嗜冷和冷育微生物的研究 Ⅲ.地丝霉属一新种,光滑地丝霉

在研究食品冷库中嗜冷微生物区系时,获得很多冷育型真菌。地丝霉和金孢菌类在这些菌中占优势。其中一菌在PYE上于18℃培养14天,菌落白色,厚毡状,中央常有淡黄色渗出液滴,菌落直径33mm,背面浅黄褐色,有辐射沟纹,老后仍为白色。菌丝分隔,直径1.0—2.0μm。该菌有明显的分生孢子梗,直立,宽度1.0—2.0μm,长10—25(—35)μm,无色或淡黄色,分生孢子梗具分枝,由分枝产分生孢子。分生孢子无色或淡黄色,顶端者为梨形、倒卵形或楔状,间生者矩椭圆形或桶状,1.5—2.5×2.5—3.5(—4.0)μm,光滑、1—3成链。该菌生长温度范围为0—25℃,最适温度为18℃,30℃不生长。此菌产生果胶酶,但是不分解角朊。该菌从冷库中生霉的蒜苗上分离得。其特征与Carmichael(1962),Domsch等(1980)所订正的金孢菌属(Chrysosporium Corda)中各种,以及Sigler和Carmichael(1976),Oorschot(1980)所订正的地丝霉属(Geomyces Traaen)中各种均有显著的差异,而其性状符合地丝霉属的特征集要。故命名为光滑地丝霉Geomyces laevis Z.Q.Li et Cui。模式:菌株AS 3.4605为模式菌株,保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏研究室;模式标本HMAS No.54875保存在该研究所真菌标本室。     

嗜冷和冷育微生物的研究III．地丝霉属一新种，光滑地丝霉

在研究食品冷库中嗜冷微生物区系时,获得很多冷育型真菌。地丝霉和金孢菌类在这些菌中占优势。其中一菌在PYE上于18℃培养14天,菌落白色,厚毡状,中央常有淡黄色渗出液滴,菌落直径3 3ram,背面浅黄褐色,有辐射沟纹,老后仍为白色。菌丝分隔,直径1 O一2．0μm。该菌有明显的分生孢子梗,直立,宽度1．0—2．0μm,长10一25(一35)μm,无色或淡黄色,分生孢子梗具分枝,由分枝产分生孢子。分生孢子无色或淡黄色,顶端者为梨形、倒卵形或楔状,间生者矩椭圆形或桶状,1．5—2．5×2．5—3 5(一4．0)μm,光滑、1一3成链。该菌生长温度范围为O一25℃,最适温度为18℃,30℃不生长。此菌产生果胶酶,但是不分解角朊。该菌从冷库中生霉的蒜苗上分离得。其特征与carmichael(1962),Domsch等(1 9 80)所订正的金孢菌属(Chrysosporium Corda)中各种,以及Sigler和Carmichael(1976),Oorschot(1980)所订正的地丝霉属(GeomycesTraaen)中各种均有显著的差异,而其性状符合地丝霉属的特征集要。故命名为光滑地丝霉 Geomyces laevis Z．Q．Li et Cui。 模式：菌株AS 3．4605 为模式菌株,保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏研究室;模式标本HMAS No．54875保存在该研究所真菌标本室。     

4种木霉菌对棉花黄萎病菌抑制作用的测定

以绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、康氏木霉(Trichoderma koningii)和二株未知木霉菌株(Trichoderma spp.)为供试木霉菌株,采用对峙培养法测定了不同温度处理下对棉花黄萎病菌(Verticilliam dahliae)的拮抗作用。结果表明,木霉在不同温度下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用不一,其中以30℃和25℃黑暗条件下木霉对棉花黄萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,对峙培养5d后,绿色木霉、康氏木霉和二株未知木霉菌在30℃条件下对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率分别达到67.3%、65.9%、56.8%、65.9%,25℃条件下的抑制率分别为65.9%、72.9%、65.9%、78.8%;20℃下木霉菌株对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制作用次之,10℃、15℃和35℃条件下木霉菌丝扩散速度较慢,且孢子产生量少,不能有效地抑制棉花黄萎病菌菌丝的扩展,表明环境温度过高或过低对木霉菌丝的生长及分生孢子的产生均有较大影响。该研究为筛选棉花黄萎病菌更为有效的生防木霉菌株提供理论依据。     

有机磷农药降解菌木霉FM10的生长条件研究

目的研究敌敌畏降解菌木霉FM10的生长条件,为该菌的实际应用提供依据。方法改变单一条件来测定菌株生长变化。结果木霉FM10对敌敌畏有高效降解性。葡萄糖促进菌株的生长,敌敌畏浓度不高时对菌株影响不大,最适pH为8.0,最适温度是37℃。结论木霉FM10在自然环境下生长良好,且降解率较高,可用于农药污染的防治。     

枝孢霉丝孢真菌生长特性的研究

为明确枝孢霉丝孢真菌生物学特性,根据枝孢霉属当前分类系统,选取6株代表菌株,通过单因素分析法,研究了不同培养温度、生长pH和培养基中葡萄糖、蛋白胨浓度对该类菌种生长的影响,并通过微量肉汤稀释法检测了 5种常用表面活性剂对该类菌种的最低抑菌浓度.结果表明,6株枝孢霉真菌适宜生长温度为20～25℃,pH为5.0～6.5,葡...     

