水调节体温 体温调节水

地球上气温变化大,可由零下70℃变到零上60℃.生活在这个范围内的动物,无论是变温动物、异温动物还是恒温动物,都要进行体温调节,使体温维持在动物适应的范围内.体内的酶促反应都要求一定的温度环境,所以说,体温是机体生命活动的必要条件.     

水

海水、大气水、地下水以及陆地表面的冰盖、河流、湖泊一起构成了地球的水圈 ,共有水约１４多亿立方公里。其中海洋里的水占９７ ２１８% ,但因盐含量太高 ,不能直接用于人类的生活与生产 ;冰盖、冰雪等固体状态的水 ,主要分布在无人住居的南、北极区 ;包括河流、湖泊和地下水在内的水总量 ,才占地球水圈总量的０ ６３５% ,地下水中的深层部分矿化程度高 ,湖泊中又相当一部分也是碱水 ,均不易为人们所饮用。这样 ,实际上能为人类所饮用的淡水 ,就只是河水、淡水湖泊和浅层地下水 ,其总量仅仅是全球淡水储量的０ ３４ %。我国多年年平均水资…     

运用标记水测定动物水周转率

动物有机体不断与周围发生着水交换,而维持内环境的相对稳定是动物基本特征之一。因而研究动物水平衡状况成为生理生态学主要内容。虽然已积累相当多的资料,如测定肺皮失水量、尿浓度、肾脏指数等等,但绝大部分为实验室条件下的结果,实际应用受到限制。生态学家一直在寻找能够在自然状况下反映动物水代谢的示踪物,先后用作示踪物的有尿素、     

匈牙利水

可能许多人都知道这样一个故事，14世纪匈牙利王妃伊丽莎白在她72岁那年因为美貌而赢得邻国波兰77岁国王的爱，传说王妃用了一种神秘的水——匈牙利水，这种水不仅解除了她风湿病的痛苦，还使她的容貌焕发青春魅力。这个水的配方曾经一度被作为秘方，但很快便在民间流传，直至现在。匈牙利水的配方中实际使用了4种芳香植物，它的配方如下：切碎的迷迭香一匙勺、切碎的薄荷三勺、玫瑰水半杯、橙皮半张、酒两杯，腌制两周。     

水通道

水通道邱俭,陈宜张（第二军医大学生理学教研室,上海２００４３３）关键词水通道,水通道蛋白进出细胞的水转运对细胞稳态是重要的。水通过脂质双层的运动很慢,这是一个单纯扩散过程,活化能高（＞１０ｋｃａｌ／ｍｏｌ）,且对汞化合物不敏感。过去曾认为其他一些细胞...     

自由水、结合水和代谢水

自由水是指在生物体内或细胞内可以自由流动的水,是良好的溶剂和运输工具。如人和动物血液中含水83％,多为自由水,可把营养物质输送到各个细胞,又把细胞产生的代谢废物运到排泄器官。它的数量制约着细胞的代谢强度。如呼吸速度、光合速度、生长速度等。自由水占总含水量百分比越大则代谢越旺盛。结合水是指在细胞内与其它物质结合在一起的水。水是极性分子,氧侧带部分负电荷,氢侧带部分正电荷,因此水分子很容易与其他极性分子间形成氢键。如氨基、按基、羟基等均可与水结合,成为结合水。所有这些水不再能溶解其他物质,较难流动。如…     

镰羽水龙骨——水龙骨属一新种

镰羽水龙骨　新种　图1ＰｏｌｙｐｏｄｉｏｄｅｓｆａｌｃｉｐｉｎｎｕｌａＳ.Ｋ.ＷｕｅｔＪ.Ｍｕｒａｔａ,ｓｐ.ｎｏｖ.Ｆｉｇ.1ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｎｏｖａａｄｓｐｅｃｔｕａｒｃｔｅａｆｆｉｎｉｓＰ.ｗａｔｉｉ(Ｂｅｄｄ.)Ｃｈｉｎｇ,ｓｅｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｔｐｌａｎｔａｍａｊｏｒｅ,100～120ｃｍｌｏｎｇａ,ｐｅｎｄｕｌａ,ｒｈｉｚｏｍａｔｅｎｉｇｒｏ,ｇｌａｂｒｏ,ｎｏｎｐｒｕｉｎａｔｏ,ｆｒｏｎｄｉｂｕｓｕｔｒｉｎｑｕｅｉｎｄｕｍｅｎｔｉｓｆｕｒｆｕｒａｃｅｉｓｂｒｕｎｎｅｉｓｖｅｌｎｉｇｒｉｓ(ｎｅｃｐｉｌｏｓｉｓ),ａ…     

