冠心病强化标准化药物治疗最新进展

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的患病人数呈逐年上升趋势,目前治疗冠心病的方法主要包括改善生活方式,药物治疗,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）和外科冠状动脉旁路移植手术治疗（CABG）。虽然介入治疗在治疗阻塞性冠心病取得了显著的进展,但因支架再狭窄,晚期血栓形成,及未知的机制,其死亡率未见明显下降。冠状动脉旁路移植手术虽可降低死亡率,但因其为侵入性操作及手术费用的较高成本,不能为大部分患者接受。近几年来进行了一些全球多中心的临床试验研究,以评估不同诊疗方案对冠心病的预后及远期疗效。目前一些研究表明强化标准化药物治疗（optimal medical therapy,OMT）可与再血管化治疗同效。本文将针对冠心病强化标准化药物治疗方面的实验研究进展进行简要综述。     

围术期应用他汀类药物对冠状动脉旁路移植术并发急性肾损伤疗效的研究进展

急性肾损伤是冠状动脉旁路移植术后常见并且严重的并发症,目前临床治疗主要以对症治疗和肾脏替代治疗为主。作为调节冠心病患者血脂的他汀类药物,其对于行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者肾脏的作用也成为了学者研究的热点问题。目前虽已有充分证据表明他汀类药物可以降低行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者院内死亡率,但是尚不清楚其能否降低患者术后急性肾损伤的发生率。对于在冠状动脉旁路移植术围手术期应用他汀类药物,其应用的时间窗以及应用的剂量学者们仍未达成统一意见。本文通过分析他汀类药物在冠心病整体防治中的作用机理机制,以及总结近几年关于他汀用药时间窗,用药剂量对于行CABG患者术后肾脏影响的相关文献,对围手术期应用他汀类药物对于行CABG患者术后急性肾损伤的影响展开综述。     

序贯旁路移植同期行内膜剥脱治疗严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变的临床研究

目的:探讨严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者在非体外循环下行序贯旁路移植手术联合内膜剥脱的临床效果及安全性。方法:按照随机数字表法将2011年3月~2013年3月我院收治的110例严重弥漫性冠状动脉病变患者分为治疗组54例和对照组56例。治疗组在非体外循环下行序贯旁路移植结合内膜剥脱治疗,对照组在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植结合内膜剥脱治疗,比较两组的临床效果及围手术期并发症。结果:治疗组围手术期死亡2例(3.70%),对照组死亡4例(7.14%),两组死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.631,P=0.427)。围手术期内治疗组心肌梗死、严重心脑血管不良事件以及新发房颤的发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组术后1年吻合口通畅程度和桥血管通畅程度均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-2.416,-2.456;P=0.016,0.014)。结论:在非体外循环下序贯旁路移植同期行内膜剥脱治疗严重弥漫冠状动脉病变具有并发症少、安全性高且疗效好的特点,值得临床推广使用。     

冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠脉旁路移植术

目的:总结15例冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床经验。方法:回顾分析行冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术15例患者的资料,男10例,女5例,平均年龄(61±5)岁。行冠状动脉支架植入术后再行冠状动脉旁路移植术时间间隔(24±4)月,冠状动脉内置入支架3-6枚,左室射血分数为43%-64%,其中50%为3例。全组行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术3例,行非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术12例。结果:全组共行动脉桥吻合13支,静脉桥33支;围术期并发低心排综合征3例,肺部感染4例,胸腔内出血行胸腔闭式引流术2例,本组患者无死亡病例。术后平均住院日(13±4)天。结论:对冠状动脉内支架植入术后再狭窄或(和)冠状动脉再血管化不足的病例进行冠状动脉旁路移植治疗,可使冠状动脉达到充分再血管化,提高冠心病患者生活质量及预后。     

骨髓间充质干细胞为载体的基因增强组织工程研究进展

缺血性心脏病因其发病率和死亡率高严重威胁着人类健康.不可逆性功能心肌细胞数量的减少最终造成心肌收缩功能降低,发展成为心力衰竭.目前常规的药物治疗、介入治疗及冠状动脉旁路移植术虽然可以在一定程度上改善患者症状,提高生活质量,但不能修复死亡或濒死的心肌.以细胞移植为基础的组织工程学的兴起,为缺血性心脏病的治疗带来了新曙光[1].     

