大兴安岭北部林区野果资源及保护利用

调查了大兴安岭北部林区野生果树种质资源及其开发利用现状。记录到该地区野生肉果类10科,15属,29种。其中越桔和笃斯越桔是大兴安岭北部林区资源极其丰富的野果。蔷薇科有16种,为该地区野生果树的优势科。介绍了11种具有重要经济价值的野果。大兴安岭北部林区的野果资源已得到初步开发利用,越桔、笃斯越桔、山刺玫等数种野果已进入产业化阶段。提出了合理保护和利用对策。     

福建越桔属野生浆果资源与民间利用状况

初步调查了福建越桔属(Vaccinum)主要种类的野生资源、分布和民间利用情况,结果表明,该属野生资源贮量以福建中西部山区较大;民间对越桔属利用方式主要为食用乌饭树(Vaccinum bracteatum)、米饭花(V. mandarinorum)、黄背越桔(V. iteophyllum)的野生浆果,德化、霞浦等地民间还有酿酒习惯,主要用"白曲室温发酵"的方法。提出福建省发展以乌饭树为主的蓝莓产业生态区划。     

我国野生越桔果资源及其速冻开发研究

我国野生越桔果资源及其速冻开发研究朱智明（黑龙江省远达进出口公司,哈尔滨１５０００１）越桔（Ｖａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍｖｉｔｉｓ－ｉｄａｅａＬ．）,俗名“牙疙瘩”、“亚格达”、“红豆果”,属于杜鹃花科越桔属,是一种常绿耐阴性匍匐小灌木。植株高１０－２０ｃｍ,...     

黑龙江省野生浆果资源——笃斯越桔

黑龙江省野生浆果资源——笃斯越桔张欣（黑龙江省农科院园艺所,哈尔滨１５００６９）笃斯越桔（ＶａｃｉｎｉｕｍｕｌｉｇｉｎｏｓｕｍＬ．）别名：甸果、地果、笃斯、都柿为杜鹃花科（Ｅｒｉ－ｃａｃｅａｅ）越桔属（ＶａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍＬ．）亚灌木野生植物。分布于中...     

贵州野生大麦麦芽品质性状的SSR标记分析

采用6对啤酒大麦的麦芽浸提和糖化力紧密连锁引物对103份采自贵州的野生大麦材料进行SSR标记。结果表明,贵州野生大麦麦芽品质性状存在丰富的变异,6对SSR引物共检测出38个等位变异,每个位点平均6.33个等位变异,其中GMS001位点对贵州野生大麦基因组DNA变异检测最有效。UPGMA聚类图显示,该6对与麦芽品质紧密连锁的SSR引物对区分野生大麦在贵州不同的资源产地和棱性是有效的,表现为遵义地区野生大麦遗传多样性丰富,而来自贵州凯里地区的野生大麦资源遗传多样性狭窄。麦芽品质性状标记结果表明贵州野生六棱大麦较四棱大麦的遗传差异更显著,表明进行贵州啤酒大麦人工育种的亲本应在亲缘关系较远的六棱大麦之间选择。     

浆果种子氨基酸含量分析

<正> 我国浆果资源极为丰富,无论是南方还是北方,都各有独特的浆果,而吉林省地处于祖国东北的中部,特别是长白山,拥有大量的野生山葡萄、野生猕猴桃类,野生树莓、东方草莓、笃斯越桔等,以及部分栽培的葡萄、穗醋栗、醋栗、草莓等多种浆果。浆果的果实鲜食只是一部分,而大部分用于加工酿造与制汁,对其加工剩下的果渣及种子很少利用与研究。为综合利用、开发、研究、与引进浆果资源,我们对一些浆果的种子作了氨基酸的组分分析,为以后综合研究提供依据与资料。     