有机磷农药降解菌木霉FM10的生长条件研究

目的：研究敌敌畏降解菌木霉FM10的生长条件,为该菌的实际应用提供依据.方法：改变单一条件来测定菌株生长变化.结果：木霉FM10对敌敌畏有高效降解性.葡萄糖促进菌株的生长,敌敌畏浓度不高时对菌株影响不大,最适pH为8.0,最适温度是37℃.结论：木霉FM10在自然环境下生长良好,且降解率较高,可用于农药污染的防治.     

温度和水活度对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长和产孢的影响

冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)是茯砖茶发酵过程中的优势菌。通过调节甘油含量制备具有不同水活度(aw)的培养基,研究培养基水活度、培养温度以及不同温度和水活度组合对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发和菌落形态的影响。供试的冠突散囊菌菌株FZ-2、FZ-3和FZ-4在水活度为0.77～0.99的培养基中均能生长,最适培养基水活度为0.90～0.95。培养基水活度在0.77～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-2产生分生孢子,最适水活度为0.83;培养基水活度于0.83～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-4产孢;而菌株FZ-3适合产孢的培养基水活度为0.95。菌株FZ-2分生孢子萌发的最适水活度为0.87～0.95。菌株FZ-2适合的生长温度为28～37℃,温度38℃时菌体生长速度下降,至40～45℃时菌丝停止生长;菌株FZ-3和FZ-4最适生长温度均为28℃。在20～37℃条件下菌株FZ-2均能产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃;菌株FZ-3在28～37℃范围内产生分生孢子;菌株FZ-4在20～37℃内产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃。菌株FZ-2分生孢子可以在较宽的温度范围内(20～40℃)萌发,最适温度为25～33℃。研究结果表明不同水活度-温度组合对菌株FZ-2菌丝生长和菌落形态产生显著的影响,与温度作用相比,水活度的影响更为明显。本研究证明了冠突散囊菌适合在干燥的茶叶中生长和繁殖,为解释其在茯砖茶加工过程中的优势地位提供理论依据,研究结果也将促进茶叶发酵菌剂的开发利用和砖茶的标准化生产。     

NaCl溶液对贵阳腐霉菌丝生长、孢子囊产生及灭蚊能力的影响

研究不同浓度NaCl溶液对贵阳腐霉菌丝生长、产孢能力及灭蚊能力的影响,探讨贵阳腐霉对NaCl溶液的耐受性,为其在含盐水体中控制蚊虫种群的应用提供理论依据。结果表明：低浓度NaCl溶液可以促进贵阳腐霉菌丝生长及孢子囊形成,高浓度NaCl溶液则抑制菌丝生长及孢子囊形成。于0.01%浓度NaCl溶液中培养24h菌丝生长速度最快,产孢子囊数量最多,与对照相比差异显著。随着NaCl浓度升高,菌丝及孢子囊形成均受影响。菌丝生长速度降低,孢子囊形成数量减少。在0.75% NaCl溶液中贵阳腐霉的菌丝生长严重受抑制,且产孢子囊能力为零。灭蚊实验表明,0.01% NaCl溶液中贵阳腐霉的灭蚊能力在72–96h时均比蒸馏水对照组强,但二者未有显著差异,120h蒸馏水对照组灭蚊能力均明显高于各浓度NaCl溶液处理组;蚊虫总感染率蒸馏水对照组均显著高于NaCl溶液处理组。     

水稻尾孢霉毒素

水稻尾孢霉(Cercospora oryzae)是水稻条叶枯病的致病菌。24个菌株用抑制稻种胚根生长生物测定法进行产毒筛选。大部分菌株培养滤液对胚根生长有抑制作用。6个菌株:I-16,I-26,I-28,I-38,I-42和I-49选为进一步试验的菌株。添加10％稻叶汁马铃薯蔗糖培养液适于菌株的生长和产毒。生长适宜的温度和pH范围分别是25°-30℃和pH 6—7,光线和通气可促进菌株生长,但温度、光线和通气对培养滤液的毒性无影响,pH6—7的培养滤液毒性最强。接种后3周的培养滤液表现强毒性。多数菌株生长高峰出现在第4周。对水稻尾孢霉毒素进行了初步鉴定。结果表明菌株都能产生红色色素和黄色物质,红色色素经薄层色谱,可见光谱分析和颜色反应证明与尾孢霉毒素相同。培养滤液和尾孢霉毒素提取物能抑制稻种和4种作物种子胚根生长,并能在损伤稻叶上引起褪绿和枯死。这一作用与稻秧的品种抗性和秧龄无关。     

影响米根霉产γ-亚麻酸的几种因素

利用气相色谱仪对根霉属的部分菌株进行脂肪酸成分分析,发现中华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)和匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)均能产生γ-亚麻酸,其中米根霉R316菌丝体中γ-亚麻酸的含量较高达11.47%,对R316的液体发酵产脂条件进行研究,发现液体摇瓶培养菌丝体的油脂含量可达53.24%,γ-亚麻酸的含量提高到20.12%。R316菌丝体生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖、最适氮源为蛋白胨、最适培养温度20℃。但γ-亚麻酸积累的最适碳源为甘油、最适氮源是尿素、最适温度15℃。同时发现逆境是高产多不饱和脂肪酸的关键。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.