大豆连作障碍研究I.大豆连作土壤紫青霉菌的毒素作用研究

研究分析了大豆连作、轮作土壤微生物区系,发现连作大豆根际土壤真菌富集,以其优势真菌回接大豆,紫青霉菌能强烈抑制大豆生长发育。在实验室条件下分离获得该菌产生的毒素粗结晶,５μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１水培液中即可观察到大豆根系受害,根毛很少生长;３０μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１水培液中大豆主根褐变严重,侧根几乎不再生长;２００μｇ·ｍｌ＾－１导致一些大豆品种幼苗在２周内死亡。这些结果表明,在连作大豆土壤中该菌的大量存在及其     

大豆连作障碍研究Ⅲ.海洋放线菌MB-97促进连作大豆增产机理

海洋放线菌MB-97能在重荐大豆根际成功定殖,对克服重荐大豆连作障碍具有显著作用,抑制大豆根际致害微生物（DRMO）紫青霉菌的生长繁殖达80%,减轻了土壤毒素的危害;防治因大豆连作而加重的土传真菌性病害如镰刀菌等引起的根腐病达50%以上,调节优化大豆根际土壤微生物区系。B/F值显著上升,使土壤由低肥力的“真菌型”向高肥力的“细菌型”转化;MB-97对大豆有生长刺激作用,田间试验结果平均增产大豆15.2%,表明海洋放线菌MB-97是一株优良的植物根际促生菌（PGPR）。     

大豆连作障碍研究 Ⅱ.大豆连作减产机理及对土壤紫青霉菌毒素的调控对策

研究分析了土壤紫青霉菌分泌毒素对连作大豆全生育过程的危害．结果表明,在大豆种子萌动期毒素致毒作用已经开始;在大豆幼苗期及分枝期,较高浓度毒素（×１０３倍稀释）使大豆完全不结瘤,极低浓度（×１０５倍稀释）仍然抑制４０％结瘤,致使重茬大豆光合固氮能力显著降低．而大豆残根、凋落物等通过刺激紫青霉菌的增长,造成对大豆进一步的危害．对连作大豆土壤紫青霉毒素的调控研究表明,使用土壤放线菌ＭＢ生物防治,可使重茬大豆增产８．４～１８．９％;使用海洋放线菌ＭＢ９７生物防治可使重茬大豆增产３０．５％．应用ＭＢ９７制剂对连作大豆全生育过程的防病、减毒控制的综合调控,可使重茬５年大豆田间微区试验折合大豆产量达到４５７５ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２．     

摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae对连作大豆分枝期根系AM真菌群落结构的影响

本文研究摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae对短期连作3个大豆品种分枝期根系AM真菌群落结构的影响,旨在探索不同大豆品种与AM真菌在连作土壤中的互作效应。通过向黑农44（HN44）、黑农48（HN48）和恳丰16（KF16）3个大豆品种盆栽土壤中接种F. mosseae,对接菌连作0年（未连作对照组）、连作1年、连作2年土壤中的大豆根系,采用Nested-Program Control Register-DGGE技术分析。结果表明,接种F. mosseae后,不同大豆品种根系AM真菌多样性指数和丰度值表现为连作2年的土壤>连作1年的土壤>未连作的土壤;其中,球囊霉属Glomus和F. mosseae为3个大豆品种根系中AM真菌的优势菌群。接种F. mosseae对连作1年、连作2年3个大豆品种根系AM真菌群落结构具有显著影响。     

大豆连作障碍研究 Ⅱ. 大豆连作减产机理及对土壤紫青霉菌毒素的调控对策

研究分析了土壤紫青霉菌分泌毒素对连作大豆全生育过程的危害。结果表明,在大豆种子萌动期毒素致毒作用已经开始; 在大豆幼苗期及分枝期,较高浓度毒素(×10³倍稀释)使大豆完全不结瘤,极低浓度(×10⁵倍稀释)仍然抑制40%结瘤,致使重茬大豆光合固氮能力显着降低。而大豆残根、凋落物等通过刺激紫青霉菌的增长,造成对大豆进一步的危害。对连作大豆土壤紫青霉毒素的调控研究表明,使用土壤放线菌MB生物防治,可使重茬大豆增产8.4～18.9%; 使用海洋放线菌MB-97生物防治可使重茬大豆增产30.5%. 应用MB97制剂对连作大豆全生育过程的防病、减毒控制的综合调控,可使重茬5年大豆田间微区试验折合大豆产量达到4575kg·hm^-2.     

