猪3号染色体九个微卫星位点的遗传多态性研究和遗传图谱构建

从已公布的猪 3号染色体连锁图谱中选取 9个微卫星位点 ,分析了这些位点在大白猪×梅山猪资源家系F2代 140头个体上的多态性 ,利用Crimap软件分别构建了猪 3号染色体两性平均连锁图谱以及公、母畜连锁图谱。结果表明 :各位点等位基因数为 2～ 4个 ,杂合度为 0 .436～ 0 .6 5 6 ,多态信息含量为 0 .35 1～ 0 .5 82 ;本研究所构建的平均连锁图谱全长为 16 1.1cM ,公、母畜连锁图谱全长分别为 135 .8cM和 188.7cM。与USDA所公布的连锁图谱相比 ,两者的标记顺序一致 ,但我们的图谱标记间隔偏大。     

用商品群作为参考系构建猪的微卫星连锁图谱

由 19头杂种公猪 [皮特兰× (皮特兰×汉普夏 ) ]、5 2头杂种母猪 [Leicoma× (大约克×长白 ) ]及其 332头后代组成的商品群作为参考系 ,选择 172个微卫星标记和 3个Ⅰ类标记 (RYR1、PIT1、PRKAG3)对参考系的个体进行遗传标记分型 ,应用CRIMAP(2 4 )构建猪的整个基因组微卫星连锁图谱。采用多重PCR方法对微卫星标记进行扩增 ,用ABI 377测序仪进行电泳分离 ,应用Genescan 3 0和Genotyper 2 0软件进行基因型检测。 3个Ⅰ类标记用PCR RFLP技术进行分型。CRIMAP程序分析表明 :所构建的猪常染色体性平均连锁图谱的总长度为 2 36 8 7cM ,X染色体的长度为 14 3 10cM ,遗传标记的平均间距为 16 3cM ,亲本的微卫星标记座位的杂合度平均为 0 70。此连锁图谱的构建将为商品猪群的生长、胴体、肉质以及繁殖性状的QTL扫描打下基础。     

大白×梅山猪资源家系生长性状QTL的检测

以大白猪和梅山猪为父母本建立F2 资源家系 ,在 2 0 0 0年 ,随机选留 6 6头F2 代个体 ,获得出生重、6 0日龄体重、出生至 6 0日龄平均日增重及 6 0日龄至屠宰前平均日增重的表型数据。结合 4 8个微卫星标记构建的猪 1、2、3、4、6和 7号染色体遗传连锁图谱 ,用线性模型最小二乘法对各数量性状进行QTL区间作图 ,利用置换法(permutation)确定显著性阈值。研究发现 ,猪 4号染色体上有一个染色体水平极显著 (P <0 0 1)的QTL影响 6 0日龄至屠宰前平均日增重 ,并达到基因组显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )。在染色体水平 ,出生至 6 0日龄平均日增重QTL位于 2号染色体 ,6 0日龄体重QTL位于 1号染色体。 6号染色体的出生至 6 0日龄平均日增重QTL达到建议显著水平     

猪1、3号染色体微卫星位点多态性及遗传连锁图谱的构建

利用 3头英系大白猪和 7头梅山猪为父母本建立了F2 参考家系。F1 公猪 5头 ,母猪 2 3头 ,随机交配产生 147个F2 个体。根据美国肉畜研究中心 (USDA MARC)公布的猪遗传连锁图谱 ,在 1号和 3号染色体上等间隔 (2 0cM)选择 8个和 9个微卫星标记 ,对参考家系全部的F0 、F1 和F2 个体进行扩增 ,获得各标记位点基因型。研究结果表明 ,等位基因数介于 2到 5之间 ,平均每位点 3.35个等位基因 ;部分等位基因片段长度超过USDA MARC所报道的结果。标记位点杂合度为 0 .385 3～ 0 .70 97,平均 0 .5 795。有信息的减数分裂数为 35～ 30 5 ,平均 2 40。利用此参考家系和CRI MAP软件包构建的 1号和 3号染色体图谱分别长 182 .3cM和 180 .2cM。 1号染色体的母畜图谱短于公畜图谱 ,而 3号染色体正好相反。与USDA MARC报道相比较 ,微卫星排列顺序与报道相同 ,但 1号染色体长 44 .8cM ,3号染色体长 6 3.3cM。此连锁图的构建为以后的数量性状基因位点 (quantitativetraitloci,QTLs)定位奠定了基础。     

