青海蚕豆根瘤菌共生固氮效应的研究

蚕豆根瘤菌属于快生型根瘤菌 ,2 4h形成菌落。在盆栽试验中 ,蚕豆根瘤菌Qx -2与蚕豆具有良好共生效应 ,其株高、茎叶干重及含氮量 ,株瘤数 ,根瘤重量以及固氮酶活性等 ,均明显高于不接种对照 ,固氮率提高 69.4 9%。接种根瘤菌是提高蚕豆共生固氮效应的技术措施。     

两种保鲜处理对黄果柑低温贮藏期间香气成分动态变化的影响

为研究不同保鲜处理对黄果柑果实在低温储藏期间香气成分的变化情况,采用浓度为1.5%乳酸钙溶液、2%壳聚糖溶液涂膜处理,在8℃下贮藏60 d期间通过GC-MS技术分析其香气成分。结果表明:在贮藏过程中,两个处理组对烃类物质的产生均有明显抑制作用,并减缓了已生成烃类物质的散失,其中壳聚糖对烃类的抑制效果最佳;对照组和乳酸钙组醇类相对含量先减后增,而壳聚糖组持续增加,两种处理都对松油醇有较好保持作用;壳聚糖组较乳酸钙组对酯类产生具有更强的抑制效果;两种处理对抑制醛类生成的差异不明显。     

接种不同大豆根瘤菌株的根瘤放氢和吸氢的研究

本实验测定和比较了七株大豆根瘤菌与三个大豆品种共生时的放氢和固氮效率。证明了大多数菌株接种不同寄主,其根瘤的放氢、吸氢和固氮效率的差异均明显。但USDA110在三个品种上所结根瘤不放氢或极少放氢;它的固氮量最高。根瘤的能量利用率与植株的氮积累及产量的相关性尚需进一步验证。     

不同光强对蚕豆固氮和糖分布的影响

蚕豆三叶期起遮光后,单株干物重,叶片数、根系以及荚果减少;根瘤生长、根瘤鲜重和数量降低,单株根瘤鲜重高峰期提前。低光下,根瘤数量及根瘤菌固氮时间的减少和缩短,致使植株总氮下降;低光下,单株含糖量减少,茎秆、根系和叶片糖含量下降最明显,根瘤和荚果含糖量下降幅度较小或不下降。     

粪产碱菌对稻根氧化还原特性及水稻多元酚和内根际激素水平的影响

联合固氮粪产碱菌结合于水稻表时能增强水稻根部还原力和稻根超氧化物歧化酶活性,实验室和田间试验证明粪产碱菌能提高水稻幼苗对高、低温不良环境的抗逆性,经浸种处理的水稻幼菌植株内多元酚含量增加１２．５％。粪产碱菌对接种水稻多元酚抽提物有强烈的趋化性,而该抽提物对粪产碱菌的固氮活性有明显的刺激作用,多元酚抽提物经双向纸层析和薄层层析表明接种诱导了至少一个特征组分含量提高,采用粪产碱菌野生型Ａ１５０１和固氮     

水位和施氮对若尔盖高寒湿地土壤非共生固氮的影响

高寒湿地中土壤微生物固氮是氮元素进入生态系统的主要途径之一,环境因子变化对土壤固氮功能的影响仍不明晰。在四川若尔盖高寒湿地搭建了由27个生态模拟箱组成的中宇宙实验系统,通过控制水位和模拟氮沉降,研究水位变化和施氮对土壤非共生固氮的影响。实验设计了3水位水平×3施氮水平共9个处理,测定了生态模拟箱中表层土壤的非共生固氮速率,土壤碳、氮含量,以及地上植物生物量和植物氮含量,比较不同水位和施氮处理下非共生固氮速率的变化规律并分析其与土壤和植物碳、氮含量的关系。研究发现：生态模拟箱中土壤非共生固氮速率范围是0.003-7.35 μg N g^-1 d^-1,从不淹水到淹水的处理土壤非共生固氮速率提高约2倍。施氮处理中固氮速率随土壤含水量升高而增强的敏感性高于施氮对照处理,且施氮处理下的生态模拟箱中土壤有机碳含量显著升高,据此推测施氮可能使淹水的生态模拟箱中的浮游植物提高生产力而释放可利用有机碳,从而间接促进土壤非共生固氮。本研究获得以下结论：（1）若尔盖高寒湿地中土壤水位是限制固氮速率的重要因子;（2）施氮背景下土壤含水量对非共生固氮的促进效应更明显。     

紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆的化感效应

外来入侵植物可以通过淋溶、自然挥发、根系分泌和植株凋落物分解等途径向周围环境释放化感物质,抑制伴生植物的生长、发育。该研究以不同浓度紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)叶片水浸液处理蚕豆(Vicia faba)种子,研究紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆根尖细胞微核、染色体畸变、细胞凋亡、蚕豆幼苗叶片叶绿素和N含量、光合生理特性、生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液处理显著抑制蚕豆根尖的伸长和细胞的有丝分裂,并诱导蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变和细胞微核的产生,有丝分裂指数随着叶片水浸液浓度增加而减小,根尖细胞微核率随叶片水浸液浓度增加而增大,高浓度叶片水浸液处理对蚕豆根尖细胞的凋亡及坏死有明显影响。(2)紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液处理引起蚕豆幼苗叶片的叶绿素和N含量显著降低,并导致蚕豆幼苗最大净光合速率和生物量的显著下降。总之,紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液可能引起蚕豆根尖的氧化损伤和抑制根尖的伸长,且叶片水浸液的抑制作用呈现一定的剂量效应。紫茎泽兰叶片水浸液对蚕豆根尖的损伤和抑制作用可能影响了植株对氮素的吸收,进而对蚕豆幼苗光合生理表现以及生物量积累产生显著负面效应。     

粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）对稻根氧化还原特性及水稻多元酚和内根际激素水平的影响

联合固氮粪产碱菌结合于水稻根表时能增强水稻根部还原力和稻根超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性。实验室和田间试验证明粪产碱菌能提高水稻幼苗对高、低温不良环境的抗逆性。经浸种处理的水稻幼苗植株内多元酚含量增加了１２．５％。粪产以菌对接种水稻多元酚抽提物有强烈的趋化性,而该抽提物对粪产碱菌的固氮活性有明显的刺激作用。多元酚抽提物经双向纸层析和薄层层析表明接种诱导了至少一个特征组分含量提高。采用粪产减菌野生型Ａ１５０１（ｎｉｆ＋）和固氮缺陷型Ａ１５０６（Ｎｉｆ－）浸种能改变宿主水稻内源激素水平,提高内根际的ＩＡＡ和Ｚ的含量,促进植株及根系的生长发育,使其侧根和根毛数目明显增多。在根际联合体系形成过程中,多元酚或激素可能充当植物与细菌间相互作用的一类特异信号分子。     

磁场对大豆共生固氮的效应

恒定磁场处理慢生大豆根瘤菌“005”和接种后的大豆植株,发现磁场可以提高根瘤的固氮活性。在一定的磁场强度(70—100mT)下,固氮活性平均可以提高4—5倍,植株的结瘤数和根瘤重量平均提高2—3倍。从这样的根瘤中所分离出的根瘤菌,由慢生型转变成快生型,在100植株中有17株的根瘤分离出快生菌。生长世代时间和培养溶液中的pH值与慢生型不同,而与快生型相同。     