长期连作对大豆根际土壤镰孢菌种群的影响

利用中国科学院海伦农业生态试验站大豆连作长期定位试验区,进行了大豆根际土壤镰孢菌分离鉴定及大豆根腐病致病力检测,结合核酸序列和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)的系统发育分析,研究了长期连作(20年)较短期连作(3年)对大豆根际土壤镰孢菌种群密度和结构、致病力及遗传多样性的影响.结果表明： 3年连作大豆根际土壤镰孢菌种群密度为6.0×10⁴ CFU·g^-1,且以强致病力的尖镰孢菌、禾谷镰孢菌、轮枝镰孢菌及中等致病力的腐皮镰孢菌为优势种;连作20年大豆根际土壤镰孢菌种群密度和优势菌的优势度均显著低于3年连作,其中尖镰孢菌、禾谷镰孢菌和腐皮镰孢菌的种群密度仅为3年连作的36%、32%和22%,没有分离到致病力最高的轮枝镰孢菌,而种群多样性和均匀度显著高于3年连作;仅分离自20年连作土壤的三线镰孢菌、砖红镰孢菌及燕麦镰孢菌均为非致病菌种,且与强致病力镰孢菌种在基于转录间隔区(ITS)和转录延长因子(EF-1α)序列的聚类分析中显示了系统进化亲缘关系的差异性.因此,大豆20年连作会导致根际土壤镰孢菌种群生长受抑制、使其种群结构和遗传多样性发生改变,同时降低大豆根腐病菌种群致病力.     

凤眼莲及其根际微生物共同代谢和协同降酚机理的研究

研究表明凤眼莲在苯酚浓度不超过１５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１的水体中,不但可以在体内富集酚,而且可以通过多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、酚糖苷等途径降解水体中的酚类化合物;其根际微生物可以通过ｍｅｔａ或ｏｒｔｈ途径降酚,起到共同降酚的作用．当两者结合构成生物系统,便会产生协同效应,其降酚效果可达９７．５％,大大超过两者分别降酚效果之和（含酚５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１的培养液中,１０ｈ内,无菌凤眼莲降酚仅为１．９％,假单胞菌Ｎｏ．５降酚３７．９％）．     

微生态系统中地衣芽孢杆菌消长的研究

采用不同接种培养方法,研究了地衣芽孢杆菌在微生态系统的消长状况．结果表明,在健康人体内该菌能迅速增殖,菌数为１．４９×１０８～１．８３×１０８个·ｇ－１,并能较长时间定植下来,３０ｄ后菌数为１．２７×１０７～１．５１×１０７个·ｇ－１．在病人体内增殖相对较慢些,菌数为１．４０×１０８～１．６７×１０８个·ｇ－１,３０ｄ后菌数为１．１５×１０７～１．３１×１０７个·ｇ－１．在人工模拟微生态系统中,当ｐＨ为５．０～９．０,营养物为食物匀浆培养基、牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基时,其菌数为３．０５×１０８、３．４２×１０８个·ｍｌ－１．     

连作对大豆根部土壤微生物的影响研究

研究了正茬与连作大豆根际及非根际土壤微生物区系的变化。结果表明,细菌总数占绝对优势,连作低于正茬。放线菌数量总体变化幅度不大,真菌数量有显著变化,连作明显高于正茬。连作使土壤pH、含水率和微生物主要生理类群数量明显下降,土壤肥力降低。无论细菌、放线菌和真菌,正茬及连作大豆根际微生物数量明显高于非根际。     