冠状动脉弥漫性长病变治疗的研究进展

冠心病目前已经成为全球性关注的健康问题,为当今人类一大灾难性疾病。既往研究表明,冠状动脉弥漫性长病变占冠心病总患者约20%,冠状动脉弥漫性长病变患者其动脉粥样硬化的病变范围更加广泛,病变呈弥漫性,而且更多累及左主干,常常伴有血管直径小,血管成角、钙化、扭曲等特点,而且多发生于高龄、糖尿病患者中,以上特点又决定了冠状动脉弥漫性长病变成为冠心病治疗的又一难题。因此,有效的预防与治疗冠状动脉弥漫性长病变,已成为目前的关注重点与热点,本文概述了冠状动脉弥漫性长病变临床治疗中的常用方法以及各方法的疗效与优劣之势,多年临床实践经验表明PCI治疗仍占有主导位置,虽然目前冠状动脉弥漫性长病变的介入治疗应用药物洗脱支架的已经取得良好的临床效果,在很大程度降低了心血管事件发生率和再次血管重建率,但药物洗脱支架支架治疗冠状动脉弥漫性长病变的远期疗效仍在评估中。     

不同动脉途径行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗高龄冠心病的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨不同动脉途径行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗高龄冠心病的临床疗效和安全性。方法:选取2014年1月～2017年1月我院收治的265例高龄冠心病患者为研究对象,根据就诊顺序将受试者分为对照组132例及研究组133例,对照组患者给予股动脉途径(TFI)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,研究组患者给予桡动脉途径(TRI)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,比较两组患者的手术情况、手术前后各心功能指标变化、心血管不良事件及并发症的发生情况。结果:两组患者的手术成功率、支架数量、造影剂用量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但研究组患者动脉穿刺时间、导管插入时间及X线曝光时间均长于对照组,卧床时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的左心射血分数(LVEF)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)及左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)较治疗前均明显改善,且研究组优于对照组(P0.05),研究组患者心血管不良事件发生率及各并发症发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:TRI与TFI在经皮冠状动脉介入术治疗高龄冠心病患者的手术效果相当,但TRI在改善患者心功能、减少心血管不良事件的效果更好且安全性更高,可做为高龄冠心病患者PCI治疗的首选途径。     

冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠脉旁路移植术

目的：总结15例冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床经验。方法：回顾分析行冠状动脉支架植入术后行冠状动脉旁路移植术15例患者的资料,男10例,女5例,平均年龄（61±5）岁。行冠状动脉支架植入术后再行冠状动脉旁路移植术时间间隔（24±4）月,冠状动脉内置入支架3-6枚,左室射血分数为43％-64％,其中〈50％为3例。全组行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术3例,行非体外循环心脏跳动下冠状动脉旁路移植术12例。结果：全组共行动脉桥吻合13支,静脉桥33支;围术期并发低心排综合征3例,肺部感染4例,胸腔内出血行胸腔闭式引流术2例,本组患者无死亡病例。术后平均住院日（13±4）天。结论：对冠状动脉内支架植入术后再狭窄或（和）冠状动脉再血管化不足的病例进行冠状动脉旁路移植治疗,可使冠状动脉达到充分再血管化,提高冠心病患者生活质量及预后。     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植和心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的临床研究

目的:总结同期行冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)和心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的临床经验。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的41例接受冠状动脉旁路移植同期行心脏瓣膜置换术的冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病患者的临床资料,对手术方法、主要并发症和术后处理方法进行分析总结。结果:41例患者中,行二次开胸4例(9.76%),应用IABP 2例(4.88%),发生低心排综合征6例(14.63%)、肾功能不全6例(14.63%)、肺功能不全7例(17.07%)、脑合并症1例(2.44%)、胸腔积液4例(9.77%),死亡6例(13.63%),其余患者康复出院。结论:CABG同期行心脏瓣膜置换术治疗冠心病合并心脏瓣膜病的近期疗效满意。术前改善心功能,成熟的手术技术,完全的心肌再血管化,良好的心肌保护,停机困难者尽早应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)及加强术后处理是提高CABG同期行心脏瓣膜置换术疗效的重要措施。     

老年冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路手术围手术期护理

冠心病是一种常见的老年性疾病,冠状动脉旁路移植术（cABG）是治疗冠心病有效的外科技术。总体手术死亡率不到1%,但70岁以上高龄患者行渊的死亡率明显增加,我院近6年来共行CAB（;207例,其中70岁以上患者82例,占39％,现将对老年冠心病患者行CABG围手术期护理体会总结如下：     

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): reassessing efficacy,safety, and cost