Na+吸收对干旱导致的棉花叶片光合系统损伤的缓解作用

以盆栽棉花为材料,在植株高约20 cm时用不同浓度Na Cl溶液浇透后进行持续干旱处理。在干旱处理期间测定叶片叶绿素荧光参数、光合气体交换参数的变化以及植株水分状况和Na+含量,以分析土壤Na Cl施入引起的棉花Na+吸收和积累量的增加对干旱胁迫导致的叶片光合系统损伤的缓解作用及可能原因。结果表明,未用Na Cl处理的棉花植株,其叶片净光合速率随着干旱的延续而持续下降、光合机构在干旱处理后期出现了严重损伤;而Na Cl处理的棉花植株,其叶片净光合速率下降幅度明显小于未用Na Cl处理的,光合机构受损伤程度也较轻或无明显损伤。对各处理棉花植株Na+的吸收和水分状况的测定分析表明,Na Cl处理的植株,其叶片Na+积累显著增加、渗透势降低,细胞膨压显著高于未用Na Cl处理的植株。由此可见,在土壤浇灌Na Cl溶液后的持续干旱条件下,棉花植株吸收和积累Na+增加,降低了组织渗透势、维持了一定的细胞膨压,从而有效缓解了干旱胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤。     

Abscisic acid concentration,root pH and anatomy do not explain growth differences of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) on acid and alkaline soils

The ABA concentrations of leaves, roots, soils and transport fluids of chickpea and lupin plants growing in acid (pH=4.8) and alkaline (pH=8.0) soils and an acid soil with an alkaline subsoil and an alkaline soil with an acid subsoil were measured with the aim of explaining the poor growth of narrow-leafed lupins in alkaline soil. The ABA concentration in the leaves was higher in lupin than chickpea, but did not differ when the plants were grown in alkaline compared to acid soil. The ABA concentration of the roots and xylem sap of lupin did not differ significantly when grown in acid or alkaline soil. Chickpea roots and xylem sap had, however, lower ABA concentrations in acid soil. The ABA concentration in the soil solution was higher in the acid than in the alkaline soil. Roots of lupin and chickpea showed no suberization of the hypodermis or exodermis whether grown aeroponically or hydroponically and the pH of the cytoplasm did not change significantly when root cells of lupin and chickpea were exposed to external pHs of 4.8 or 8.0. The chickpea roots had greater suberization of the endodermal cells adjacent to radial xylem rays and maintained a slightly higher vacuolar pH than lupin in both acid and alkaline external media, but these small differences are insufficient to explain the reductions in lupin growth in alkaline soil.     

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and kinetin on the response of mungbean plants to irrigation with seawater

Increasing use of saline water in irrigation can markedly change the physical and chemical properties of soil. An experiment was carried out to investigate the interaction between the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum, isolated from a saline soil, and kinetin on the growth and physiology of mungbean plants irrigated with different dilutions of seawater (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The growth, chlorophyll concentration and sugar content of mycorrhizal plants was greater than that of non-mycorrhizal plants under all conditions (with or without seawater). The dry weight of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal mungbean plants irrigated with 10% seawater was significantly increased by treatment with kinetin. The mycorrhizal symbiosis increased root:shoot dry weight ratio, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, plant height, protein content, nitrogen or phosphorus-use efficiencies, and root nitrogenase, acid or alkaline phosphatase activities of seawater-irrigated mungbean plants, with little or no effect of kinetin. Kinetin treatment generally decreased chlorophyll concentration and sugar content in mycorrhizal plants as well as Na/N, Na/P Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios. Root colonization by G. clarum was increased by irrigation with seawater, and kinetin had no consistent effect on fungal development in roots. This study provides evidence that arbuscular mycorrhiza can be much more effective than kinetin applications in protecting mungbean plants against the detrimental effects of salt water.     

