亚洲高海拔锄足蟾的属间亲缘关系、分化及其与青藏高原形成的关系

本文在研究高海拔锄足蟾的属间分类及分布规律的基础上,对所属的齿蟾属Oreolalax、齿突蟾属Scutiger的齿突蟾亚属Scutiger,(Scutiger)和猫眼蟾亚属Scutiger(Aelurophryne)的成体外形和骨骼、蝌蚪的形态以及核型等24个性状进行综合分析,同时探讨了属间亲缘关系。结果表明:齿蟾属较原始,齿突蟾属较特化,它们可能起源于共同的祖先——原始齿蟾。在齿突蟾属中猫眼蟾亚属比齿突蟾亚属更为特化,后者与齿蟾属的亲缘关系相对较近。它们的分化与青藏高原的抬开有密切关系。     

亚洲高海拔锄足蟾属间分类研究(Amphibia:Pelobatidae)

本文比较研究了高海拔锄足蟾类29种成体和蝌蚪的外形,25种的骨骼,8种的核型和带型,9种的眼晶体薄层凝胶等电聚焦电泳图谱等性状,并结合地理分布、生态环境及习性等因素综合而较全面地对中国锄足蟾科Pelobatidae的齿突蟾属Scutiger,猫眼蟾属Aelurophryne和齿蟾属Oreo-lalax三个类群的属间分类问题进行了探讨。研究表明:齿蟾属Oreolalax应为有效属,不宜作为齿突蟾属Scutiger的亚属;猫眼蟾属Aelurophryne与齿突蟾属Scutiger应同归一属,前者应为后者之亚属。     

齿突蟾属四个物种皮肤的组织学观察

观察了齿突蟾属Scutiger 2亚属、4物种[西藏齿突蟾S.(Scutiger) boulengeri、刺胸猫眼蟾S.(Aelurophryne) mammatus、木里猫眼蟾S.(A.) muliensis和胸腺猫眼蟾S.(A.) glandulatus]的体背、体腹皮肤及其腺体的组织形态学结构,结果表明:4个物种...     

五种齿突蟾在横断山南潜在地理分布预测

由于栖息地质量下降,近年来齿突蟾属物种种群数量急剧减少,明确齿突蟾属物种空间分布,是监测、管理、保护齿突蟾属物种的基础。横断山区可能是齿突蟾属的起源中心和分化中心,但齿突蟾属在横断山区的地理分布格局尚不明确。利用优化后Maxent模型,首次预测西藏齿突蟾Scutiger boulengeri、刺胸齿突蟾Scutiger mammatus、胸腺齿突蟾Scutiger glandulatus、圆疣齿突蟾Scutiger tuberculatus、贡山齿突蟾Scutiger gongshanensis 5种高海拔齿突蟾属物种在横断山南生物多样性保护优先区域的潜在地理分布,并分析其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,5种齿突蟾属物种在横断山南的潜在地理分布格局存在差异,西藏齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南的北部,圆疣齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南东北部的四川省境内,贡山齿突蟾主要分布在横断山南的西南部,刺胸齿突蟾和胸腺齿突蟾的潜在分布格局较为相似,在横断山南的中部、西北部地区都有较多分布,但胸腺齿突蟾潜在分布区更为碎片化。另外,横断山南北部地区的齿突蟾属丰富度明显高于南部地区。环境变量贡献率和刀切法结果显示温度因子和降水因子是决定横断山南齿突蟾属潜在分布的主要因素,最冷季降水量对西藏齿突蟾、贡山齿突蟾、圆疣齿突蟾潜在分布有重要影响,但它们对最冷季降水量的偏好存在差异。此外,研究也显示,通过评估潜在的Maxent参数组合,选择最佳的Maxent模型是有效且必要的。     

横断山齿突蟾属一新种(两栖纲:锄足蟾科)

1982年在横断山区考察期间,发现四川木里截族自治县的齿突蟾Scutiger标本在第二性征、趾蹼等特征与已知的各种齿突蟾均不相同,描述为新种木里齿突蟾Scutiger muliensis。     

