流感病毒的分子生物学研究进展

流感病毒是分节段的负链RNA病毒,由RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶起始病毒的复制。流感病毒的特殊基因组结构和病毒蛋白的功能使其极易发生抗原转换和抗原漂移,这使得病毒能够逃避多种宿主的长效中和性免疫反应。本文从病毒结构、基因组及其编码蛋白质、病毒复制过程和病毒的易感宿主等几方面论述了流感病毒的分子生物学研究进展。     

人类最大的瘟疫——流感

流感是由正粘液病毒引起的下呼吸道传染病。流感病毒分为甲型、乙型和丙型。引起流感暴发流行的病毒主要是甲型流感病毒,乙型流感病毒可引起局部流行。流感起病急,剧烈头痛、发冷、发热、食欲减退、全身乏力、背部和四肢疼痛为主要症状。全身中毒症状很重,呼吸道炎症却很轻。严重病例发生下呼吸道并发症,如支气管炎、气管支气管炎和支气管肺炎。流感病毒传播快,新亚型出现,几个月内横扫全球。在流感大流行时,造成学校停课,工厂停工,机关瘫痪,军队失去战斗力,医院人满为患。在历史上,流感曾发生很多次世界性流行。近百年来,发生过四次很大规模的流行。甲型流感病毒的表面抗原经常发生变异,病毒变异又有抗原漂流(Antigenicdrift)和抗原突变(Antigenicshift)之分。抗原漂流为血凝素抗原结构微小变异,抗原突变为病毒在自然界进行基因重组。每当新亚型出现时,人群对新病毒缺乏免疫力,往往造成大流行。只有加强流感病毒生态学研究,弄清病毒变异的规律,人类才能制服流感。     

Progress and Challenge in Computational Identification of Influenza Virus Reassortment

Virologica Sinica - Genomic reassortment is an important evolutionary mechanism for influenza viruses. In this process, the novel viruses acquire new characteristics by the exchange of the intact...     

Isolation and Classification of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of Influenza B Virus

We isolated 25 temperature-sensitive mutants of B/Kanagawa/73 strain generated by mutagenesis with 5-fluorouracil and classified them into seven recombination groups by pair-wise crosses. All mutants showed a ratio of plaquing efficiency at the nonpermissive temperature (37.5 C) to the permissive temperature (32 C) of 10^–4 or less. At 37.5 C most of group I, II, and III mutants did not produce appreciable amounts of protein, but all other group mutants were protein synthesis-positive. A group VII mutant produced active hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) at the nonpermissive temperature, but Group V mutants produced only active NA and were defective in the HA molecule. The other group mutants, including group IV mutants with mutation only in the NA gene (8, 10), lacked both activities at the nonpermissive temperature. One of nine influenza B virus isolates in 1989 had EOP 37.5/32 of 1/3 × 10^–2 and belonged to recombination group VII.     

The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

Paramyxoviruses are responsible for considerable disease burden in human and wildlife populations: measles and mumps continue to affect the health of children worldwide, while canine distemper virus causes serious morbidity and mortality in a wide range of mammalian species. Although these viruses have been studied extensively at both the epidemiological and the phylogenetic scales, little has been done to integrate these two types of data. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach, we infer the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of measles, mumps and canine distemper viruses. Our analysis yielded data on viral substitution rates, the time to common ancestry, and elements of their demographic history. Estimates of rates of evolutionary change were similar to those observed in other RNA viruses, ranging from 6.585 to 11.350 × 10⁻⁴ nucleotide substitutions per site, per year. Strikingly, the mean Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) was both similar and very recent among the viruses studied, ranging from only 58 to 91 years (1908 to 1943). Worldwide, the paramyxoviruses studied here have maintained a relatively constant level of genetic diversity. However, detailed heterchronous samples illustrate more complex dynamics in some epidemic populations, and the relatively low levels of genetic diversity (population size) in all three viruses is likely to reflect the population bottlenecks that follow recurrent outbreaks.     

Microarray Multiplex Assay for the Simultaneous Detection and Discrimination of Influenza A and Influenza B Viruses

In this study, we present a microarray approach for the typing of influenza A and B viruses, and the subtyping of H1 and H3 subtypes. We designed four pairs of specific multiplex RT-PCR primers and eight specific oligonucleotide probes and prepared microarrays to identify the specific subtype of influenza virus. Through amplification and fluorescent marking of the multiplex RT-PCR products on the M gene of influenza A and B viruses and the HA gene of subtypes H1 and H3, the PCR products were hybridized with the microarray, and the results were analyzed using a microarray scanner. The results demonstrate that the chip developed by our research institute can detect influenza A and B viruses specifically and identify the subtypes H1 and H3 at a minimum concentration of 1 × 10² copies/μL of viral RNA. We tested 35 clinical samples and our results were identical to other fluorescent methods. The microarray approach developed in this study provides a reliable method for the monitoring and testing of seasonal influenza.     

