枯草芽孢杆菌对几种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

枯草芽孢杆菌是目前国内外比较具有应用潜力的生防菌种之一。本文主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对几种植物病原菌的菌丝抑制试验、菌丝形态影响试验以及分生孢子萌发抑制试验,了解枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用及抑菌机理。结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对6种病原真菌的菌丝形态、菌丝生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发都有明显的破坏或抑制作用。用枯草芽孢杆菌菌液处理尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌后,在PDA培养基上均形成了明显的抑菌圈,直径达3. 00 cm左右;菌液处理后分生孢子的萌发率仅30%左右。显微镜观察发现,处理组菌丝生长异常,体表凹凸不平,局部膨大,分枝变多,原生质体外泄。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌菌株对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌有良好的抑制作用,并且可以有效控制尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌病害的发生。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的初步研究

通过检测生防枯草芽孢杆菌除菌上清液对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporium f．cumerinum菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,初步研究了生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的活性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株分泌的抗菌物质不仅抑制病原菌的生长;并可抑制尖孢镰刀菌孢子的萌发,使分生孢子萌发畸形。研究确定了该菌株抗菌物质产生的最佳条件：培养温度30℃;培养基初始pH值7.5;装液量为250ml三角瓶装液75ml培养基;培养时间120h。经30%~70%硫酸铵沉淀获得的抗菌粗提物对60℃处理具有稳定性（活性达97.8%）;对蛋白酶K具有部分耐受性,对胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶较敏感。     

海水养殖系统中37株枯草芽孢杆菌生理代谢、遗传特性及抑菌效果差异分析

【背景】由水产致病菌导致的病害不断暴发,寻找安全有效的抗生素替代品是目前生产的迫切需求。人们通常过于关注益生菌效应,而对其安全性评价重视度不够。【目的】分析我国海水养殖系统中不同来源枯草芽孢杆菌菌株的表型及遗传特征,并寻找绿色安全且具有多重抑菌作用的菌株。【方法】以2009-2021年从我国海水养殖系统中分离的37株枯草芽孢杆菌为对象,利用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测其对不同抗生素的抗性;利用培养基平板法测定淀粉酶、蛋白酶和溶血能力;通过PCR方法检测枯草芽孢杆菌溶血相关基因携带风险;采用牛津杯法测定其对副溶血弧菌、溶藻弧菌、爱德华氏菌、哈维氏弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌和假交替单胞菌等6种病原菌的抑菌作用;并对候选益生性枯草芽孢杆菌的安全性进行评估。【结果】药敏检测结果显示,37株枯草芽孢杆菌对甲氧苄啶、吡哌酸、链霉素表现出强耐药性,对磺胺嘧啶表现出中等耐药,对头孢噻肟、环丙沙星、舒巴坦的耐药率低,对克拉霉素、诺氟沙星、氟苯尼考、氟甲喹、复方新诺明、四环素表现为完全敏感。蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性测试结果显示,37株枯草芽孢杆菌能不同程度地水解酪蛋白和淀粉。溶血性测试结果显示,37株枯草芽孢杆菌中有4株出现溶血现象,而8个溶血相关基因在37株枯草芽孢杆菌中均有检出,溶血表型与检测基因关联分析表明,产生溶血现象的菌株与其溶血基因携带间无直接相关性。抑菌试验分析表明,37株枯草芽孢杆菌均对2种及以上病原菌有抑制作用,对6种病原菌均具有良好抑菌作用的有2株(菌株Bs4和Bs7)。对凡纳滨对虾的安全试验表明,菌株Bs4对凡纳滨对虾具有高安全性,7 d对虾存活率为100%。【结论】通过对37株枯草芽孢杆菌生理代谢表型、遗传特性及病原拮抗特性进行比较分析,揭示了我国海水养殖系统中枯草芽孢杆菌具有多元化的表型及遗传特征,并筛选出一株生态安全且具有多重抑菌活性的益生性枯草芽孢杆菌,为水产养殖病害防控、开发抑菌类微生态制剂及水产养殖行业健康绿色发展提供了理论基础和技术支撑。     

一株种内拮抗的海洋枯草芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

从中国东海海域筛选到好氧耐盐菌株A01,此菌株显示出抗枯草芽孢杆菌和白色念珠菌的活性采取对该菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和遗传特性进行研究的方法,结果表明此菌株与枯草芽孢仟菌（Bacillus subitilis）的特征一致;将此菌株的16S rDNA序列在GenBank中进行序列比对,结果亦显示其与Bacillus subitilis的16SrDNA的序列片段的相似性为100％;以相似性为基础构建系统发育树,分析表明该菌株与Bacillus subitilis同源关系最近最终得出结论为菌株A01是一株来源于海洋的枯草芽孢杆菌,且具有种内拮抗的特性。     

