transport inhibition. Yet all these changes in the photosynthetic performance and chloroplast ultrastructure were considered as indirect effects of Al treatment since Al concentration in the leaves was undetectable. Disturbances in the chloroplast ultrastructure could be caused by a reduced uptake and/or transport of other nutrients.     

模拟酸雨对番木瓜不同成熟度叶片膜脂过氧化作用的影响

用不同pH值(4．5、3．5、3．0、2．5)的模拟酸雨处理,研究其对番木瓜不同成熟度叶片细胞膜透性和膜 脂脂防酸组分变化的影响。结果表明,酸雨处理导致番木瓜叶片细胞膜透性、MDA含量、脂氧合酶(LOX)活 性和K+、Ca2+、Mg2+渗出量显著上升,膜脂肪酸组分中饱和脂肪酸含量增加,不饱和脂肪酸含量及不饱和指 数(IUFA)下降,嫩叶比成熟叶对酸雨的反应更敏感。运用生理指标差异达0．05显著水平评价酸雨对番木瓜 的影响阈值,嫩叶在pH3．5,成熟叶在pH3．0。     

Short-term effects of aluminium at alkaline pH on the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus

A 24 h exposure of the salt-tolerant grass Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. and Rayss) A. Love seedlings to 1 mM aluminium (Al) in nutrient solution at pH of 9.0 resulted in a significant reduction of the biomass. In control samples the mesophyll chloroplasts exhibited the usual lens shape with most grana arranged in straight or slightly curving lines, and only 6.5 % of the grana were out of order. In Al-treated plants the mesophyll chloroplasts displayed a slightly distorted shape and distended size with most grana arranged in bow-like lines, while in the central region of the organelle as many as 26.7 % of the grana were independent and out of order in relation to the long axis. The morphological changes in the chloroplast shape and grana arrangement were probably due to swelling and distension of the chloroplasts in consequence to the altered membrane permeability. The initial in vivo chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence FO, as well as the intermediate FI and peak fluorescence FP were increased under the Al stress: this indicated a destruction of photosystem (PS) 2 reaction centres and increased reduction of QA. The (FI-FO)/(FP-FO) ratio exhibited a significant increase indicating higher proportion of PS2 centres unable to reduce QB. Changes in the chloroplast ultrastructure seemed to be the reason of photosynthetic electron transport inhibition. Yet all these changes in the photosynthetic performance and chloroplast ultrastructure were considered as indirect effects of Al treatment since Al concentration in the leaves was undetectable. Disturbances in the chloroplast ultrastructure could be caused by a reduced uptake and/or transport of other nutrients. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花粒期光照对夏玉米光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在大田条件下,以夏玉米品种‘登海605’为试验材料,研究花粒期不同光照强度(正常光照、开花至收获期遮阴和开花至收获期增光)对夏玉米叶片光合、荧光性能和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花粒期遮阴影响叶绿体排布及内部结构发育,基粒个数和基粒片层数均有不同程度减少,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量下降,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率和最大光化学效率降低,非光化学淬灭系数数值增加,导致产量降低;增光后叶绿体结构良好,基粒片层排列紧致、清晰且数量增加,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量上升,叶片光合性能增强,产量增加.即花粒期遮阴破坏了夏玉米叶片叶绿体超微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,产量下降;花粒期增光增加了叶肉细胞中叶绿体的基粒和基粒片层,导致基粒片层排列紧密有序,有利于增加作物产量潜力.     

Decline in photosynthesis as related to alterations in chloroplast ultrastructure of a cotton leaf during ontogeny

Field studies were conducted to investigate ontogenic changes in leaf photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure of a single cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaf subtending the fruit. A 20-d old leaf was the most physiologically active with net photosynthetic rate (PN) of 16.5 mol m-2 s-1 and nitrogen (N) concentration of 168 mmol m-2. These values declined with leaf age and a close relationship existed between them. Concurrent with declines in PN, ultrastructural alterations occurred in the chloroplast: the 20-d old leaf had increased grana number and thylakoids per granum and a few plastoglobuli. Afterwards, the grana number and thylakoids per granum declined with leaf age indicating disintegrated grana and stroma lamellae. Concomitant with disintegrated membrane system was the presence of numerous large plastoglobuli. The PN was closely related to grana number and thylakoids per granum suggesting that the decline in PN with leaf age was associated with ultrastructural changes in the chloroplast.