宁陕齿突蟾蝌蚪的生物学特性

齿突蟾属(ScutigerTheobald,1868)包括齿突蟾亚属(ScutigerDubois,1980)和猫眼蟾亚属(AelurophryneFei,Ye and Li,1989),前者已知有10种,后者7种(费梁等,2005)。在我国有8种齿突蟾亚属物种分布于我国西南和青藏高原及周边地区,其中发现于陕西省宁陕县平河梁的宁陕齿突蟾(S·ningshanensis)是分布最东北的特有珍稀物种。尽管经过20多年来的多次采集,至今仅获得模式和配模标本,对其生物学特性了解甚少(方荣盛,1985;梁刚等,1989;费梁,1999),为这一珍稀齿突蟾的保护带来很大困难。蝌蚪是无尾两栖动物生命史中的一个重要时期,大约有四分之三…     

基于骨龄学分析的雌性宁陕齿突蟾寿命和世代时间的确定

采用骨龄学方法研究了雌性宁陕齿突蟾(Scutiger ningshanensis)的年龄、寿命和世代时间。研究结果表明,雌性宁陕齿突蟾的寿命至少可达8年,表明它是一种长寿命两栖动物。雌性宁陕齿突蟾的世代时间(性成熟年龄)为6年,其中蝌蚪期3年。本文得到的雌性宁陕齿突蟾世代时间为该种有效种群大小的估算、种群历史动态和历史生物地理学分析提供了理论依据。     

瓦屋山国家森林公园锄足蟾科6种的繁殖鸣声特性

在地处四川省洪雅县的瓦屋山国家森林公园录取了锄足蟾科 6种的繁殖期求偶鸣叫声。它们分隶 4属 ,即角蟾属 (Megophrys)、齿蟾属 (Oreolalax)、齿突蟾属 (Scutiger)和掌突蟾属 (Leptolalax)。在IBMPC上用“SIGNAL”软件 (EngineeringDesign ,USA)对获取的鸣声资料进行分析 ,分析的频率范围设置为 0～ 10kHz。声学分析结果表明 :峨山掌突蟾 (L oshanensi) ,小角蟾 (M minorr) ,角蟾 1种 (M sp) ,金顶齿突蟾[S (S )chintingensis],峨眉齿蟾 (O omeimontis)和无蹼齿蟾 (O schmidti)的主能峰频率平均值分别是45 2 1 9、 34 5 6 4、 2 2 93 8、 10 76 5、 10 71 0和 1849 4Hz ,每声持续时间的平均值分别是 46 2、 90 8、 99 6、72 2、 78 8和 110 3ms ,声距的平均值分别是 140 4、 2 5 3 0、 6 81 4、 15 17 7、 46 1 3和 6 19 5ms。单因子方差分析结果表明主能峰频率、每声持续时间和各声距在 6个种间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。LSD法多重比较的结果指出金顶齿突蟾和峨眉齿蟾间的主能峰频率无显著差异 (P =0 917>0 0 5 ) ;在每声持续时间上 ,只有峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾、角蟾 1种、峨眉齿蟾、无蹼齿蟾间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;在声距上 ,峨山掌突蟾与小角蟾间无显著差异 ,角蟾 1种与无蹼齿蟾之间、峨     

东秦岭地区齿突蟾属一新种记述（两栖纲：角蟾科）

2020年5月在洛阳市嵩县白云山国家森林公园玉皇顶林场（33°38′37″N,111°50′01″E,海拔1 882 m）采集到齿突蟾属（Scutiger）物种9号标本,经形态特征比较及线粒体COI和Cyt b基因联合构建的齿突蟾属部分物种系统发育树显示,采集到的齿突蟾标本系一新种,命名为华夏齿突蟾Scutiger feiliangi Zhou, Guan and Shi, sp. nov.。其主要鉴别特征为：1）体型中等,雄性体长45.7～50.2 mm,雌性体长48.9～51.5 mm;2）头宽略大于头长,鼓膜不显;3）前臂及手长略超过体长之半,后肢较短;4）背面粗糙,布满疣粒;5）指间无蹼,趾间微蹼;6）具两对胸腺,外侧者略小于内侧;7）背部有4行断续排列的纵行肤褶;8）肛周有多个近圆形腺体。同时,对新种华夏齿突蟾的生物学特性进行描述。     

中国锄足蟾科五个新种

通过整理四川、贵州、湖北的锄足蟾科动物标本,发现有五个新种:四种齿蟾Oreolalax和一种齿突蟾(曾名为“短齿蟾”)Scutiger。其中两个齿蟾新种的蝌蚪(包括将完成变态的幼蟾)曾被描述发表过,为未定种名的“短齿蟾”蝌蚪(刘、胡,1960);现在已发现成体,并在本文内予以定种名。所有模式标本均保存于成都四川生物研究所。     

