低温对不同耐寒力的黄瓜(Cucumic sativus)幼苗子叶各细胞器中超氧物歧化酶(SOD)的影响

黄瓜幼苗子叶SOD活性在细胞内的分布是细胞溶质部份最高(占总活性的85％左右),其次是线粒体(占10％)和叶绿体(约4％)。各细胞器的SOD同工酶酶谱均为三条同工酶活性带,迁移率较慢的一条是Mn-SOD同工酶,迁移率较快的二条为CuZn-SOD同工酶。各细胞器的SOD对低温的敏感程度不同,依次为:叶绿体>线粒体>细胞溶质部份。叶绿体和线粒体周工酶酶谱的CuZn-SOD活性带,随着处理温度的降低而减弱或接近消失。随着温度的降低,黄瓜幼苗子叶SOD活性的下降和电解质泄漏增加,幼苗逐渐呈现出伤害症状,而SOD活性的显著下降却比细胞电解质大量泄漏的出现要早。耐寒力不同的两个品种在SOD活性及电解质泄漏的变化上有差异。     

超氧物歧化酶在植物细胞内的分布

大豆幼苗下胚轴的SOD活性主要存在于细胞溶质,约占细胞内总活性的87.3％,其次分布在线粒体,约占总活性的6.8～7.2％。细胞溶质的SOD以Cu-Zn-SOD(SODb_1b_2b_2)类型为主,它在细胞溶质中约占86％。线粒体的SOD主要是Mn-SOD(SOD_a)类型,它在线粒体中约占74～76％。大豆幼苗下胚轴的SOD同工酶活性,SOD_a(Mn-SOD)约占13％,SODb_1b_2b_2(Cu-Zn-SOD)约占77％,SODc_1c_2c_2(Cu-Sn-SOD)约占10％,表明大豆幼苗下胚轴的三组同工酶以SODb_1b_1b_2为最强。比较绿色与黄化花生幼苗子叶SODc_1c_2c_2的差异,证明SODc_1c_2c_2的形成与光照下叶绿体的正常发育有关。     

低温对不同耐寒力的黄瓜幼苗子叶的各细胞器中NAD~+-苹果酸脱氢酶的影响

NAD~+-MDH在黄瓜子叶中的定位是细胞溶质中占总活性的55～59％,线粒体为38～35％,叶绿体为7％。其同工酶谱亦为细胞溶质中带数最多,全青为5条,粤早3号为4条,线粒体和叶绿体均为1条,品种间无明显差异。黄瓜幼苗随低温胁迫的加剧,伤害逐步加重,子叶电解质渗出率明显增加,NAD~+-MDH活性亦不断下降,其中叶绿体的NAD~+-MDH对低温最敏感,1±1℃处理就能反映品种间耐寒力的差异。叶绿体和线粒体的NAD~+-MDH同工酶对低温的反应与活性变化一致,谱带数没有差异,只是活性降低。细胞溶质部分酶带较多,各条酶带对低温的反应不同。     

低温胁迫对两种圆柏属植物亚细胞抗氧化酶活性的影响

以祁连圆柏和圆柏幼苗为材料,研究不同处理时间下低温胁迫对圆柏属植物叶片亚细胞抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨其在圆柏属植物叶片中的亚细胞定位。结果表明：低温胁迫下,丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化酶活性随时间变化均呈先升后降趋势,祁连圆柏中抗氧化酶的种类比圆柏的多且活性强,而 MDA 含量低于圆柏,表明祁连圆柏在低温胁迫下具有更广泛的适应性。此外,两种圆柏植物叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)定位为叶绿体＞细胞溶质＞线粒体,过氧化氢酶(CAT)定位为线粒体＞叶绿体＞细胞溶质,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)定位为线粒体＞细胞溶质＞叶绿体,祁连圆柏过氧化物酶(POD)定位为细胞溶质＞叶绿体＞线粒体,圆柏POD定位为细胞溶质＞线粒体＞叶绿体,且抗氧化酶SOD、APX和 GR在亚细胞中分布差异达到极显著,这说明抗氧化酶在其中一种亚细胞中发挥主要作用,为克隆亚细胞组分中的抗氧化酶基因提供了理论依据。     

小麦和花生叶细胞内超氧物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的特性和分布

用等电聚焦凝胶电泳方法对小麦、花生叶内超氧物歧化酶同工酶进行了研究,在栽培小麦叶中发现4条 SOD 同工酶谱带。证明位于图谱下方迁移率最大的强单带是叶绿体 SOD,其它3个可能是细胞质 SOD。对野生花生和栽培花生的比较研究结果表明,前者叶中包含3类不同的谱带(文中 A、B 和 C 带)。A 带及 B 带对氰化物敏感,是 Cu-Zn-SOD,C 带不敏感,可能是线粒体 Mn-SOD。栽培花生叶内 SOD 大部集中在叶绿体中,主要是 Cu-Zn-SOD。本文测定了各谱带的 PI 值,并就两类花生叶中 SOD 的不同特性和分布可能对其生物保护功能的影响作了讨论。     