Screening of a High Growth Influenza B Virus Strain in Vero Cells

Due to the insufficient supply of embryonated chicken eggs,the preparation of large quantities of inactivated influenza vaccines will require an alternative virus culture system after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus.The Vero cell is one of the ideal options since it was used for producing many kinds of human vaccines.However,most of the influenza viruses can not grow well in Vero cells.To develop a new influenza vaccine with Vero cells as a substrate,the virus needs to adapt to th...     

Reconstructing the Complex Evolutionary History of Hepatitis B Virus

A detailed analysis of the evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was undertaken using 39 mammalian hepadnaviruses for which complete genome sequences were available, including representatives of all six human genotypes, as well as a large sample of small S gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees of these data were ambiguous, supporting no single place of origin for HBV, and depended heavily on the underlying model of DNA substitution. In some instances genotype F, predominant in the Americas, was the first to diverge, suggesting that the virus arose in the New World. In other trees, however, sequences from genotype B, prevalent in East Asia, were the most divergent. An attempt was also made to determine the rate of nucleotide substitution in the C open reading frame and then to date the origin of HBV. However, no relationship between time and number of substitutions was found in two independent data sets, indicating that a reliable molecular clock does not exist for these data. Both the pattern and the rate of nucleotide substitution are therefore complex phenomena in HBV and hinder any attempt to reconstruct the past spread of this virus. Received: 5 December 1998 / Accepted: 23 February 1999     

Recombination between sequences of hepatitis B virus from different genotypes

A comparison of 25 hepatitis B virus (HBV) isolates for which complete genome sequences are available revealed two that occupied different positions in phylogenetic trees reconstructed from different open reading frames. Further analysis indicated that this incongruence was the result of recombination between viruses of different genomic and antigenic types. Both putative recombinants originated from geographic regions where multiple genotypes are known to cocirculate. A search of the sequence databases showed evidence of similar intergenotypic recombinants. These observations indicate that recombination between divergent strains may represent an important source of genetic variation in HBV.     

用单克隆抗体研究鸡新城疫病毒抗原变异与流行病学的相关性

用19株抗鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)单克隆抗体(简称单抗)测定与14个NDV国际参考株和16个NDV国内分离株的反应性,将毒株分为a～h 8个群。该组单抗能较精细地测出流行病学上不同的毒株间的抗原变异,毒株分群显示了抗原变异与流行病学特征的相关性。     

microRNAs与流感病毒感染

MicroRNAs是一类数目庞大,而且可以广泛参与到生命活动各个进程的非编码RNA分子,在病毒感染宿主过程中存在着复杂的microRNAs与病毒的相互作用。流感病毒感染可以引起宿主microRNAs表达谱的明显变化,流感病毒能通过调控某些microRNAs的表达来实现免疫逃逸等增强其感染能力;同时,宿主也可以通过某些microRNAs的变化启动相应的抗流感病毒反应。本文主要针对流感病毒感染过程中宿主-病毒二者在microRNA水平的相互作用进行综述,以期更好的了解流感病毒的致病机制,为抗流感病毒的新药研制提供新的思路。     

宠物犬和猫流感病毒感染

近十年来犬和猫流感病毒感染报道迅速增多,不仅威胁到犬和猫的健康,也对公共卫生造成了影响。自2004年首次发生H3N8亚型流感病毒感染赛犬事件以来,犬流感一直在美国的赛犬和宠物犬中流行。在韩国和我国南方的犬群中出现了因H3N2亚型禽流感感染引起的肺炎病例。亚洲和欧洲均报道了猫H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感致死性感染病例,还通过实验研究发现H5N1亚型流感病毒可在猫与猫之间水平传播。这些现象预示着流感病毒进一步获得了感染哺乳动物的能力,其公共卫生意义需引起关注。为此,本文对犬和猫流感病毒感染的流行病学、临床症状、发病机制、诊断和防控措施进行了综述。     

蛋氨酸脑啡肽（MEK）抗B型流感病毒感染作用的研究

研究MEK抗B型流感病毒感染的作用。采用MDCK细胞和9～10日龄鸡胚,按不同的顺序加入不同剂量MEK和B型流感病毒,共培养72 h后做血凝实验。所有加入B型流感病毒的MDCK细胞均培养出病毒,HA滴度为1：64。在鸡胚尿囊腔中,先注入MEK孵育24 h后,再注入B型流感病毒的鸡胚也培养出病毒,HA滴度为1：6.8,与病毒对照组比较P〈0.01,有统计学意义。实验结果未见MEK直接抗B型流感病毒感染MDCK细胞株的作用,但可见MEK抗B型流感病毒感染鸡胚的作用。     

