镇江革螨采集及江苏省新记录,并描述三种若螨(蜱螨亚纲)

20 0 1年 6月 2 1日至 2 0 0 2年 5月 30日 ,在镇江口岸长江以南 6 0公里岸线的各种生境中 ,对小型哺乳动物寄生革螨进行了调查 ,调查生境为芦苇边、山坡灌丛、草地、生活区食堂和仓库。共采到革螨 1 5种 ,其中江苏省新记录 9种。在所查到的文献中 ,仅《中国经济昆虫志》第 4 0册 (邓国藩等 ,1 993)对纳氏厉螨LaelapsnuttalliHirst后若螨有简单描述 ,无图。对格氏血厉螨Haemolaelapsglasgowi(Ewing)后若螨及前若螨和赫刺螨HirstionyssussunciWang前若螨没有记载。今根据江苏标本 ,对这三种螨的若螨进行描述并绘图 ,以供今后鉴定参考…     

丹东革螨采集记录（Ⅰ）及单角新革螨前若螨和幼螨描述（蜱螨亚纲）

本文记录1995年在丹东市土壤中采到的革螨4种。并对单角新革螨的前若螨及幼螨进行了描述。第二作者业余采集一些革螨,寄给第一作者鉴定,共有4种,记录如下。标本为1995年采自辽宁省丹东市的土壤中。其中单角新革螨Neogamasus unicornutus(Ewing,1909)采到全部发育阶段,     

宁夏及相邻省中气门螨调查报告(蜱螨亚纲)(3)

在宁夏及相邻省采到中气门螨66种,其中宁夏及相邻省新记录9种.     

新疆植绥螨三新种(蜱螨目:植绥螨科)

本文报道1980—1985年间,在新疆维吾尔族自治区天敌资源调查中采到的一批植绥螨标本,经鉴定有三个新种,其中钝绥螨属二种,盲走螨属一种。文内测量长度单位为μm,模式标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。     

武汉革螨的新纪录及亲缘寄螨前若螨描述（蜱螨亚纲：革螨亚目：寄螨科）

记录在武汉采到的富生寄螨、亲缘寄螨和1种未定的厚厉螨,并描述亲缘寄螨前若螨。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域土壤螨类群落多样性

为探究玛纳斯河流域不同生境土壤螨类群落多样性及其时空特征,采用野外采样和改进的Tullgren法采集土壤螨类进行分类鉴定及比较分析。结果,共采集土壤螨类33208只,隶属4亚目86科140属。其中Ceratozetes和Oribatula为优势类群。不同垂直带生境土壤螨类个体数量和类群数量之间差异显著(P0.05),个体数依次为ⅥⅪⅧⅨⅠⅩⅦⅣⅤⅡⅢⅫ。垂直分布表明不同土层间的个体数差异极显著(P0.01),土壤螨类主要集中分布于表层土壤。不同生境土壤螨类在不同季节均有显著差异(P0.05),个体数依次为9月4月7月11月。在12种不同生境之间土壤螨类群落多样性指标均有显著差异(P0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为ⅠⅤⅣⅥⅢⅩⅡⅨⅧⅦⅪⅫ,而Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为ⅠⅥⅢⅩⅪⅧⅤⅣⅦⅡⅨⅫ。不同生境土壤螨类群落间的相似性处于中等不相似。结果表明研究流域不同垂直带生境土壤螨类群落多样性具有明显的生境和季节变化特征。     

拟波士螨属一新种及我国一新纪录(蜱螨目:巨须螨科)

拟波士螨属Pseudobonzia隶于巨须螨科Cunaxidae。1975年Smilcy建立该属,至今全世界已发现9种,但国内未有报道。1981年,我们从土壤中采到一批标本,经整理研究,发现其中有拟波士螨属的两个种,其中一个是新种,另一个系我国新纪录,兹记述如下:     

淮南地区粉螨群落结构及其多样性

在淮南地区仓储、人居、工作、野外4类生境中采集粉螨样本,行分离、镜检,共检获粉螨3 650头,隶属于7科20属,共32种。结果表明,其物种数S、丰富度指数R、多样性指数H′排序均为仓储环境>野外环境>人居环境>工作环境,野外环境中粉螨群落的均匀度指数最大,工作环境中粉螨的优势度指数最大。工作和野外环境的群落相似性指数最低,达到极度不相似水平。结果表明,粉螨群落的结构及多样性与其生境条件直接相关,人类活动是较为重要的影响因素。     