贵州东部地区猕猴桃野生种质资源调查

为了解贵州东部地区猕猴桃野生种质资源分布现状及发掘具有育种价值的猕猴桃种质资源,对贵州东部地区猕猴桃野生种质资源进行调查。收集了6个猕猴桃种(中华猕猴桃、美味猕猴桃、毛花猕猴桃、阔叶猕猴桃、黄毛猕猴桃和软枣猕猴桃)共197份材料(枝条和果实),海拔跨越590~1 691 m,其中美味猕猴桃、中华猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃单果重分别高达55g、17g和20g。此外,野生猕猴桃种间具有同域分布及天然杂交现象。     

贵州石斛生态产业发展及建议

贵州野生石斛资源种类丰富,为实现贵州石斛资源保护和可持续利用,贵州充分利用林木资源、喀斯特地貌、丹霞地貌等自然生态资源创新发展石斛生态产业,坚持“石斛发展必须回归原产地、原生态”的理念,将自然生态优势转化为产业优势。目前,贵州石斛生态产业已形成以赤水市为核心的丹霞区金钗石斛和黔西南、黔南石漠化区铁皮石斛两大产业集群。根据贵州石斛生态产业现有形势和发展问题,提出贵州石斛生态种植智能化管理和产业多样化发展模式,全力打造贵州生态石斛品牌,有效推动贵州石斛生态产业跨越式发展。     

越桔红色素的初步研究

越桔(Vaccinium Vitis—idaea L·)也叫做红豆、牙疙瘩,属杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越桔属(Vaccinium)植物。它主要分布于我国的东北,以及苏联、朝鲜、日本和北美州等十几个国家。目前美国有人工栽培,其他国家为野生状态。越桔果实成熟后呈红色,含有色素。据Sakamura报导,早熟蔓越桔(V·macrocarpon Ait)每克含粗制色素为70毫克(鲜重);Zapsalla等鉴定色素的主要成分为四种,它们是矢车菊甙元—3—单半乳糖甙、芍药     

贵州野生木本观赏植物多样性及空间分布格局

贵州拥有丰富的野生观赏植物资源。本文在两年野外实地调查的基础上,结合植物志及书籍文献,整理了贵州具有可观赏价值的野生木本植物名录及其地理分布,分析了它们的组成特征、区系成分、园林运用及多样性空间分布格局。结果表明,贵州省具有观赏价值的野生木本植物共106科288属797种,分别占贵州维管束植物的42.06%、16.17%、9.95%。其中热带成分62科149属,略占优势,其次是温带分布有27科134属。从观赏特性上看,观花类、观果类及观叶类最多,分别占总种数的48.06%、42.91%、26.6%。基于县域尺度的分布上呈现出喜热物种偏南和耐寒物种偏北的变化趋势以及在原生性较好的区域以及保护区所在区域物种丰富度较高,基于海拔尺度的垂直分布上呈现出垂直差异高于水平差异的特点。无论从科属结构、植物分布区类型、观赏特性及园林用途,还是从空间分布上看,贵州境内的野生观赏植物都具有丰富的多样性,但是大量可观赏的乡土植物尚处于野生或半野生状态并且极少运用到园林建设中。鉴于此次野外调查结果,文中提出合理开发利用具有较高观赏价值的野生木本观赏植物资源的建议,为充分利用并发挥贵州的植物资源优势及野生观赏植物的引种驯化、良种选育及种质创新奠定基础。     

广西野稻考察图像采集与图像信息库建设探讨

经过8年的努力完成了广西野生稻原生境考察收集和图像采集的任务。全面弄清广西14个市58个县139个乡镇350个村委野生稻分布现状,抢救收集野生稻种质资源466个居群1.1万多份,有效地保存了广西野生稻种质资源遗传多样性和完整性。用500万像素的数码相机采集到3.0万多幅野生稻资源图像,瞬间闪光真实地记录了广西野生稻原生境考察收集现场,也记录了广西野生稻研究的历史。目前,已完成图像信息库的建设,为今后野生稻资源考察和遗传多样性研究提供精准的科学依据。     