流行性感冒病毒监测及检测技术的研究进展

流感病毒是一种常见的呼吸道感染病毒,平均每年有数十万人死于该种病毒,造成严重危害。流行性感冒病毒包括甲型、乙型和丙型三种亚型,本文就近年来流感病毒的流行趋势、病毒分离培养、血清学检测以及分子生物学检测的研究进展进行了综述。     

A型流感病毒的反向遗传技术研究进展

A 型流感病毒基因组为单股负义RNA,分为8 个片段。反向遗传技术即从克隆的cDNA 产 生病毒的过程,是研究RNA 病毒、也是研究A 型流感病毒基因结构与功能的新技术。介绍了A 型流感病毒反向遗传技术的发展,完全以质粒为基础的新操作系统及其在研究病毒的生命周期、 致病性、产生基因修饰的疫苗候选株等方面的应用。     

区带超速离心提纯流感病毒的初步探讨

在制备灭活流感疫苗中,采用两次蔗糖速率区带超离心从流感病毒感染的鸡胚尿液中提纯流感病毒是较简便、实用的方法,根据流感病毒分子特性设计了超离梯度并采用适当试验条件,获得了大量提纯流感病毒的初步结果。经血凝、电镜、蔗糖浓度、浮力密度等检验证明此方法是可行的。     

冷适应减毒B型流感病毒疫苗候选株的制备及鉴定

以冷适应、温度敏感、减毒的B/Ann Arbor/1/66流感病毒株作为重配病毒骨架,对其6个内部基因片段进行了全基因合成,同时人工引入9个氨基酸突变．构建了8个基因的拯救载体,经测序获得序列准确的拯救质粒,命名为：pAB121-PB1, pAB122-PB2, pAB123-PA, pAB124-HA, pAB125-NP, pAB126-NA, pAB127-M和pAB128-NS．在成功拯救冷适应A型流感病毒的基础上,利用反向遗传学技术成功获救了具有感染性的重配B型流感病毒株,命名为rMDV-B．该重配病毒株以B/Ann Arbor/1/66为病毒骨架,其中HA和NA来源于2006～2007年当年流行株B/Malaysia/2506/2004．rMDV-B在鸡胚尿囊液和MDCK细胞中的HA效价可达1∶64～1∶512．实验结果暗示：从单一供体病毒株可以产生有效的减毒活B型流感病毒疫苗候选株,能够为将来人用流感疫苗的设计提供可借鉴的模型．     

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, precise diagnosis of the infecting strain and rapid high-throughput screening of vast numbers of clinical samples is paramount to control the spread of pandemic infections. Current clinical diagnoses of influenza infections are based on serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction, direct specimen immunofluorescence and cell culture ^1,2.Here, we report the development of a novel diagnostic technique used to detect live influenza viruses. We used the mouse-adapted human A/PR/8/34 (PR8, H1N1) virus ³ to test the efficacy of this technique using MDCK cells ⁴. MDCK cells (10⁴ or 5 x 10³ per well) were cultured in 96- or 384-well plates, infected with PR8 and viral proteins were detected using anti-M2 followed by an IR dye-conjugated secondary antibody. M2 ⁵ and hemagglutinin ¹ are two major marker proteins used in many different diagnostic assays. Employing IR-dye-conjugated secondary antibodies minimized the autofluorescence associated with other fluorescent dyes. The use of anti-M2 antibody allowed us to use the antigen-specific fluorescence intensity as a direct metric of viral quantity. To enumerate the fluorescence intensity, we used the LI-COR Odyssey-based IR scanner. This system uses two channel laser-based IR detections to identify fluorophores and differentiate them from background noise. The first channel excites at 680 nm and emits at 700 nm to help quantify the background. The second channel detects fluorophores that excite at 780 nm and emit at 800 nm. Scanning of PR8-infected MDCK cells in the IR scanner indicated a viral titer-dependent bright fluorescence. A positive correlation of fluorescence intensity to virus titer starting from 10²-10⁵ PFU could be consistently observed. Minimal but detectable positivity consistently seen with 10²-10³ PFU PR8 viral titers demonstrated the high sensitivity of the near-IR dyes. The signal-to-noise ratio was determined by comparing the mock-infected or isotype antibody-treated MDCK cells.Using the fluorescence intensities from 96- or 384-well plate formats, we constructed standard titration curves. In these calculations, the first variable is the viral titer while the second variable is the fluorescence intensity. Therefore, we used the exponential distribution to generate a curve-fit to determine the polynomial relationship between the viral titers and fluorescence intensities. Collectively, we conclude that IR dye-based protein detection system can help diagnose infecting viral strains and precisely enumerate the titer of the infecting pathogens.