人乳头瘤病毒E5基因

本对人乳头瘤病毒早期基因之一Ｅ５基因的致癌性的分子机理进行了综述,对Ｅ５蛋白与生长因子受体的相互作用,一些癌基因的反式激活作用及细胞缝隙在连接的损伤作用进行了讨论。     

人乳头瘤病毒E6及E7蛋白研究进展

高危型人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）的Ｅ６及Ｅ７蛋白是致瘤蛋白，均有锌指结构，致瘤方式都是作用于抑癌蛋白使细胞周期紊乱，Ｅ６还能激活端粒酶，使细胞不能正常凋亡，对Ｅ６及Ｅ７免疫表位的研究表明，Ｅ７及Ｅ７蛋白的鼠Ｔ细胞表位均在Ｃ端区及锌指区，但其ＨＬＡ－Ａ表位除了存在于锌指区，也存在于Ｎ端区，Ｅ６及Ｅ７蛋白的结构，功能及免疫表位的研究为防治ＨＰＶ疾病奠定了基础。     

人乳头瘤病毒E2蛋白及其相关疫苗

人乳头瘤病毒（human papilloma virus,HPV）感染在全球范围内颇为常见,其与肛门生殖器疣、生殖器肿瘤的发生关系密切。研究发现,乳头瘤的形成与HPVE2蛋白密不可分,该蛋白质涉及到病毒生命周期的各个阶段,与病毒的有丝分裂、其他早期蛋白的转录及细胞凋亡有关。近年来,各国学者利用E2蛋白的特性研制出E2相关疫苗,分别使用不同的重组病毒来传输E2,或是使用纯化的E2蛋白或E2融合蛋白,运输至体内的HPV转化细胞和／或HPV感染细胞中,以期达到防治HPV感染相关疾病的目的。     

人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变与宫颈癌的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒(Humanpapillomavirus)HPV是发生宫颈癌的必要条件,人乳头瘤病毒16E5癌基因突变与宫颈癌的发生有密切的相关性。人乳头瘤病毒E5是一种转化作用的癌蛋白,是细胞膜或内膜整合蛋白。人乳头瘤病毒E5在感染的细胞中表达。主要在感染细胞克隆早期的繁殖,扩张中起重要作用。它干预生长因子受体,干扰周期蛋白和周期蛋白激酶,促进病毒癌基因转化,抑制抑癌基因表达,激活启动子促进病毒繁殖,并通过多种机制促使损伤细胞,通过细胞周期,使宿主细胞增殖,分化延缓,恶性化。E5基因变异意味着功能有可能改变,可能机体或细胞对病毒变异株的免疫能力,与宫颈癌的发生和HPV的嗜上皮性有关,因此对人乳头瘤病毒16E5基因变异的研究对于人乳头瘤病毒16在宫颈癌发病中的作用有着不可忽略的意义。本文对人乳头瘤病毒16E5突变株在宫颈癌组织中的作用及其基因突变的研究现状进行分析。     

人乳头瘤病毒E7蛋白的研究进展

人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）的早期基因E7编码一个具有生物活性的癌蛋白,E7蛋白与腺病毒EIA,SV40大于T抗原病毒癌蛋白有相似的结构与功能,本对有关E7蛋白结构与功能的研究进展进行综述。     

人乳头瘤病毒致癌机制的研究进展

宫颈癌发病率居全球女性恶性肿瘤的第二位,每年约有50万宫颈癌新发病例,其中80％在发展中国家,我国每年约有新发病例13．15万,占世界新发病例的28．8％。近年来宫颈癌发病年龄趋向年轻化,从原来的40-50岁提前到35岁左右。人     

人乳头瘤病毒致癌机制的研究进展

宫颈癌发病率居全球女性恶性肿瘤的第二位,每年约有50万宫颈癌新发病例,其中80%在发展中国家,我国每年约有新发病例13.15万,占世界新发病例的28.8%.近年来宫颈癌发病年龄趋向年轻化,从原来的40～50岁提前到35岁左右[1].     

乳头瘤病毒E2蛋白的分子生物学研究进展

乳头瘤病毒Ｅ２蛋白是一种多功能蛋白,在乳头瘤病毒的生活史中处于核心的枢纽地位。Ｅ２蛋白可在ＤＮＡ复制水平,ＲＮＡ转录水平上对基因表达进行调控,Ｅ２蛋白可启动,凶制乳头瘤病毒早期启动子的表达。研究Ｅ２蛋白的功能有助于揭开乳头瘤病毒的生活史及其致病的分子机理。     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E7变异株免疫原性研究