长白猪×蓝塘猪及其杂种基因组甲基化片段克隆与分析

应用甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)技术对6头长白公猪和50头蓝塘母猪及5头长白×蓝塘杂交F1代3个群体基因组DNA胞嘧啶甲基化位点进行检测,旨在克隆和分析父母代猪及其杂种F1代之间基因组DNA共同甲基化片段和差异片段,并找到其同源基因.结果显示,从MSAP条带中分离、克隆得到18条3个群体共同的甲基化片段、10条母代独有的甲基化片段和9条杂交一代独有的甲基化片段,其中有1条3个群体共有的甲基化片段通过EST拼接和电子延伸后在NCBI数据库中找到同源基因,即猪类酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn基因(GeneID:LOC100152890,序列号:XM_001926250).结果表明,长蓝杂交F1代与其父母代之间的基因组甲基化存在异同,为通过MSAP技术克隆猪基因组DNA甲基化片段及寻找其对应的甲基化基因提供可能,也会为将来研究这些甲基化基因表达调控机制奠定基础.     

大白×梅山杂交组合肉质性状的数量性状位点定位分析

为寻找影响猪肉质数量性状基因位点的染色体区域 ,以 3头英系大白公猪和 7头梅山母猪建立F2 资源家系。随机选留 14 7头F2 代个体 (1998年 81头 ,2 0 0 0年 66头 ) ,经检测均获得肉质性状表型数据。对资源家系内的所有个体位于染色体 1、2、3、4、6和 7上的 48个微卫星位点进行扩增。利用线性模型最小二乘法分别对各年度及两年综合后的肉质性状进行数量性状位点 (QTL)区间定位 ,利用置换法确定显著性阈值。研究结果表明 :在 2 0 0 0年群体中 ,猪 4号染色体 (SSC4)上定位了肌内脂肪QTL ,达到染色体极显著水平 (P <0 0 1)和基因组显著水平 (P <0 0 5) ,解释表型变异为 5 2 4% ,梅山猪具有增加肌内脂肪QTL ;两年度群体综合后 ,在上述 4号染色体同一区间 ,肌内脂肪QTL接近染色体显著水平 ;股二头肌pH值和半棘肌pH值QTL分别定位在SSC1和 3上 ;在 1998年和 2 0 0 0年群体中分别发现 1个和 3个达染色体显著水平 (P <0 0 5)的系水力QTL ;在 1998年群体中 ,肌肉含水量QTL位于SSC6;两年综合群体中 ,SSC2、6和 7上定位了肌肉含水量QTL ,达到染色体显著水平 ,含水量QTL均有印迹效应 ,梅山和大白猪各有增效基因     

猪产仔数性状基因效应与有效基因数的研究

利用太湖猪（Ｐ１）、长白猪（Ｐ２）、杂交一代（Ｆ１）、杂交二代（Ｆ２）、杂交三代（Ｆ３）;和回交一代（Ｂ２）等６个世代产仔数的材料,分析了猪产仔性状的基因效应和基因数。结果表明上位效应不显著,猪产仔数性状符合加性－显性遗传模式,受一个有效基因控制。太湖猪产仔数性状基因加性值比长白猪高１．３９头,太湖猪高产仔数基因对长白猪等位基因呈显性,显性度为０．８１。     

花背蟾蜍的核型分析 Ⅱ.银染核仁组成区在数目上的多态及其在剂量上的补偿效应

Ag-NOR的数目、位置和大小在个体间表现出复杂的多态现象。主要的NOR位于第4染色体上,但也几乎可以出现在所有的其它染色体上。当一个NOR足够强大时,该细胞只显示出一个NOR,而当主要的NOR由于某种原因发生缺失时,本来不活动的潜在的NOR则处于活动状态。     