人体内的水

成人机体含有水分约占体重的三分之二,和地球表面海洋占有的面积比例相仿。有人称人体内也有一个大海洋。 (一) 人体含水量人体的含水量和下列几个因素有关: 1.年龄年龄增大,体内的含水量降低:胎儿为90％,新生儿80％,少年75％,成人只有65％,老年人下降到约50％。 2.机体组织人体的不同组织含水量相差很大:牙齿10％,骨骼25％,脂肪30％,肌肉72％,血液97％。 3.性别女性体内含水量一般大于男性。 (二) 水在体内的分布     

武夷之水

正以大熊猫、东北虎豹、亚洲象、藏羚羊等珍稀物种为代表,建立一批国家公园、国际观乌基地、世界珍稀野生动植物种源基地,开展自然保护和生态体验基础设施建设。实施极度濒危野生动物和极小种群野生植物拯救保护,改善和扩大栖息地,开展野外种群复壮。建设野生动植物救护繁育中心和基因库、执法查没野生动植物制品储存展示中心。开展国家级自然保护区生态本底调查,构建自然保护区和野生动植物监测、监管与评价预警系统。摘编自《林业发展"十三五"规划》     

The Ability of Aquatic Macrophytes to Assess Fish Farm Pollution in Two Salmon Rivers

The wastewater from freshwater fish farming is responsible for important water quality modifications in receiving ecosystems. These point source pollution cause local problems for the management of the freshwater environment, especially in salmon rivers. The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between plant communities and environmental factors in two rivers basins on which seven fish farms are located and to assess the relative part of water pollution compared to other environmental factors involved in water plant distribution. The disturbance due to fish farming wastewater increased both richness and diversity of aquatic plant communities and modified the distribution of 11 aquatic macrophytes. Nevertheless, the main factors involved in the aquatic plant distribution in the whole data set were not the location upstream or downstream from one point source pollution but the belonging to one river system and the habitat physical features. Relevant prediction of macrophytic communities is a useful tool for bioindication purposes but several groups of variables that manifest themselves at different spatial levels must be considered.     

中国的水污染与水短缺问题

1.水污染和水短缺是中国现在面临的最重要的两个环境问题。 2.中国的水污染是从70年代开始趋于严重的,河流、湖泊、海洋和地下水都已受到不同程度的污染。 3.从70年代初期,中国开始注意到环境问题,逐步建立和完善了管理机构和措施,在控制水污染的蔓延和加重方面起了重要作用。 4.乡镇企业造成了许多新的污染源。 5.水短缺及水供需矛盾在中国北方日趋严重,在众多的解决水短缺的措施中,废水再生回用是一种行之有效的途径。     

基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法与原则

对目前国内外较为常用的基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法及其设计原则进行了系统的评述 ,以促进其推广应用并提高其污染控制效果。还通过分析这些方法在我国的应用前景 ,强调了探索适合我国国情的景观格局优化方法对于控制非点源污染的重要意义。     

微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用

每年有大量来自工业、农业、养殖业和城市污水处理厂的废水被排入到水环境中, 因此, 地球上的水环境面临大量来自生活废水、工农业废水、非法排放的废水及其它废水的污染物质(如抗生素、杀虫剂、除草剂、烃等)的严重挑战, 特别是近年来随着集约化养殖的发展, 废水污染问题日益突出, 并且随着分析手段的进步, 能够检测到被排入水环境中的化学污染物质也越来越多, 这些化学污染物对水环境中的生物产生有害影响。但是, 微生物在污染控制上具有许多重要的作用。因此, 本文对微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用进行了评论。结果表明微生物主要是应用在水产养殖水中, 而在其它的水体系(如河、湖、海)的应用较少。     

微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用

每年有大量来自工业、农业、养殖业和城市污水处理厂的废水被排入到水环境中,因此,地球上的水环境面临大量来自生活废水、工农业废水、非法排放的废水及其它废水的污染物质(如抗生素、杀虫剂,除草剂、烃等)的严重挑战,特别是近年来随着集约化养殖的发展,废水污染问题日益突出,并且随着分析手段的进步,能够检测到被排入水环境中的化学污染物质也越来越多,这些化学污染物对水环境中的生物产生有害影响.但是,微生物在污染控制上具有许多重要的作用.因此,本文对微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用进行了评论.结果表明微生物主要是应用在水产养殖水中,而在其它的水体系(如河、湖、海)的应用较少.     