东北亚地区野猪种群mtDNA遗传结构及系统地理发生

研究测定了中国东北、华北及四川西部72个野猪(Susscrofa)个体线粒体控制区全序列,并结合GenBank报道的日本野猪(S.s.leucomystax)、琉球野猪(S.s.riukiuanus)72个同源区序列,分析了东北亚地区野猪线粒体DNA的变异及系统地理格局。在东北亚地区野猪的线粒体控制区共发现42个变异位点,均为转换,共定义了34个单元型。单元型之间的系统发生分析表明,东北亚地区野猪来自同一祖先。东北亚地区野猪现生种群具有显著的种群遗传结构,其中日本野猪与分布于中国东北地区的东北野猪之间亲缘关系较近;而琉球野猪则与华北野猪间亲缘关系较近,与日本野猪和东北野猪间的关系相对较远。嵌套进化枝系统地理分析(Nestedcladephylogeographicalanalysis,NCPA)表明:东北亚地区野猪由同一祖先经过长距离的迁徙而形成现生各种群(或亚种);琉球野猪应起源于大陆野猪,其种群演化可能经历了片断化事件;华北野猪呈现南部种群遗传多样性高的特点,其种群内部曾经历了一次分布区由南向北的扩张     

RAPD Analysis and the Probable Evolutionary Route of Wild Relatives of Barley from China

he genetic relationships among 12 wild relatives and cultivar of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) as well as 1 perennial wild barley grass (H. brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link) from China were investigated by RAPD analysis. 36 out of 63 arbitrary primers produced 285 distinctive bands in total, 219 of which were polymorphic. Clearly resolved bands were treated as independent characters and scored for their presence or absence in a binary data matrix. Simple matching coefficients and Nei's similarity coefficients were calculated respectively. Dendrograms were generated by using the PHYLIP 3.5c software. The results revealed that the cultivated barley and their wild relatives from China were clustered into one group, among which, the two-rowed wild relatives of barley ( H. vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum (Koch) Hsü) and the six-rowed wild forms (H. vulgare L. ssp. agriocrithon (Aberg) Hsü) were respectively clustered into different subgroups. It was considered that wild relatives of barley from China were subspecies of H.vulgare. And it was proposed that the cultivated barley was originally evolved from the two-rowed wild barley. The retrogressive two-rowed wild barley and the bottle-shaped wild forms (H. vulgare L. ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme Bakht Hsü) were the intermediate types in the evolutionary route from the two-rowed wild barley to the six-rowed wild forms and eventually evolved to the cultivated barley.     

重庆地区野生百合资源调查与评价

对重庆地区的野生百合资源进行了调查,共记录到野生百合资源17种(含变种);分析了野生百合资源在重庆地区的分布特征和资源现状;初步评估了重庆地区野生百合资源受威胁情况及其综合价值,并提出保护和利用建议。     

Genetic relationship and distribution of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) analysed by mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial genetic variations were used to investigate the relationships between two Japanese wild boars, Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (S.s. riukiuanus). Nucleotide sequences of the control (27 haplotypes) and cytochrome b (cyt-b) regions (19 haplotypes) were determined from 59 Japanese wild boars, 13 Ryukyu wild boars and 22 other boars and pigs. From phylogenetic analyses, the mtDNA of Ryukyu wild boar has a distinct lineage from that of Japanese wild boar, which was classified into the Asian pig lineage. This result suggests that the Ryukyu wild boar has a separate origin from the Japanese wild boar.     

Detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 2 isolates from the first cases of postweaning multisystemic and wasting syndrome in wild boars in Greece

In 2002, postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) was diagnosed in a European female wild boar (Sus scrofa), based on the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) DNA in various organs, including the uterus, and on histopathologic lesions. This is the first detection of PCV2 DNA in the uterus of a wild boar. Three years later (2005), a wild boar < 6-8 mo of age was found moribund. It presented wasting and dyspnea and finally died. PCV2 DNA was detected in tissue samples, and histopathologic lesions consistent with PMWS were observed. Both wild boars were from neighboring hunting areas in central Greece. Two PCV2 strains from the wild boars were genetically characterized and compared to other reported PCV2 sequences from wild boars and domestic pigs. The PCV-2 sequences from the wild boars in this study were closely related to each other and were grouped with two isolates from wild boars from Hungary. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the virus might be transmitted between hunting areas. In addition, PCV2 may spread from domestic pigs to wild boars and vice versa.     