5个与猪产仔数相关基因的效应分析

为了比较不同基因对猪产仔数效应大小,在相同的大白 （158头）、长白 （224头）猪群中采用PCR-RFLP法进行了ESR、FSHβ、PRL、PRLR、NCOA1 5种与产仔数相关基因的基因型频率检测及不同基因型的总产仔数和产活仔数效应分析,结果表明,对相同母猪群产仔数影响效应最大的是PRLR和NCOA1基因,AA型比BB型母猪总产仔数高2.28~3.33头（P<0.01）,产活仔数高1.57~3.30头（P<0.01）,其次为ESR和FSHβ基因,BB型比AA型母猪总产仔数高0.55~1.18头（P<0.05,长白例外）,产活仔数高0.37~1.20头（P<0.05）。PRL基因对产仔数效应不显著。     

猪PRLR和RBP4基因多态性与产仔性能的关系

采用PCR-RFLP方法, 对莱芜黑猪、鲁莱黑猪、里岔黑猪、鲁烟白猪、新沂蒙黑猪5个山东地方/培育猪种和大约克夏、长白、杜洛克3个引进猪种共8个猪种323头繁殖母猪进行PRLR和RBP4基因的多态性检测, 并采用最小二乘法分析其对产仔数影响的遗传效应。结果表明: 两个基因位点在8个猪种的测定群体中均存在多态性, 但山东地方/培育猪种与引进猪种间在基因型频率上存在较大差异。PRLR和RBP4基因对产仔数性状有显著影响(P<0.05), AA均为优良基因型。对于PRLR基因, 山东地方/培育猪种内AA基因型母猪的总产仔数和活产仔数比BB基因型母猪平均多产1.03头和0.89头, 引进猪种中AA基因型母猪比BB基因型母猪平均多产分别为1.26头和1.11头。对于RBP4基因, 山东地方/培育猪种内AA基因型母猪的总产仔数和活产仔数比BB基因型母猪平均多产0.59头和0.51头, 引进猪种中AA基因型母猪比BB基因型母猪平均多产分别为0.72头和0.64头     

白色基因座(I)在中国地方猪种毛色遗传中的作用研究

通过利用PCR—RFLP和PCR—SSCP技术对中国地方猪种KIT基因内含子17、18的序列进行多态性分析。结果表明：内含子17上的替换突变(G→A)发生于毛色为白色的个体——白色五指山猪、大白猪、长白猪上,其基因型(AB型)频率分别为1、1和0．8;其他中国地方猪种的此基因型频率均为0。内含子18上的缺失突变(AGTT)也同样发生在上述3个猪种的白色个体中,其基因型(AA型)频率分别为1、1和0．93;而且同样在其他的地方品种中其基因型频率均为0。这充分证明KIT基因对于猪的白毛色有重要的调控作用,而且I基因座对于其他的经典遗传基因座有上位作用。另一方面,中国地方猪种荣昌猪虽然在表型上与引入猪种大白猪、长白猪相似(白毛色),但是在KIT基因上发生的突变完全不同,推测它们分别属于不同的毛色遗传体系。     

An investigation into the genetic background of coat colour dilution in a Charolais x German Holstein F2 resource population

The molecular background of many loci affecting coat colour inheritance in cattle is still incompletely characterized, although it is known that coat colour results from the joint effects of several loci, e.g. agouti, extension and dilution. Dilution alleles are responsible for a dilution effect on the original coat colour of an individual, which is determined by the agouti and extension loci. Different loci affecting dilution of pigment are suggested in Charolais (Dc) and Simmental (Ds). To enable chromosomal mapping of the Dc mutation, 133 animals from an F2 full-sib resource population generated from a cross of Charolais and German Holstein were scored for the coat colour dilution phenotype. Linkage analysis covering all autosomes revealed a significant linkage of the dilution phenotype with microsatellite markers on bovine chromosome 5. No recombination was observed between marker ETH10 and the Dc locus. Positional and functional information identified the bovine silver homolog (SILV) gene as a candidate for the Dc mutation. Results from comparative sequencing of the SILV gene in individuals with different dilution coat colour phenotypes confirmed the presence of a c.64G>A non-synonymous mutation, which had previously been identified in the Charolais breed. The alleles at this locus were associated with coat colour dilution in this study. However, further investigation of colour inheritance within the F2 resource population indicated that a single diallelic mutation in the SILV gene cannot explain the total observed variation of coat colour dilution.     