Based on randomized clinical trials begun in the 1970s showing the superiority of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to medical management for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), CABG has been routinely used to reduce angina and improve chances of survival in patients with CAD. Since CABG became a recognized standard treatment of CAD, considerable evidence has accumulated concerning the pathogenesis of CAD; the efficacy, risks, and costs of CABG; and the effectiveness of CAD risk factor reduction. To re-evaluate efficacy, safety, and cost of CABG, a MEDLINE search was performed to locate randomized trials comparing CABG vs nonsurgical management, CAD pathogenesis studies, and articles evaluating efficacy of coronary artery risk factor reduction behaviors. The extent of revascularization with CABG bore no relationship to relief of angina or survival. Randomized CABG vs medical management studies revealed that only patients with the most advanced CAD had improved survival, and this advantage vanished after 12 years. Researchers kept little coronary risk factor reduction data in the original CABG vs medical management randomized trials. However, in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Intervention (BARI) study, surgically treated patients adopted lifestyles associated with lower coronary risk significantly more than patients treated with angioplasty. Factors other than revascularization cause the improvement in angina associated with CABG. Temporary survival advantages of CAD high-risk subgroups after CABG may be better explained by risk factor reduction rather than by revascularization. Using the BARI data, including lifestyle factors, a multivariate analysis of the influences determining survival and quality-of-life end points would test this hypothesis.     

The Effects of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumps on Mortality in Patients Undergoing High-Risk Coronary Revascularization: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting and Stenting Era

Background

Intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) have generally been used for patients undergoing high-risk mechanical coronary revascularization. However, there is still insufficient evidence to determine whether they can improve outcomes in reperfusion therapy patients, mainly by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This study was designed to determine the difference between high-risk mechanical coronary revascularization with and without IABPs on mortality, by performing a meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials of the current era.

Methods

Pubmed and Embase databases were searched from inception to May 2015. Unpublished data were obtained from the investigators. Randomized clinical trials of IABP and non-IABP in high-risk coronary revascularization procedures (PCI or CABG) were included. In the case of PCI procedures, stents should be used in more than 80% of patients. Numbers of events at the short-term and long-term follow-up were extracted.

Results

A total of 12 randomized trials enrolling 2155 patients were included. IABPs did not significantly decrease short-term mortality (relative risk (RR) 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42–1.01), or long-term mortality (RR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.47–1.35), with low heterogeneity across the studies. The findings remained stable in patients with acute myocardial infarction with or without cardiogenic shock. But in high-risk CABG patients, IABP was associated with reduced mortality (71 events in 846 patients; RR 0.40; 95%CI 0.25–0.67).

Conclusion

In patients undergoing high-risk coronary revascularization, IABP did not significantly decrease mortality. But high-risk CABG patients may be benefit from IABP. Rigorous criteria should be applied to the use of IABPs.     

Unique Antibody Responses to Malondialdehyde-Acetaldehyde (MAA)-Protein Adducts Predict Coronary Artery Disease

Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts (MAA) have been implicated in atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of MAA in atherosclerotic disease. Serum samples from controls (n = 82) and patients with; non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), (n = 40), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (n = 42), or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery due to obstructive multi-vessel CAD (n = 72), were collected and tested for antibody isotypes to MAA-modifed human serum albumin (MAA-HSA). CAD patients had elevated relative levels of IgG and IgA anti-MAA, compared to control patients (p<0.001). AMI patients had a significantly increased relative levels of circulating IgG anti-MAA-HSA antibodies as compared to stable angina (p<0.03) or CABG patients (p<0.003). CABG patients had significantly increased relative levels of circulating IgA anti-MAA-HSA antibodies as compared to non-obstructive CAD (p<0.001) and AMI patients (p<0.001). Additionally, MAA-modified proteins were detected in the tissue of human AMI lesions. In conclusion, the IgM, IgG and IgA anti-MAA-HSA antibody isotypes are differentially and significantly associated with non-obstructive CAD, AMI, or obstructive multi-vessel CAD and may serve as biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease.     

Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis

Objective: Overweight and obesity are often assumed to be risk factors for postprocedural mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, recent studies have described an “obesity paradox”—a neutral or beneficial association between obesity and mortality postcoronary revascularization. We reviewed the effect of overweight and obesity systematically on short‐ and long‐term all‐cause mortality post‐coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and post‐percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify cohort, case control, and randomized controlled studies evaluating the effect of obesity on in‐hospital/short‐term (within 30 days) and long‐term (up to 5 years) mortality. Full‐text, published articles reporting all‐cause mortality between individuals with and without elevated BMI were included. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion and performed data extraction. Results: Twenty‐two cohort publications were identified, reporting results in ten post‐PCI and twelve post‐CABG populations. Compared to individuals with non‐elevated BMI levels, obese patients undergoing PCI had lower short‐ (odds ratio (OR) 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–0.73) and long‐term mortality (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.51–0.83). Post‐CABG, obese patients had lower short‐term (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.56–0.71) and similar long‐term (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.60–1.29) mortality risk compared to normal weight individuals. Results were similar in overweight patients for both procedures. Conclusions: Compared to non‐obese individuals, overweight and obese patients have similar or lower short‐ and long‐term mortality rates postcoronary revascularization. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of these findings and delineate potential underlying mechanisms.     

Comparison between mechanical properties of human saphenous vein and umbilical vein

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: As a main cause of mortality in developed countries, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is known as silent killer with a considerable cost to be dedicated for its treatment. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) is a common remedy for CAD for which different blood vessels are used as a detour. There is a lack of knowledge about mechanical properties of human blood vessels used for CABG, and while these properties have a great impact on long-term patency of a CABG. Thus, studying these properties, especially those of human umbilical veins which have not been considered yet, looks utterly necessary. METHODS: Umbilical vein, as well as human Saphenous vein, are respectively obtained after cesarean and CABG. First, histological tests were performed to investigate different fiber contents of the samples. Having prepared samples carefully, force-displacement results of samples were rendered to real stress--strain measurements and then a fourth-order polynomial was used to prove the non-linear behavior of these two vessels. RESULTS: Results were analyzed in two directions, i.e. circumferentially and longitudinally, which then were compared with each other. The comparison between stiffness and elasticity of these veins showed that Saphenous vein's stiffness is much higher than that of umbilical vein and also, it is less stretchable. Furthermore, for both vessels, longitudinal stiffness was higher than that of circumferential and in stark contrast, stretch ratio in circumferential direction came much higher than longitudinal orientation. CONCLUSION: Blood pressure is very high in the region of aorta, so there should be a stiff blood vessel in this area and previous investigations showed that stiffer vessels would have a better influence on the flow of bypass. To this end, the current study has made an attempt to compare these two blood vessels' stiffness, finding that Saphenous vein is stiffer than umbilical vein which is somehow as stiff as rat aortic vessels. As blood vessel's stiffness is directly related to elastin and mainly collagen content, results showed the lower amount of these two contents in umbilical vein regarding Saphenous vein.     

Prediction of mortality using a multi-bed vascular calcification score in the Diabetes Heart Study

Background

Diabetes is associated with a high risk of death due to coronary artery disease (CAD). People with diabetes suffering from CAD are frequently treated with revascularization procedures. We aim to compare trends in the use and outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Spain between 2001 and 2011.

Methods

We identified all patients who had undergone coronary revascularization procedures, percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries, using national hospital discharge data. Discharges were grouped by diabetes status: type 2 diabetes and no diabetes. The incidence of discharges attributed to coronary revascularization procedures were calculated stratified by diabetes status. We calculated length of stay and in-hospital mortality (IHM). We apply joinpoint log-linear regression to identify the years in which changes in tendency occurred in the use of PCI and CABG in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Multivariate analysis was adjusted by age, sex, year and comorbidity (Charlson comorbidity index).

Results

From 2001 to 2011, 434,108 PCIs and 79,986 CABGs were performed. According to the results of the joinpoint analysis, we found that sex and age-adjusted use of PCI increased by 31.4% per year from 2001 to 2003, by 15.9% per year from 2003 to 2006 and by 3.8% per year from 2006 to 2011 in patients with diabetes. IHM among patients with diabetes who underwent a PCI did not change significantly over the entire study period (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.97-1.00). Among patients with diabetes who underwent a CABG, the sex and age-adjusted CABG incidence rate increased by 10.4% per year from 2001 to 2003, and then decreased by 1.1% through 2011. Diabetic patients who underwent a CABG had a 0.67 (95% CI 0.63-0.71) times lower probability of dying during hospitalization than those without diabetes.

Conclusions

The annual percent change in PCI procedures increased in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Higher comorbidity and the female gender are associated with a higher IHM in PCI procedures. In diabetic and non-diabetic patients, we found a decrease in the use of CABG procedures. IHM was higher in patients without diabetes than in those with diabetes.     