连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用

采用砂培,水培和室内培养等试验方法研究了连作大豆根分泌物对根腐病病原菌的化感作用。结果表明,与对照相比,连作和轮作大豆根分泌物对半镰孢菌,粉红粘帚功和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有明显的化感促进作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,低浓度时,连作大豆根分泌物对半裸镰孢菌和粉红粘帚菌生长的化感促进作用明显大于轮作大豆,差异达显著水平,同一茬口,高浓度根分泌物半裸镰孢菌生长的化感促进作用小于低浓度,而且在连作大豆中差异达显著水平。与对照相比,高浓度的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸（L5和B5）对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌尤其是对半裸镰孢菌的生长有化感抑制作用,差异达显著或极显著水平,而低浓诬的邻苯二甲酸和丙二酸对半裸镰孢菌,粉红粘帚菌和尖镰孢菌的生长有化感促进,部分差异达显著水平。     

Oviposition by Lobesia botrana is stimulated by sugars detected by contact chemoreceptors

Abstract.  The influence of glucose, fructose and sucrose on oviposition site selection by Lobesia botrana is studied by combining behavioural and electrophysiological experiments. Oviposition choice assays, using surrogate grapes treated with grape berry surface extracts of Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot at different development stages, show that L. botrana females are most stimulated by extracts of mature berries containing the highest concentrations of glucose and fructose. Choice assays reveal that the oviposition response to these sugars is dose-dependant (with a threshold of the applied solution = 10 m m and a maximum stimulation at 1  m ) and that females are more sensitive to fructose than to glucose. Tarsal contact-chemoreceptor sensilla are unresponsive to stimulation with sugars but the ovipositor sensilla contain at least one neurone most sensitive to fructose and sucrose with a threshold of approximately 0.5 m m . Corresponding to the behavioural data, glucose is significantly less stimulatory to sensilla than fructose or sucrose. It is argued that fructose may be of special importance for herbivorous insects exploiting fruit as an oviposition site.     

Log colonization by Ips sexdentatus prevented by increasing host unsuitability signaled by verbenone

Sudden increments of breeding material after windstorms, forest fires, or inappropriate management practices help bark beetles such as Ips sexdentatus Boerner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) increase in numbers and colonize standing healthy pine trees. Preventing bark beetles from arriving to susceptible trees or logs may have great relevance for bark beetle management. Recent studies have reported inhibition of the aggregation response of I. sexdentatus using verbenone. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of verbenone on the colonization pattern of this beetle. The first experiment tested the combined effect of trans‐conophthorin, a non‐host bark volatile with known repellent effect, and verbenone on Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) log piles of two sizes, but failed to protect them against I. sexdentatus attack when these two infochemicals were released at low rates. The results of this experiment suggested an interaction with the associated secondary bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston). A second experiment examined the response of I. sexdentatus and O. erosus to log piles that released verbenone at 0, 2, 10, or 40 mg day^?1. Although I. sexdentatus colonization of Pinus nigra Arnold logs was completely prevented at 40 mg day^?1, O. erosus could be found at all tested verbenone release rates. Besides verbenone, O. erosus colonization density and the height from which logs originated were the variables that best explained I. sexdentatus log colonization pattern. In addition, I. sexdentatus and O. erosus were rarely recorded colonizing the same log, and niche breadth analyses suggested that they excluded each other. The role of verbenone in the colonization process and its potential use in the prevention of population buildups of damaging bark beetles such as I. sexdentatus are discussed.     

Inch by inch, row by row

Bacterial chemotaxis systems have cooperatively interacting clusters of transmembrane receptors and signaling proteins to detect, amplify, integrate and adapt to environmental signals. A recent study provides experimental data to construct a new model of the signaling complex.     