Pollinator preferences and the persistence of crop genes in wild radish populations (Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassicaceae)

Crop-weed hybridization can potentially influence the evolutionary ecology of wild populations. Many crops are known to hybridize with wild relatives, but few studies have looked at the long-term persistence of crop genes in the wild. This study investigated one factor in the hybridization process in radish: differential pollinator visitation to wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) vs. crop-wild F1 hybrids (R. sativus x R. raphanistrum). Wild genotypes had yellow flowers, a recessive single-locus trait, whereas hybrids always had white or pale pink flowers. In experimental arrays in northern Michigan, total pollinator visitation was significantly biased toward wild plants when the frequencies of wild and hybrid plants were equal. Syrphid flies, the most frequent visitors, preferred wild plants while bumble bees showed no preference. This pattern was also observed when hybrid plants were overrepresented in the array (12 hybrid:2 wild). In contrast, when hybrid plants were rare (2 hybrid:12 wild), neither morph was preferred by any pollinator group. Later in the summer, pollinators were also observed in a large experimental garden with nearly equal frequencies of wild and hybrid plants. Cabbage butterflies (Pieris rapae) strongly overvisited wild plants, while bumble bees showed a slight preference for hybrids. Taken together, these studies suggest that F1 hybrids may not be at a disadvantage with regard to pollinator visits when they occur at low frequencies or when bumble bees are frequent flower visitors. Thus, variation in the proportion of white-flowered morphs among wild radish populations could be influenced by different histories of crop-to-wild hybridization, as well as by variation in the composition of local pollinator taxa.     

Serum constituents and liver photomicrographs of wild Suncus murinus in the south of Taiwan

Serum constituents and liver of the wild male suncus as well as of those bred and fed in our laboratory were examined serologically and histologically. The following results were obtained: The serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transaminase, inorganic phosphate, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, and zinc turbidity test levels of wild suncus were higher than those of 4 and 8 week old fed suncus. The total cholesterol level of wild suncus was lower than those of 4 and 8 week old fed suncus. In wild suncus, the total bilirubin and direct bilirubin levels were higher, and the Ca and albumin levels were lower than those of 4 week old fed suncus. However, no significant differences were observed between the wild and the 8 week old fed suncus. Although the alkaline phosphatese and thymol turbidity test levels of wild suncus were larger than those of 8 week old fed suncus, no significant differences were observed between the wild and the 4 week old fed suncus. The histological study revealed the presence of fatty droplets in only 2 of the 67 wild suncus examined while fatty droplets (grade +) were observed in almost all the fed suncus. In one case of the wild suncus, moderate round cell infiltration in interlobular connective tissue was found.     

鸟市贸易威胁野生鸟类生存——以哈尔滨道外花鸟鱼市场为例

为探讨鸟市贸易对野生鸟类的威胁与影响,给当地野生动物保护部门实施监管提供科学依据,于2016年11月—2017年11月对黑龙江省哈尔滨市最大鸟市——道外花鸟鱼市场进行调查。结果发现:(1)共记录6目34科83属117种18 729只鸟类,其中野生鸟类5目32科77属108种11 662只。有出售国家保护鸟种黄胸鹀 Emberiza aureola、猛禽及非法捕猎工具的现象。(2)所有被贩卖的野生鸟类中,在黑龙江省有分布的共69种,数量达9 707只。相关分析结果表明,黑龙江省有分布的野生鸟类是鸟市非法捕捉及贩卖的主要对象。(3)贩卖量为春、秋季多,夏、冬季少,7—10月鸟类迁徙季节时最多,占总贩卖量的45.2%,说明鸟类秋季迁徙是非法猎捕的高峰期。(4)调查中发现较多的南方鸟种(32.4%)也一定程度上说明野生鸟类非法运输的严重性。建议当地林业和草原局及时加强对道外花鸟鱼市场的监管,在鸟类迁徙季节从非法捕捉和运输环节实施严厉打击。