The gene for dominant white color in the pig is closely linked to ALB and PDGRFRA on chromosome 8.

White is a widespread coat color among domestic pig breeds and is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene I. The segregation of this gene was analyzed in a reference pedigree for gene mapping developed by crossing the European wild pig and a Large White domestic breed. The gene for dominant white color was shown to be closely linked to the genes for albumin (ALB) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) on chromosome 8. An unexpected phenotype with patches of colored and white coat was observed among the F1 and F2 animals. The segregation data indicated that the phenotype was controlled by a third allele, denoted patch (Ip), most likely transmitted by one of the Large White founder animals. It is shown that the ALB, PDGFRA, I linkage group shares homologies with parts of mouse chromosome 5, human chromosome 4, and horse linkage group II, all of which contain dominant genes for white or white spotting. Candidate genes for the dominant white and patch mutations in the pig are proposed on the basis on these linkage homologies and the recent molecular definition of the dominant white spotting (W) and patch (Ph) mutations in the mouse.     

猪ATF4基因多态性与生产性状的关联及基因表达分析

为进一步了解和认识ATF4基因的功能,揭示ATF4对猪脂肪代谢的影响,寻找与肉质性状相关联的分子标记,文章采用PCR方法扩增了ATF4基因部分序列,通过序列比对发现在翻译起始密码子ATG下游159 bp处存在A159G转换,通过PCR-AluⅠ-RFLP对大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪和通城猪进行酶切分型,发现在大白猪和长白猪中均为AA基因型,在梅山猪和通城猪中均为GG基因型。进一步对大白猪×梅山F2群体资源家系进行了酶切分型,并分析该位点的多态性与生产性状的关系。结果表明,ATF4的多态性与臀部平均膘厚存在极显著相关(P<0.01),与胸腰椎间膘厚、平均膘厚、眼肌高、眼肌面积存在显著相关(P<0.05)。采用Real-time PCR分析了ATF4基因在大白猪与梅山猪背最长肌不同发育阶段的表达模式。结果表明,ATF4基因在大白猪和梅山猪胚胎期65 d和出生后3 d中的表达水平相对都比较低,且在两品种间无明显差异;而在出生后60 d和120 d,ATF4基因在大白猪中与梅山猪均出现了上调表达,并且在梅山猪中的相对表达水平要显著高于大白猪。研究结果为进一步深入研究猪ATF4基因在脂肪代谢中的分子机理奠定了基础。     

Whole-genome association study for the roan coat color in an intercrossed pig population between Landrace and Korean native pig

The roan coat color is characterized by white hairs intermingled with colored hairs. Candidate genes based on comparative phenotypes in horses and cattle involve the KIT and KIT ligand (MGF) genes. Here, we report the result of the whole genome scanning to detect genomic regions responsible for the roan coat color, using a three-generation pedigree of 62 pigs in an intercross between Landrace and Korean native pig. These pigs were genotyped using the PorcineSNP 60 BeadChip (Illumina, USA). The whole genome scan indicated that three genomic regions, 35～36 Mb, 38～39 Mb, and 58～59 Mb on SSC8, were commonly and highly associated/linked with the roan phenotype in the case/control, sib-pair, and linkage test, respectively. The porcine KIT was selected as a candidate gene, because it is located in one of the three significant regions and its function is related to coat color formation. SNPs and Indels within coding sequence (CDS), promoter, and 3′-UTR of KIT were surveyed. Twenty-two SNPs in the CDS reported previously, as well as nine variations in promoter (2 SNPs) and 3′-UTR (5 SNPs and 2 Indels) were detected. Although no causative mutations were identified, these results will help to elucidate the genetic mechanisms involved in the expression of the roan phenotype and will aid in identifying key mutations responsible for the roan phenotype in further studies.     