Reactivation by copper of phenolase pre-inactivated by oxalate

The activity of spinach chloroplast phenolase which had been repressed by ammonium oxalate was restored by adding copper. Oxalate appears to bind to the enzyme at a single site, the binding paralleling the inhibition produced at neutral pH. The inhibition of oxalate is due to its binding with copper at the active centre to form an inactive complex, the oxalate moiety of which is releasable when more copper is added. Similar reactivation by copper was obtained with pure mushroom phenolase.     

Anthracenediethanol inhibits lignin degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium by competing for oxidation by lignin peroxidase,and not by trapping singlet oxygen

The biodegradation of anthracene-9, 10-diethanol by the ligninolytic fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, previously though to involve singlet oxygen, is shown to be catalyzed by lignin peroxidases. Veratryl alcohol stimulated the enzymatic degradation of anthracenediethanol, and anthracenediethanol inhibited enzymatic oxidation of veratryl alcohol. Competition for oxidation by lignin peroxidase is suggested as the mechanism of the inhibition of lignin biodegradation by anthracenediethanol and related anthracene derivatives.Abbreviations ADE anthracene-9,10-diethanol - AES anthracene-9,10-bisethanesulfonic acid - DHP dehydrogenative polymerizate - DMF N,N-dimethylformamide - EPX 9,10-endoperoxide of ADE - PMR proton magnetic resonance     

Separation by capillary electrophoresis followed by dynamic elution

In this study we have explored the behaviour of peptides after capillary electrophoresis (CE) followed by elution under pressure. The use of D2O- rather than H2O-based buffer solutions appears to restrict the diffusion of peptides after CE, resulting in little loss of resolution when peptides are eluted by dynamic flow. In this paper we present results showing that a simple two-step process, involving CE at a low voltage, switching off the power supply, and connecting the fused capillary at the anode end to a syringe pump for dynamic flow, can retain separation characteristics and can be used for the isolation of picomole quantities of peptides for sequence determination.     

Polarity induced by chloramphenicol and relief by suA

The suA allele, known to relieve polarity in Escherichia coli, also relieves a unique polar effect on E. coli tryptophan operon messenger RNA produced by chloramphenicol.     

Collagen phagocytosis by fibroblasts is regulated by decorin

Decorin is a small, leucine-rich proteoglycan that binds to collagen and regulates fibrillogenesis. We hypothesized that decorin binding to collagen inhibits phagocytosis of collagen fibrils. To determine the effects of decorin on collagen degradation, we analyzed phagocytosis of collagen and collagen/decorin-coated fluorescent beads by Rat-2 and gingival fibroblasts. Collagen beads bound to gingival cells by alpha2beta1 integrins. Binding and internalization of decorin/collagen-coated beads decreased dose-dependently with increasing decorin concentration (p < 0.001). Inhibition of binding was sustained over 5 h (p < 0.001) and was attributed to interactions between decorin and collagen and not to decorin-collagen receptor interactions. Both the non-glycosylated decorin core protein and the thermally denatured decorin significantly inhibited collagen bead binding (approximately 50 and 89%, respectively; p < 0.05). Mimetic peptides corresponding to leucine-rich repeats 1-3, encompassed by a collagen-binding approximately 11-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment of decorin and leucine-rich repeats 4 and 5, previously shown to bind to collagen, were tested for their ability to inhibit collagen bead binding. Although the synthetic peptide 3 alone exhibited saturable binding to collagen, neither peptides 3 nor 1 and 2 markedly inhibited phagocytosis. Leucine-rich repeat 3 bound to a triple helical peptide containing the alpha2 integrin-binding site of collagen. When collagen beads were co-incubated with peptides 3 and 4, inhibition of collagen phagocytosis (55%) was equivalent to intact native/recombinant core protein. Thus a novel collagen binding domain in decorin acts cooperatively with leucine-rich repeat 4 to mask the alpha2beta1 integrin-binding site on collagen, an important sequence for the phagocytosis of collagen fibrils.