微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用（英文稿）

每年有大量来自工业、农业、养殖业和城市污水处理厂的废水被排入到水环境中, 因此, 地球上的水环境面临大量来自生活废水、工农业废水、非法排放的废水及其它废水的污染物质(如抗生素、杀虫剂、除草剂、烃等)的严重挑战, 特别是近年来随着集约化养殖的发展, 废水污染问题日益突出, 并且随着分析手段的进步, 能够检测到被排入水环境中的化学污染物质也越来越多, 这些化学污染物对水环境中的生物产生有害影响。但是, 微生物在污染控制上具有许多重要的作用。因此, 本文对微生物在水环境污染物降解中的应用进行了评论。结果表明微生物主要是应用在水产养殖水中, 而在其它的水体系(如河、湖、海)的应用较少。     

Distinctive invertebrate assemblages in rockface seepages enhance lotic biodiversity in northern New Zealand

We measured water quality, recorded physical habitat characteristics and collected aquatic invertebrates from 17 rockface seeps, five springs and five streams in a geologically diverse region of New Zealand's North Island to investigate factors influencing invertebrate distribution and community composition within and among these habitats. A total of 147 aquatic invertebrate taxa was found; 84 taxa occurred in seepage samples and 53% of these were found only in those habitats, including several new species. Where paired stream-seepage comparisons could be made, seeps contributed on average 35% of new species to the total species pool. The invertebrate faunas of all habitats were dominated taxonomically by Trichoptera and Diptera, but seepages were relatively depauperate in Ephemeroptera and richer in Coleoptera taxa compared to streams and springs. Seepage faunas were dominated numerically by Mollusca, and had lower percent abundance of aquatic insects (23% overall) compared to springs (77%) and streams (93%). Seepages underlain by different geologies generally had distinct water quality signatures, with seeps draining greywacke, sandstone and volcanic rocks grouping close to their receiving streams in a Principal Component Analysis. Seepage invertebrate community composition reflected underlying geology and associated differences in water chemistry, as well as seepage size and cover by moss. Incorporation of seepage habitats into conservation planning and aquatic ecosystem protection, and maintenance of their function and connectivity with lotic and groundwater ecosystems are important considerations for freshwater biodiversity management. Maintenance of riparian plant cover over seepages should help sustain supplies of organic matter, moss cover and shade, providing habitat complexity and low water temperatures.     

Biogeography and conservation of aquatic fauna in spring-fed tropical canyons of the southern Sonoran Desert,Mexico

In arid regions, spring-fed habitats are frequently the only year-round source of surface water and are essential habitats for aquatic organisms and primary water sources for terrestrial animals and human settlements. While these habitats have been relatively well-studied in some regions, those of the southern Sonoran Desert have received little attention. In 2008 and 2009, we documented the biodiversity of aquatic animals at 19 sites across three arid mountain ranges in Sonora, Mexico, characterized macrohabitat types, examined seasonal variation in aquatic invertebrate communities, and explored the effects of an exotic fish (tilapia) on native communities. We documented >220 aquatic animal species, including several new species and range extensions for others. Macrohabitat type (oasis, tinaja, riffle, and seep) was more important than geographic location in structuring aquatic invertebrate communities at the scale of our study area (~9,000 km²). We found little evidence of predictable seasonal variation in invertebrate communities, despite dramatic hurricane-induced flooding. Aquatic vertebrates were not diverse across the study region (4 amphibian species and 2 species each of fishes and reptiles), but were often locally abundant. Presence of non-native tilapia at one site was associated with reduced abundances of native leopard frogs and reduced richness and density of native aquatic invertebrates. The most pressing aquatic habitat conservation concerns in the region, as in other deserts, are groundwater withdrawal, unmanaged recreational visitation, and the introduction of exotic species. Spring-fed habitats around the world have been called hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, and those of the Sonoran Desert are no exception.     

Integrative freshwater ecology and biodiversity conservation

Freshwater ecosystems provide goods and services of critical importance to human societies, yet they are among the most heavily altered ecosystems with an overproportional loss of biodiversity. Major threats to freshwater biodiversity include overexploitation, water pollution, fragmentation, destruction or degradation of habitat, and invasions by non-native species. Alterations of natural flow regimes by man-made dams, land-use changes, river impoundments, and water abstraction often have profound impacts on lotic communities. An understanding of the functional interactions and processes in freshwater ecosystems presents a major challenge for scientists, but is crucial for effective and sustainable restoration. Most conservation approaches to date have considered single species or single level strategies. In contrast, the concept of ‘Integrative Freshwater Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation’ (IFEBC) proposed herein addresses the interactions between abiotic and biotic factors on different levels of organization qualitatively and quantitatively. It consequently results in a more holistic understanding of biodiversity functioning and management. Core questions include modeling of the processes in aquatic key habitats and their functionality based on the identification and quantification of factors which control the spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity and productivity in aquatic ecosystems. The context and importance of research into IFEBC is illustrated using case studies from three major areas of research: (i) aquatic habitat quality and restoration ecology, (ii) the genetic and evolutionary potential of aquatic species, and (iii) the detection of stress and toxic effects in aquatic ecosystems using biomarkers. In conclusion, our understanding of the functioning of aquatic ecosystems and conservation management can greatly benefit from the methodological combination of molecular and ecological tools.