青藏高原北部革螨—新种和—未知雄螨描述(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目, 寄螨科)

在青藏高原北部曾采到寄螨科Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901革索螨属GamasodesOudemans, 1939许多螨,经鉴定认为是一新种,今在本文中记述。另外,采到的巨齿毛血革螨Haemogamasus macrodentilis Piao et Ma,1980,过去仅描述雌螨,今描述其雄螨。文中测量单位为μm,括号内数字为平均值。     

中国华皱皮螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲:粉螨科)

记述从白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis上采到的华皱皮螨属一新种：缙云华皱皮螨Sinosuida sia jinyunensis sp.nov.，文中测量单位均为μm。     

Mesostigmatid Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) on Rainforest Tree Trunks: Arboreal Specialists, but Substrate Generalists?

Predatory mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) on tree trunks without significant epiphytic growth in a subtropical rainforest in Eastern Australia were assessed for habitat specificity (i.e. whether they are tree trunk specialists or occupying other habitats) and the influence of host tree and bark structure on their abundance, species richness and species composition. The trunks of nine tree species from eight plant families representing smooth, intermediate and rough bark textures were sampled using a knockdown insecticide spray. In total, 12 species or morphospecies of Mesostigmata (excluding Uropodina sensu stricto) were collected, most of which are undescribed. Comparison with collections from other habitats indicates that epicorticolous Mesostigmata are mainly represented by suspended soil dwellers (six species), secondarily by generalists (four species) and a bark specialist (one species). A typical ground-dwelling species was also found but was represented only by a single individual. In terms of abundance, 50.5% of individuals were suspended soil dwellers, 40.7% bark specialists, and 8.3% generalists. Host species and bark roughness had no significant effect on abundance or species richness. Furthermore, there was no clear effect on species composition. The distribution of the most frequently encountered species suggests that most mesostigmatid mites living on bark use many or most rainforest tree species, independent of bark roughness. These findings support the hypothesis that some epicorticolous Mesostigmata use tree trunks as ‘highways’ for dispersing between habitat patches, while others use it as a permanent habitat.     

Contrasting patterns in the invasions of European terrestrial and freshwater habitats by alien plants,insects and vertebrates

Aim To provide the first comparative overview on the current numbers of alien species that invade representative European terrestrial and freshwater habitats for a range of taxonomic groups. Location Europe. Methods Numbers of naturalized alien species of plants, insects, herptiles, birds and mammals occurring in 10 habitats defined according to the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) were obtained from 115 regional data sets. Only species introduced after ad 1500 were considered. Data were analysed by ANCOVA and regression trees to assess whether differences exist among taxonomic groups in terms of their habitat affinity, and whether the pattern of occurrence of alien species in European habitats interacts with macroecological factors such as insularity, latitude or area. Results The highest numbers of alien plant and insect species were found in human‐made, urban or cultivated habitats; if controlled for habitat area in the region, wetland and riparian habitats appeared to support relatively high numbers of alien plant species too. Invasions by vertebrates were more evenly distributed among habitats, with aquatic and riparian, woodland and cultivated land most invaded. Mires, bogs and fens, grassland, heathland and scrub were generally less invaded. Habitat and taxonomic group explained most variation in the proportions of alien species occurring in individual habitats related to the total number of alien species in a region, and the basic pattern determined by these factors was fine‐tuned by geographical variables, namely by the mainland–island contrast and latitude, and differed among taxonomic groups. Main conclusions There are two ecologically distinct groups of alien species (plants and insects versus vertebrates) with strikingly different habitat affinities. Invasions by these two contrasting groups are complementary in terms of habitat use, which makes an overall assessment of habitat invasions in Europe possible. Since numbers of naturalized species in habitats are correlated among taxa within these two groups, the data collected for one group of vertebrates, for example, could be used to estimate the habitat‐specific numbers of alien species for other vertebrate groups with reasonable precision, and the same holds true for insects and plants.     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

Habitat selection and grouping of beetles (Coleoptera)

Beetles were collected by pitfall trapping for a two-year period in seven adjacent habitats in an upland site in North Wales. Positive correlations were demonstrated between number of beetle species and number and diversity of plant species. Similar correlations were shown between beetle numbers and plant species. However, only 15% of the beetle species were herbivores requiring host plants. The degree of habitat selection by individual beetle species was demonstrated, ranging from habitat specialist, being found in one habitat, lo habitat generalist, being found in most habitats. Herbivores were significantly more habitat specialist than predators or scavengers. The grouping of beetles, demonstrated by ordination analysis, was similar to, but less precise than, the grouping of plant species. The beetle groups reflect habitat selection preferences by individual species rather than a functional relationship between beetle species. They provide an example of the centrifugal structure of habitat selection theory.     