Preferential utilization of organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus by wheat plant

On soils of low P supply organic P (Po) makes up a similar or even larger part in soil solution than inorganic P (Pi). The ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Star) plants to hydrolyze and absorb this Po in comparison to similar concentrations of Pi was studied. Four concentration levels of Pi and Po were obtained by extracting two soils with deionized water in a ratio of 1:1 and concentrating the resulting filtrate by freeze drying to different degrees. The concentration of Pi varied between 5 and 36 μM and Po between 3 and 22 μM. Wheat seedlings were grown in these solutions for 12 and 24 h and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity determined. The reduction of Po concentration in solution expressed on a root length basis gave the rate of Po hydrolysis and the reduction in concentration of Pi and Po gave the P inflow into the roots. No alkaline phosphatase activity was detected. The activity of wheat root acid phosphatase increased with Po concentration in solution. Phosphorus uptake was 2 to 6 fold higher from Pi than from Po at similar concentrations of both. The rate of uptake from Pi, the inflow, as well as the rate of hydrolysis of Po increased linearly with concentration but at similar concentration the inflow was 2 to 4 times higher than the rate of Po hydrolysis. Results suggest that plants can utilize Po after hydrolysis by phosphatase, but Pi is more important and preferentially used by plants; Po may be essential for plant nutrition especially in high P-fixing soils.     

不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷素有效性的影响

植株残体降解可直接或间接地影响土壤磷素的有效性,为探讨不同磷浓度植株残体降解对紫色土磷分级体系的影响,结合31P核磁共振分析技术,选取了3种磷浓度不同的植物残体与两种紫色土进行室内模拟培养试验,得出了以下研究结论:(1)添加植株残体显著增强了紫色土呼吸强度,且紫色土分级体系中的活性磷含量均高于对照处理(2)31P-NMR分析结果得知,植株残体的正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯占浓缩液全磷比例的90%以上,高磷植株的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量显著高于中磷和低磷植株,土壤磷素有效性的变化与植株残体的正磷酸盐和磷酸单酯含量有关;(3)紫色土分级体系中的活性磷在0 d含量最高,随着培养周期的延长,土壤磷素有效性会出现降低的趋势;酸性紫色土的累积呼吸强度、分级体系中活性磷(Resin-P、Na HCO3-Pt)所占比例均高于中性紫色土,与土壤钙含量有关。综上所述,植株残体的磷浓度越高,更有利于提高土壤磷素的有效性,本研究结果为农业生产中秸秆还田技术提供了理论参考。     

Effect of salinity on root-nodule conductance to the oxygen diffusion in the Cicer arietinum-Mesorhizobium ciceri symbiosis

Nodule conductance to O2 diffusion has been involved as a major factor of the inhibition of N2 fixation by soil salinity that severely reduces the production of grain legumes. In order to determine the effect of this constraint on the nodule conductance, oxygen uptake by the nodulated roots of Cicer arietinum was measured by recording the concentration of O2 as a function of pO2 in a gas-tight incubator. After germination and inoculation with the strain Mesorhizobium ciceri UPMCa7, the varieties Amdoun 1 and INRAT 93-1 were hydroponically grown in a glasshouse on 1L glass bottles filled with nutrient solution containing 25 mM NaCl. Salinity induced a marked decrease in shoot (30% versus 14%), root (43% versus 20%), and nodule biomass (100% versus 43%) for Amdoun 1 relative to INRAT 93-1. Although salinity completely prevented nodule formation in the sensitive variety Amdoun 1, nodule number and biomass were higher in the first than in the second variety in the absence of salt. This effect was associated with a significantly higher O2 uptake by nodulated root (510 versus 255 micromol O2 plant(-1)h(-1)) and nodule conductance (20 versus 5 microm s(-1)) in Amdoun 1 than in INRAT 93-1. Salinity did not significantly change the nodule conductance and nodule permeability for INRAT 93-1. Thus, the salt tolerance of this variety appears to be associated with stability in nodule conductance and the capacity to form nodules under salt constraint.     