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF CIRCAEASTER,OF KINGDONIA,AND OF SARGENTODOXA TO THE RANUNCULALES

The pollen of three monotypic genera, Circaeaster, Kingdonia, and Sargentodoxa has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and in the case of the last genus, also by transmission electron microscopy. The type of tectum found in Circaeaster and Kingdonia, derivations of a compound layer of striae, has a restricted distribution in the Order Ranunculales. Of 64 genera examined in this order only six had species with a similar tectum. They include Achlys, Epimedium, Jeffersonia, and Vancouveria of the Berberidaceae s.l., the controversial Hydrastis, and Trollius of the Ranunculaceae. Circaeaster and Kingdonia have been considered as related since both have rare and primitive vegetative characteristics, the most notable being open dichotomous leaf venation. They are probably best treated as a ditypic family, Circaeasteraceae. The pollen of Sargentodoxa, especially the structure of the exine, closely resembles that of the Lardizabalaceae. However, the fruits of Sargentodoxa have been considered to be distinct from those of the Lardizabalaceae, suggesting that it be treated as a separate, but closely allied, family.     

口唇部活体测量及生长发育研究

报告４３０８例幼儿至青少年期口唇部１１项指标活体测量的均数及性别差异。发现少年以前口部无显著性的性差,唇高等８项指标自１３岁开始,红唇高等３项开始,红唇高等３项指标在１８岁后开始出现明显性差。唇高等６项指标生长发育曲线随年龄增长上升平缓,无生长发育高峰。口裂宽等５项指标的曲线则随年龄增长上升较陡,有明显的发育高峰。     

介形类的形态学及其环境、功能和分类学意义

化石介形类分类依据--壳体形态,包括壳体的大小、形状、装饰和诸如毛孔、叠覆、似犁状构造、喙、铰合构造等构造特征都与介形类的栖息环境,包括地理、气候(季节、纬度等)、水体的深度、化学性质和稳定程度,食物的富集程度和群落的组成及个体数量以及性别息息相关.因此,正确理解介形类的形态学特征及其功能学,不仅能揭示介形类的生活习性,推测化石介形类的生活环境,从而为古环境和古群落生态重建提供依据,而且可以提高化石介形类个体发育、系统分类和演化研究结果的可靠性.     

THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ATROPINESTERASE,AND THE SPECIFICITY OF TROPINESTERASES

Atropinesterase was found to exist in approximately one out of every four rabbits, and no relation could be observed between the incidence of the enzyme and season, sex, color, age, or weight. The occurrence of the enzyme was also shown to be unrelated to that of cholinesterase. The distribution of atropinesterase in the blood and organs of rabbits was studied; the animals devoid of the enzyme in their blood contained no demonstrable activity in any of the organ extracts tested. The presence of atropinesterase in frog liver, and its absence from the serum, has been confirmed. Hydrolysis of homatropine, but not atropine, by guinea pig liver was observed, while the serum was without action on either of the compounds. On this basis the possibility arises that guinea pig liver contains a homatropinesterase enzyme separate from atropinesterase. It was shown that lack of atropinesterase activity in certain rabbits is not likely to be due to the presence of a naturally occurring inhibitor. It has been demonstrated that contrary to previous indications neither fresh egg white nor yolk possess atropinesterase activity. The specificity of tropinesterases was investigated and evidence was presented for the possible existence of two distinct enzymes, cocainesterase and tropacocainesterase.     

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND KIND OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT ON GROWTH,FLOWERING, AND STEM FASCIATION OF CELOSIA

Piringer , A. A., and H. A. Borthwick . (U.S.D.A., Beltsville, Md.) Effects of photoperiod and kind of supplemental light on growth, flowering and stem fasciation of Celosia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(7): 588–592. Illus. 1961.—Four cultivars of Celosia argentea L. var. cristata were grown on photoperiods ranging from 8 hr to continuous light. Supplemental low-intensity incandescent light was used to extend 8 hr of natural light and provide the given photoperiod. In all cultivars, short main stems occurred on photoperiods of 12 or fewer hours and long main stems, due to more nodes, on photoperiods of 16 or more hours. Flowering was a nonobligate short-day response in all cultivars. Plants of certain cultivars tended to have shorter stems and flower later when 8 hr of fluorescent instead of incandescent light was used to provide the 16-hr photoperiod. In 3 of the cultivars studied, photoperiods of 16 or more hours induced marked stem fasciation.