大豆和花生种子超氧物歧化酶的同工酶研究

大豆种子超氧物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶谱带有7～8条,花生有5条,它们当中电泳迁移率最低的一条属于Mn-SOD,其余的都是Cu-Zn-SOD。 Mn-SOD在pH 3和pH 12时,很快丧失催化活性,而Cu-Zn-SOD能在一定时间内保持催化活力。经纯化的SOD同工酶的催化活性对pH的改变更为敏感。 酶液在存放过程和高温处理时,Cu-Zn-SOD的催化活性比Mn-SOD有较好稳定性。 在变性剂SDS作用下,Cu-Zn-SOD能保持催化活性而Mn-SOD活力丧失;相比之下,β-巯基乙醇使Cu-Zn-SOD失活而Mn-SOD仍有部分活力。8M脲存在时,SOD活力普遍下降,但Cu-Zn-SOD比Mn-SOD下降更厉害。SOD和β-巯基乙醇同时存在时,全部SOD同工酶完全失活。     

H_2O_2预处理及高温胁迫下杜鹃叶片活性氧及抗氧化酶亚细胞定位分析

为明确H_2O_2在杜鹃耐热性形成中的作用机制以及高温胁迫下杜鹃活性氧清除系统的亚细胞分布,该研究以3个耐热性不同的杜鹃品种为实验材料,进行H_2O_2预处理后再进行高温胁迫,分析叶绿体、线粒体和细胞溶质等亚细胞组分中活性氧产生和清除系统的变化。结果表明:(1)‘胭脂蜜’、‘红月’、‘红珊瑚’分别为耐热、较耐热和热敏感品种。(2)高温胁迫下,3个杜鹃品种H_2O_2含量的亚细胞分布为细胞溶质叶绿体线粒体,各亚细胞组分中超氧阴离子自由基■产生速率差异不显著;3个杜鹃品种均以细胞溶质中的丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,且热敏感杜鹃‘红月’和‘红珊瑚’中MDA亚细胞分布与H_2O_2相一致,但‘胭脂蜜’线粒体中MDA含量高于叶绿体。(3)高温胁迫下,‘胭脂蜜’和‘红珊瑚’亚细胞组分超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性排序为细胞溶质叶绿体线粒体,‘红月’相应排序为细胞溶质线粒体叶绿体;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在‘胭脂蜜’和‘红月’亚细胞组分中的排序相同,线粒体中CAT活性高于细胞溶质和叶绿体,而在‘红珊瑚’中叶绿体CAT活性最高。(4)H_2O_2预处理可以通过增强耐热杜鹃的抗氧化防御能力,减轻杜鹃幼苗的过氧化损伤,尤其是对耐热性较差的杜鹃品种效果显著。研究发现,杜鹃叶片MDA、活性氧、抗氧化酶活性的亚细胞分布在高温胁迫下存在品种差异,MDA亚细胞分布与活性氧的分布并不完全一致,热敏感杜鹃‘红月’和‘红珊瑚’叶绿体所受的过氧化损伤程度高于耐热品种‘胭脂蜜’;高温胁迫下,H_2O_2预处理对不同杜鹃品种各亚细胞器的活性氧和抗氧化酶的影响程度也表现出品种间差异。     

GB对低温胁迫黄瓜叶绿体及SOD、POD同工酶的影响

采用电镜观察和聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳法,研究了GB对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿体超微结构和SOD、POD同工酶的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫下,GB可使黄瓜幼苗叶绿体膜结构保持完好,而对照的叶绿体基粒破坏严重;与对照相比,GB处理对SOD、POD同工酶谱带数目均无影响,但POD同工酶的P2(Rf0．24)、P3(Rf0．30)、P4(Rf0．36)酶带的活性增加,SOD同工酶的S1(Rf0．14)、S5(Rf0．58)酶带活性较高,保持了黄瓜幼苗体内相对较高的抗氧化酶活性。GB可保护膜的完整性和稳定性,从而提高黄瓜幼苗的抗冷性。     

不同进化类型大豆种子超氧物歧化酶的比较

本文对不同进化类型大豆种子超氧物歧化酶(SOD)进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)供试三种进化类型大豆种子的 SOD 同工酶酶谱一致,均为7条,其中一条为 Ma-SOD,其余6条为 Cu-Zn-SOD。(2)SOD 活性表现为:野生类型明显高于中间类型,中间类型明显高于栽培类型。(3)随着大豆籽粒百粒重的增大,种胚的 SOD 活性降低。(4)种皮颜色由黑到黄,种皮的 SOD 活性降低。讨论了大豆种子 SOD 活性与 Sofa 亚属内大豆进化的关系。     

野生种花生叶片内超氧物歧化酶及其抗paraquat特性

对几种野生花生和栽培花生叶内的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)特性作了比较研究,发现野生种有较高的SOD木平。当用除莠剂paraquat处理两类花生的叶片时,野生种也表现出较强的耐受力。Paraquat处理导致两类花生叶内SOD水平的下降,但野生种内下降的幅度要比栽培种中小得多。用等电聚焦凝胶电泳分析叶中的SOD同工酶后发现,paraquat主要破坏叶绿体SOD(栽培花生叶内SOD活性的主要成分),而对野生花生叶细胞内所含的细胞质SOD及线粒体SOD却没有明显影响,因而野生种花生的抗paraquat特性不仅由于其SOD水平较高,而且也取决于SOD同工酶亚细胞分布的特点。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.