Competitiveness of indigenous populations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum serocluster 123 as determined using a root-tip marking procedure in growth pouches

Soil Bradyrhizobium populations limit nodule occupancy of soybean by symbiotically-superior inoculant strains throughout much of the American midwest. In this study, the competitiveness of indigenous populations of B. japonicum serocluster 123 from Waukegan and Webster soils was evaluated in growth pouches using a root-tip marking procedure. The native rhizobia were from soils incubated 0–8 h in soybean root exudate (SRE) or plant nutrient solution (PNS) prior to inoculation. Populations of serocluster 123 strains in soil and nodule occupancy by these strains were assessed using fluorescent antibodies prepared against B. japonicum USDA 123. There were no significant differences in populations that came from SRE or PNS incubated soils: both populations increased in number over the incubation period. Nodule occupancy by both populations in growth pouches was similar to that previously encountered in field studies with these two soils. With the Waukegan soil, the serocluster 123 population dominated nodulation forming 69 and 62% of taproot nodules above and below the root tip mark, respectively. However, for the more alkaline Webster soil, serocluster 123 strains were much less competitive, producing only 9 and 13%, respectively, of the nodules formed above and below the root tip mark. In growth pouches, soil populations of bradyrhizobia from the Webster soil produced significantly more nodules than those from the Waukegan soil, but both strains and a pure culture of USDA 110 had a similar distribution of nodules.     

Modifying of calcareous soil with some acidifying materials and its effect on Helianthus annuus (L.) growth

Calcareous soils contain a high concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), which influences soil properties related to plant growth. Humic acid (HA) and ammonium molybdate (AM) were added as treatments for calcareous soils at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 g/l respectively. The pots were divided into three groups. The first set of groups were irrigated with AM, while the second set of groups were irrigated with HA. As a control, the third group was irrigated using only tap water. Many soil properties and plant characteristics were measured during the experiment. The results showed that most of the studied treatments aided to increase organic carbon of calcareous soil and improved sunflower height, leaf area and shoot and root biomass. All investigated treatments significantly enhanced carbohydrates content in the sunflower shoots, except the treatment with 0.1 g/l AM, while only the with AM (under all studied concentrations) significantly enhanced carbohydrates content in roots higher than untreated. Proteins content in the shoots and roots of sunflower significantly increased when treated only with 1 g/l HA higher than control. The amino acid content of sunflower roots enhanced when treated with 0.1 and 1 m/l HA and 0.5 g/l AM Evidently, acidifying materials enhanced the calcareous soil and increased productivity.     

铅胁迫对欧美杂交杨幼苗碳、氮和磷积累与分配的影响

为深入了解欧美杂交杨(Populus deltoids × Populus nigra)在不同铅(Pb)胁迫条件下的生长适应特性, 采用盆栽控制试验, 研究了长江上游典型酸性紫色土和钙质紫色土上欧美杂交杨碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)积累与分配特征对不同浓度Pb胁迫(CK: 0 mg·kg^-1; T1: 200 mg·kg^-1; T2: 450 mg·kg^-1; T3: 2000 mg·kg^-1)的响应。欧美杂交杨总C、N和P积累量在两种土壤中均表现出随Pb胁迫程度的增加而降低的趋势, 且钙质紫色土中欧美杂交杨总C、N和P积累量在各处理浓度下均高于酸性紫色土。Pb胁迫处理明显改变了欧美杂交杨各器官C、N和P的分配格局。与对照相比, Pb胁迫处理使酸性紫色土中欧美杂交杨细根C、N和P积累量的比例明显增加, 叶C、N和P积累量的比例则呈现出降低的趋势。相对于酸性紫色土, 钙质紫色土中欧美杂交杨细根C、N和P积累量的比例明显降低, 其叶C、N和P积累量的比例则表现出增加的趋势。两种土壤中欧美杂交杨P的利用效率均表现出随Pb胁迫程度的增加而增加的趋势, 而T2、T3处理下两种土壤中N的利用效率均显著降低。这些结果表明, 在N素缺乏的情况下, 酸性紫色土中欧美杂交杨P的利用效率显著低于钙质紫色土, 因此酸性紫色土中植物C、N和P积累、分配与利用更易受到Pb胁迫的影响。同时也表明, 钙质紫色土中欧美杂交杨通过改变养分分配格局将资源更多地分配于养分利用器官维持自身的生长, 能更好地适应Pb胁迫环境。     