Communities of ground-living spiders in six habitats on a mountain in Quebec, Canada

Ground-living spiders were studied, using pitfall traps, in six habitats between 580 and 960 m (deciduous forest, fir forest, forest-line and three alpine mountain top sites) on Mont du Lac des Cygnes. Altogether 88 species of spiders were found during the study summer (June-mid-September 1985), of which 51 belonged to Linyphiidae (s. lat.), 9 to Lycosidae and 8 to Gnaphosidae. The highest species number and diversity were found in the forest-line habitat, the highest individual number on the main summit and the lowest in deciduous forest, the lowest site. Lycosidae and Gnaphosidae species and individuals characterized the alpine habitats. Linyphiidae (especially Linyphiinae) the forested sites and Amaurobiidae and Agelenidae the deciduous forest site. Erigoninae occurred commonly at all sites; their individual numbers were very high at coniferous forest sites. The dominant species in all three alpine habitats was Pardosa concinna , on the forest-line Hybocoptus gibbosus , in balsam fir forest Sisicottus montanus and in deciduous forest Amaurobius borealis . The material included several (sub)arctic-alpine species.     

Habitat Use by Fishes in Coral Reefs,Seagrass Beds and Mangrove Habitats in the Philippines

Understanding the interconnectivity of organisms among different habitats is a key requirement for generating effective management plans in coastal ecosystems, particularly when determining component habitat structures in marine protected areas. To elucidate the patterns of habitat use by fishes among coral, seagrass, and mangrove habitats, and between natural and transplanted mangroves, visual censuses were conducted semiannually at two sites in the Philippines during September and March 2010–2012. In total, 265 species and 15,930 individuals were recorded. Species richness and abundance of fishes were significantly higher in coral reefs (234 species, 12,306 individuals) than in seagrass (38 species, 1,198 individuals) and mangrove (47 species, 2,426 individuals) habitats. Similarity tests revealed a highly significant difference among the three habitats. Fishes exhibited two different strategies for habitat use, inhabiting either a single (85.6% of recorded species) or several habitats (14.4%). Some fish that utilized multiple habitats, such as Lutjanus monostigma and Parupeneus barberinus, showed possible ontogenetic habitat shifts from mangroves and/or seagrass habitats to coral reefs. Moreover, over 20% of commercial fish species used multiple habitats, highlighting the importance of including different habitat types within marine protected areas to achieve efficient and effective resource management. Neither species richness nor abundance of fishes significantly differed between natural and transplanted mangroves. In addition, 14 fish species were recorded in a 20-year-old transplanted mangrove area, and over 90% of these species used multiple habitats, further demonstrating the key role of transplanted mangroves as a reef fish habitat in this region.     

Habitat use,abundance, and persistence of Neotropical migrant birds in a habitat matrix in northeast Belize

ABSTRACT To ensure adequate protection of nonbreeding habitats used by Neotropical migratory landbirds, we must first address questions about habitat use and quality. On the Yucatan peninsula, migrants use many habitats, several of which remain unstudied, and methodological differences preclude interhabitat comparisons based on studies to date. We used distance sampling along line transects in six habitats in northeast Belize to examine use of previously unstudied habitats (e.g., salt marsh) by Neotropical migrants and to permit comparison across habitats. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted (for detectability) density estimates for individual migrant species and for all species combined to generate hypotheses about habitat quality based on the assumption that density and quality are positively correlated. Adjusted density estimates for all migrants were highest in black mangrove habitat (1799 ± 110 ind/km²), intermediate in three forest types and milpa (range 598–802 ind/km²), and lowest in salt marsh (207 ± 32.3 ind/km²). By combining density estimates with habitat availability in our study region, we estimated that evergreen forest and black mangrove supported 70% and 9% of the region's migrant population, respectively. At the species level, five of the 10 most common species had habitat preferences (>50% detections in one habitat). Given the diversity of habitat preferences among species and apparent seasonal movements, our results indicate that Neotropical migrants in northeast Belize are dependent on a matrix of interconnected habitats.     