四株抗荔枝病原菌的芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定

荔枝果树根际土壤中筛选出4株芽孢杆菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6,都显示出抗荔枝病原菌的活性。采取对该菌株形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征和遗传特性进行研究的方法,结果表明菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的特征一致;将4菌株的16S rDNA序列在GenBank中进行序列比对,结果亦显示其与Bacillus subtilis的16S rDNA的序列片段的相似性均达99%以上;以相似性为基础构建系统进化树,分析表明菌株与Bacillus subtilis同源关系最近。最终得出结论为菌株OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

风信子中抗青霉素内生菌的分离、筛选和活性检测

通过用初筛培养基培养,从风信子叶子中分离出一种抗青霉素的内生菌,进行离体培养和抑菌活性检测。结果表明所筛选的菌株的发酵产物对细菌和真菌均有一定的抑菌活性。其中发酵液提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑菌活性,对苹果干腐病原菌和烟草赤星病原菌的抑菌率分别是94.8%和93.8%,而菌体内的活性物对蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌都有较高的活性,对苹果干腐病原菌、烟草赤星病原菌和苹果轮纹病原菌的抑菌率都在80%以上。     

黄瓜枯萎病病原菌拮抗菌的筛选及其生物防治效应

分离筛选到一株对黄瓜枯萎病病原菌——尖孢镰刀菌具有显著拮抗作用的菌株YHJ15,并根据其生理生化特征和16SrRNA基因序列将其初步鉴定为短小芽孢杆菌;研究了其最适的生长条件。为黄瓜枯萎病的生物防治提供了种质资源。     

林木病原菌广谱拮抗菌株的筛选及功能研究

以尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰孢菌、胶孢炭疽菌、拟盘多毛孢菌等林木常见病原菌为指示菌,用平板对峙法和菌丝球干重法,从土壤固氮细菌群中筛选广谱拮抗菌株,并调查了各菌株的溶磷及解钾能力。结果表明：对4种病原菌拮抗能力较强的菌株有24株,其中11株能溶解无机磷,7株能溶解有机磷,4株有解钾功能。通过拮抗能力复筛得到最优菌株为菌株2024和7014。菌种鉴定结果表明2024菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌亚种（Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis）,7014菌株为成团泛菌（Pantoea vagans）。     

分解玉米赤霉烯酮菌株的分离、鉴定及其产酶特征

【目的】从发酵食品材料中筛选出对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)有分解作用的微生物,研究其分解效率及产酶特征并进行菌种鉴定。【方法】利用添加ZEN毒素类似物(PL)的固体培养基对25种发酵食品材料进行初筛,获得毒素类似物耐受菌株,经过用ZEN复筛,得到高效分解ZEN的细菌。用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析培养物残留ZEN,评价菌株对ZEN的分解效率。初步分析该菌株产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶的特性。通过微生物形态学、分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定,确定该菌的系统分类学地位。【结果】从发酵食品材料中筛选出一株分解ZEN的菌株BF-B-3,经初步鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。其ZEN分解率达62.48%,测定该菌产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活力分别为160.38、84.51和4.14 U/mL。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌属于饲用微生物,生物安全性高,所分离到的枯草芽孢杆菌疑似株(Bacillus subtilis)BF-B-3菌株,可作为具有分解ZEN功能的益生菌使用,具有较好的应用前景。     

新疆棉花黄萎病菌拮抗细菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

【背景】棉花黄萎病是由大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)引起的一种世界性病害,近年来对该病害的生物防治因具有环境友好和人畜安全的特性而倍受关注。【目的】筛选棉花黄萎病高效拮抗细菌并对其进行鉴定,为棉花黄萎病的生物防治扩充菌种资源。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离细菌,并进行拮抗细菌的初筛和复筛,通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对筛选到的细菌进行鉴定,确定其分类地位。【结果】初筛分离到535株对病原菌具有拮抗作用的细菌,并选取了108株拮抗细菌进行复筛,最终筛选到了4株优势拮抗细菌。通过形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrRNA基因序列分析,将菌株BHZ-29、SHT-15、SHZ-24和SMT-24分别鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis)、枯草芽孢杆菌斯皮兹仁亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii)、萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)和香草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus vanillea)。【结论】获得了4株高效拮抗细菌,并且首次报道了香草芽孢杆菌对棉花黄萎病菌具有抑制作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.