福建省耕地土壤潜性酸动态变化及其驱动因素

土壤潜性酸是植物生长的潜在限制因子,是土壤酸性调控的重要依据.按比例抽取并测定福建省耕地表层土壤代表性样点的潜性酸量和pH值,拟合潜性酸(PA)与活性酸(pH)的最优关系模型,利用全省1982年36777个、2008年236445个和2016年21269个耕地表层土壤调查样点pH等属性数据,建立3期1∶5万耕地土壤潜性酸量数据库,借助GIS技术和灰色关联分析模型探讨福建省耕地土壤潜性酸动态变化规律及其驱动因素.结果表明: 1982—2016年,全省耕地土壤潜性酸量整体呈上升趋势,2008和2016年潜性酸量分别比1982年上升1.30和1.49 cmol·kg^-1,1982—2008年的潜性酸上升速率比2008—2016年高0.03 cmol·kg^-1·a^-1.1982—2016年,全省耕地土壤潜性酸变化量空间差异明显,龙岩市耕地土壤潜性酸变化量最大,比最小的三明市高4倍以上;不同利用类型耕地土壤潜性酸变化量大小依次为水田>水浇地>旱地;咸酸水稻土、潜育水稻土和淹育水稻土亚类的潜性酸变化量最大,是全省潜性酸变化量均值的1倍以上;赤红壤和盐渍水稻土亚类变化量最小,分别为全省均值的25.7%和28.4%.福建省耕地土壤潜性酸动态变化的主要驱动因素包括氮、磷肥施用量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、黏粒含量、pH和粉粒含量,灰色关联系数绝对值＞0.92.科学优化施肥结构、合理施用碱性调理剂改酸是减缓福建省耕地土壤潜性酸增加的重要途径.     

Effect of alkaline and saline substrates on ABA contents,distribution and transport in plant roots

The distribution of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) between plant and soil and within plants growing on an alkaline substrate has been studied in order to separate the true effect of high soil pH from any effects that might be a result of the high salinity normally observed in alkaline soils. Leaves of a range of plants grown in an alkaline and saline solid substrate (municipal solid waste incinerator bottom slag) exhibited higher ABA levels than leaves of control plants. In contrast, roots of most plants grown on alkaline and saline substrates, particularly those without an exodermis (various species of Fabaceae), had slightly lower than or comparable ABA contents to control roots. However, in corn roots (Zea maysL. cv. Garant FAO 240) which possess a well-developed exodermis, alkaline and saline conditions in the rhizosphere did not reduce the endogenous ABA concentration, because the leaching of ABA from corn roots into the rhizosphere was lower than that from Vicia faba (variety Dreifache Weisse) roots. ABA efflux from corn and Vicia roots into the soil solution was observed only during the first days of the experiments and thereafter became substantially decreased. Because the leaching of ABA from Vicia faba roots into the rhizosphere was higher than that from corn roots, the leaves of Vicia plants grown in alkaline soil at low salinity no longer exhibited an elevated ABA concentration. However, whilst the roots of corn plants grown on desalted slag retained ABA levels that were higher than those of the control, the ABA content of leaves was not significant higher than the controls. For this reason, root ABA retention must be enough to induce tolerance to alkalinity in corn plants and there is no need to implicate changes in ABA concentrations in the aerial parts of the plant as having a role in this tolerance. In alkaline soil substrates, considerable portions of the ABA synthesised in the roots leached out into the soil solution of the rhizosphere according to the anion trap concept. An exodermis substantially reduces this leakage. The transient nature of ABA efflux into the rhizosphere was a result of the fact that the salt stress itself was only a transient phenomenon due to a washout of salt by irrigation. The results match predictions of mathematical models describing the effect of alkaline pH on the distribution of abscisic acid within plants and between roots and the rhizosphere. Species that can retain root ABA in the face of its tendency to leach into the more alkaline compartment are able to tolerate these normally harmful sites. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.