Species Turnover and Vertical Partitioning of Ant Assemblages in the Brazilian Amazon: A Comparison of Forests and Savannas1

We measured beta diversity, or turnover in species composition, of ant assemblages inhabiting patches of forest and savanna (cerrado) near Alter do Chão, in the Brazilian Amazon. In addition, we assessed vertical partitioning of these assemblages by comparing the ground and lower vegetation strata within each habitat. Ants attracted to sardine baits were collected along transects in 39 savanna and 34 forest sites scattered over a 16 km × 16 km landscape. There were about twice as many species in the forest as in the savanna, and within both habitats, we collected more species on the ground than in the vegetation. Similar results were obtained when analyzing data at the level of individual transects, indicating that ant species richness is affected by both habitat and strata. About two‐thirds of the species recorded in the savanna were also found in the forest. Within both habitats, a large proportion of the species found in the least species‐rich stratum (vegetation) were also found in the richer one (ground). However, ordination analysis, using data from individual transects, revealed that different habitats and strata can be clearly discriminated from each other in terms of their ant species composition. Each habitat and stratum had a number of characteristic (indicator) species which, although generally not exclusive to that particular habitat and stratum, predominated there. Our findings indicate that habitat and strata specialization is an important factor governing the organization of ant communities in Amazonia.     

Diversity and Biotic Homogenization of Urban Land-Snail Faunas in Relation to Habitat Types and Macroclimate in 32 Central European Cities

The effects of non-native species invasions on community diversity and biotic homogenization have been described for various taxa in urban environments, but not for land snails. Here we relate the diversity of native and non-native land-snail urban faunas to urban habitat types and macroclimate, and analyse homogenization effects of non-native species across cities and within the main urban habitat types. Land-snail species were recorded in seven 1-ha plots in 32 cities of ten countries of Central Europe and Benelux (224 plots in total). Each plot represented one urban habitat type characterized by different management and a specific disturbance regime. For each plot, we obtained January, July and mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Snail species were classified into either native or non-native. The effects of habitat type and macroclimate on the number of native and non-native species were analysed using generalized estimating equations; the homogenization effect of non-native species based on the Jaccard similarity index and homogenization index. We recorded 67 native and 20 non-native species. Besides being more numerous, native species also had much higher beta diversity than non-natives. There were significant differences between the studied habitat types in the numbers of native and non-native species, both of which decreased from less to heavily urbanized habitats. Macroclimate was more important for the number of non-native than native species; however in both cases the effect of climate on diversity was overridden by the effect of urban habitat type. This is the first study on urban land snails documenting that non-native land-snail species significantly contribute to homogenization among whole cities, but both the homogenization and diversification effects occur when individual habitat types are compared among cities. This indicates that the spread of non-native snail species may cause biotic homogenization, but it depends on scale and habitat type.     

Habitat occurrence and prey distribution of a multi-species community of shrews in the Siberian taiga

The habitat occurrence and invertebrate prey distribution of nine species of shrew in the mid-taiga of central Siberia were investigated. Species richness ranged from 4–9 shrews per habitat. Sorex araneus and S. caecutiens were numerically dominant in all seven habitats (44 and 36% of the total catch, respectively) while Sorex minutus, S. tundrensis, S. isodon , and S. roboratus each constituted 4–6% and Sorex minutissimus, S. daphaenodon , and Neomys fodiens were rare (< 1% each). There was no overall correlation between abundance of shrews and invertebrate prey, but flood-plain habitats supported the greatest abundance and species richness of shrews, and high density and biomass of prey. Oligochaete-eating shrews were twice as numerous here as in other habitats, coincident with high abundance of oligochaetes. The large, earthworm-feeding Sorex roboratus occurred only here. The more acid, typical taiga habitats had lower adundance and species richness of shrews. They had the lowest density and biomass of prey, particularly oligochaetes, and far fewer oligochaete-eating shrews. The relative paucity of shrews in bush-meadow habitats, despite abundant prey, implied that habitat structure influences shrew distribution. Differential numbers of certain species in the presence or absence of larger congeners also suggested that interspecific competitive effects influence habitat selection by shrews. The high species richness of shrews here in the mid-taiga may be accounted for by the heterogeneous nature of the constituent habitats which provide niches for small and large species of shrew with a range of feeding habits.