Chromosome R-banding patterns and NOR homologies in the European wild pig and four breeds of domestic pig

Four European wild pigs and 27 domestic pigs were studied; three Landrace, 12 village pigs from Papua New Guinea, two Chinese pigs Meishan and 10 Creole pigs from the French Antilles. The R-banding patterns were identical for all domestic breeds despite their different history and geographical divergence. The European wild pigs showed a similar R-banding pattern and a centric fusion between pairs 15 and 17 (2n = 36). The nucleolar organizers (NORs) in the European wild pig and the four domestic breeds were localized on the secondary constriction of chromosomes 8 and 10. All animals exhibited in the majority of metaphases two NORs on both chromosomes 10. In some animals. the NORs were expressed only in one of the homologs of chromosome 8. The Chinese pigs had a high amount of silver precipitates on two homologs of chromosome 8. This study confirms several previous reports on the polymorphism of NOR patterns in different domestic pig breeds.     

猪MyoG基因的PCR-RFLP多态性分析

以杜洛克、长白、大约克、南昌白、二花脸、梅山猪、玉山黑猪、乐平花猪、金华两头乌及上高两头乌等中外10个猪种共计561头猪为研究材料,采用3对引物（PCR1、PCR2、PCR3）分别扩增猪肌细胞生成素（MyoG）基因的不同区域,扩增产物经限制性核酸内切酶MspⅠ酶切后发现：（1）在PCR1 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,外来品种杜洛克、长白、大约克及培育品种南昌白中极大多数个体表现为AA型,个别为BB型;而6个中国地方猪种除乐平花猪外均以BB型居多。（2）在PCR2 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,6个中国地方猪种除一头玉山黑猪表现为MN型外,其余均为MM型;而外来品种以NN型占大多数,培育品种南昌白更趋向于外来品种。（3）在PCR3 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,所有猪种均可得到扩增产物,但无MspⅠ酶切位点。（4）在梅山猪及与其亲缘关系较近的二花脸猪中,没有发现Soumillion等(1997)报道的梅山猪特异性MspⅠ多态性酶切位点。     

Polymorphism at the porcine Dominant white/KIT locus influence coat colour and peripheral blood cell measures

We have examined the phenotype of different KIT genotypes with regard to coat colour and several blood parameters (erythrocyte numbers and measures, total and differential leucocyte numbers, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels and serum components). The effect of two different iron supplement regimes (one or two iron injections) on the blood parameters was also examined. For a total of 184 cross-bred piglets (different combinations of Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire) blood parameters were measured four times during their first month of life, and the KIT genotypes of these and 70 additional cross-bred piglets were determined. Eight different KIT genotypes were identified, which confirms the large allelic diversity at the KIT locus in commercial pig populations. The results showed that pigs with different KIT genotypes differ both in coat colour and in haematological parameters. In general, homozygous Dominant white (I/I) piglets had larger erythrocytes with lower haemoglobin concentration, indicating a mild macrocytic anaemia. The effect of two compared with one iron injection was also most pronounced for the I/I piglets.     

Molecular genetics of coat colour variations in White Galloway and White Park cattle

White Galloway cattle exhibit three different white coat colour phenotypes, that is, well marked, strongly marked and mismarked. However, mating of individuals with the preferred well or strongly marked phenotype also results in offspring with the undesired mismarked and/or even fully black coat colour. To elucidate the genetic background of the coat colour variations in White Galloway cattle, we analysed four coat colour relevant genes: mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (KIT), KIT ligand (KITLG), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and tyrosinase (TYR). Here, we show that the coat colour variations in White Galloway cattle and White Park cattle are caused by a KIT gene (chromosome 6) duplication and aberrant insertion on chromosome 29 (Cs₂₉) as recently described for colour‐sided Belgian Blue. Homozygous (Cs₂₉/Cs₂₉) White Galloway cattle and White Park cattle exhibit the mismarked phenotype, whereas heterozygous (Cs₂₉/wt₂₉) individuals are either well or strongly marked. In contrast, fully black individuals are characterised by the wild‐type chromosome 29. As known for other cattle breeds, mutations in the MC1R gene determine the red colouring. Our data suggest that the white coat colour variations in White Galloway cattle and White Park cattle are caused by a dose‐dependent effect based on the ploidy of aberrant insertions and inheritance of the KIT gene on chromosome 29.