Debate: Should statin be used in patients with heart failure?

Statins reduce mortality of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, by protocol, trials have excluded patients with chronic heart failure. Since the prevalent etiology of heart failure is CAD, preventing CAD may prevent heart failure progression. Statins may have other beneficial effects besides cholesterol lowering, such as anti-inflammatory properties and improvement of endothelial function. On the contrary, high levels of cholesterol can be beneficial in heart failure patients on the basis of the ability of serum lipoproteins to modulate inflammatory response. Furthermore, statins affecting mitochondrial function can have a deleterious effect on skeletal or cardiac muscles. Despite all these conflicting data, there is no evidence from trials on the effects of statins in patients with heart failure. For this reason, the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) investigators planned a controlled trial testing the effect of statins in patients with heart failure of different etiology.     

Derivation and validation of predictive indices for 30-day mortality after coronary and valvular surgery in Ontario,Canada

Background:Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) are the 2 most common cardiac surgery procedures in North America. We derived and externally validated clinical models to estimate the likelihood of death within 30 days of CABG, AVR or combined CABG + AVR.Methods:We obtained data from the CorHealth Ontario Cardiac Registry and several linked population health administrative databases from Ontario, Canada. We derived multiple logistic regression models from all adult patients who underwent CABG, AVR or combined CABG + AVR from April 2017 to March 2019, and validated them in 2 temporally distinct cohorts (April 2015 to March 2017 and April 2019 to March 2020).Results:The derivation cohorts included 13 435 patients who underwent CABG (30-d mortality 1.73%), 1970 patients who underwent AVR (30-d mortality 1.68%) and 1510 patients who underwent combined CABG + AVR (30-d mortality 3.05%). The final models for predicting 30-day mortality included 15 variables for patients undergoing CABG, 5 variables for patients undergoing AVR and 5 variables for patients undergoing combined CABG + AVR. Model discrimination was excellent for the CABG (c-statistic 0.888, optimism-corrected 0.866) AVR (c-statistic 0.850, optimism-corrected 0.762) and CABG + AVR (c-statistic 0.844, optimism-corrected 0.776) models, with similar results in the validation cohorts.Interpretation:Our models, leveraging readily available, multidimensional data sources, computed accurate risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rates for CABG, AVR and combined CABG + AVR, with discrimination comparable to more complex American and European models. The ability to accurately predict perioperative mortality rates for these procedures will be valuable for quality improvement initiatives across institutions.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) are 2 of the most common cardiac surgical procedures in North America.¹ Accurate risk models of perioperative mortality for CABG and AVR are not only useful for operative decision-making,² but also valuable for quality improvement initiatives across surgeons and institutions.In North America, the most widely used 30-day mortality risk score is the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)–Predicted Risk of Mortality tool, derived from more than 1000 hospitals in the United States and encompassing more than 50 variables.³ An ideal risk model should be built and validated on the patient population in which it will be applied. Although the STS–Predicted Risk of Mortality tool was derived from a large surgical population, regional differences in patient sociodemographics and health care delivery systems may preclude this model from performing optimally in the health system where cardiac surgery is publicly funded. Furthermore, collecting more than 50 variables is resource intensive and is not feasible for all institutions. Similar limitations apply to the EuroSCORE II, which was derived from a population-based cohort in Europe.⁴ Given these limitations, we developed a more parsimonious model using readily available, linked clinical and administrative data sets in Ontario, Canada, to efficiently and accurately calculate risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rates for the purpose of province-wide quality improvement after CABG, AVR and combined CABG + AVR.     

Which method of estimating renal function is the best predictor of mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting?

Objectives

Definitions of renal function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) vary in the literature. We sought to investigate which method of estimating renal function is the best predictor of mortality after CABG.

Methods

We analysed the preoperative and postoperative renal function data from all patients undergoing isolated CABG from January 1998 through December 2007. Preoperative and postoperative renal function was estimated using serum creatinine (SeCr) levels, creatinine clearance (CrCl) determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula and the glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curves were calculated.

Results

In 9987 patients, CrCl had the best discriminatory power to predict early as well as late mortality, followed by e-GFR and finally SeCr. The odds ratios for preoperative parameters for early mortality were closer to 1 than those of the postoperative parameters.

Conclusions

Renal function determined by the Cockcroft-Gault formula is the best predictor of early and late mortality after CABG. The relationship between renal function and mortality is non-linear. Renal function as a variable in risk scoring systems such as the EuroSCORE needs to be reconsidered.