采用分子克隆技术,构建E7变异株重组质粒[pcDNA3．1-(by)E7]和E7标准株重组质粒【pcDNA3．1．(ys)-E7】,并将两种质粒分别皮下免疫Balb／c小鼠,免疫后于不同时间提取小鼠血清和制备脾淋巴细胞悬液,分别用ELISA法和MTT比色法检测特异性抗体和特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应。基因免疫后,ELISA法显示,HPVl6E7变异株和标准株均能诱导特异性抗E7抗体;MTTT比色法显示,E7标准株免疫组脾淋巴细胞在体外受到变异株E7蛋白的再次刺激后出现特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应,变异株E7免疫组脾淋巴细胞经过同样处理后,出现非特异性淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果表明HPV16E7变异株能诱导特异性体液免疫应答而不能诱导特异性细胞免疫应答,HPVl6E7变异株无论在结构还是免疫原性上均与标准株有差异。由此推测,HPV16E7变异可能导致其逃逸机体自然感染或疫苗诱导的免疫应答。用基因免疫方法研究E7变异株免疫原性也为其它不能或难以进行体外培养的病毒变异研究提供借鉴。     

Structural models of the bovine papillomavirus E5 protein

The bovine papillomavirus E5 protein is thought to be a type II integral membrane protein that exists as a disulfide-linked homodimer in transformed cells. Polarized-infrared measurements show that the E5 dimer in membrane bilayers is largely α-helical and has a transmembrane orientation. Computational searches of helix-helix conformations reveal two possible low-energy dimer structures. Correlation of these results with previous mutagenesis studies on the E5 protein suggests how the E5 dimer may serve as a molecular scaffold for dimerization and ligand-independent activation of the PDGF-β receptor. We propose that on each face of the E5 dimer a PDGF-β receptor molecule interacts directly with Gln17 from one E5 monomer and with Asp33 from the other E5 monomer. This model accounts for the requirement of Gln17 and Asp33 for complex formation and explains genetic results that dimerization of the E5 protein is essential for cell transformation. Proteins 33:601–612, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Human papillomavirus E5 suppresses immunity via inhibition of the immunoproteasome and STING pathway

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Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins as risk factors for tumorigenesis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is small, double-stranded DNA virus that infects mucosal and cutaneous epithelial tissue. HPV is sexually transmitted and the viral DNA replicates extrachromosomally. The virus is non-enveloped and has an icosahedral capsid. There are approximately 118 types of HPV, which are characterized as high-risk or lowrisk types. High-risk HPVs cause malignant transformation while the low-risk ones cause benign warts and lesions. The expression of E6 and E7 is normally controlled during the normal viral life cycle when viral DNA replicates extrachromosomally. HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are overexpressed when the viral genome integrates into the host DNA. Deregulated overexpression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins can cause several changes in cellular pathways and functions leading to malignant transformation of cells and tumorigenesis. In this review, we focus on several cellular mechanisms and pathways that are altered in the presence of E6 and E7, the target proteins of E6 and E7 inside the host cell and how they contribute to the development of the transformed phenotype.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型E5与IL-12联合基因疫苗的免疫活性

为了研制人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV16)防治性疫苗,分析了HPV16 E5与IL-12联合基因疫苗的免疫活性。将构建的pcDNA3.1(+)/E5与pcDNA3.1(+)/IL-12联合免疫BALB/c小鼠,以ELISA测定小鼠血清中抗HPV16 E5 IgG水平、小鼠脾细胞培养上清中IFN-γ和IL-4含量;MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖反应。结果显示末次免疫后,联合基因疫苗组和单基因疫苗组血清IgG A450值分别明显高于pcDNA3.1(+)组、pcDNA3.1(+)/IL-12组和PBS组(P<0.01);且联合基因疫苗组显著高于单基因疫苗组(P<0.01)。联合基因疫苗组和单基因疫苗组的IFN-γ和IL-4含量分别均明显高于pcDNA3.1(+)组、pcDNA3.1(+)/IL-12组和PBS组IFN-γ和IL-4含量(P<0.01),且联合基因疫苗组含量显著高于单基因疫苗组(P<0.01)。联合基因疫苗组和单基因疫苗组脾淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)分别显著高于pcDNA3.1(+)组、pcDNA3.1(+)/IL-12组和PBS组(P<0.01);联合基因疫苗组与单基因疫苗组比较,SI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果表明HPV16 E5单基因疫苗以及与IL-12联合基因疫苗均能刺激机体产生较强的免疫应答,且联合基因疫苗优于单基因疫苗。     

Human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein affects cell-cell communication in an epithelial cell line.

The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E5 protein is considered to have weak oncogenic properties, and its function in infected human keratinocytes is unknown. HPV16 E5 protein has been found to localize to the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. To analyze the effect of E5 on plasma membrane properties, cells from the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT were transfected with the HPV16 E5 open reading frame under the control of an inducible promoter. The gap junction-mediated cell-cell communication of E5- and vector-transfected cells was analyzed by microinjection of Lucifer yellow to measure dye coupling of the cells. A strong impairment of dye transfer in E5-transfected cells but not in vector-transfected cells was observed, with more than 80% dye transfer inhibition 40 min after injection. This impairment correlated with dephosphorylation of connexin 43, the major gap junctional protein in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the dye coupling inhibition was not the result of differentiation of the E5-expressing cells, since no overexpression of cytokeratin 1 or filaggrin, markers of HaCaT cell differentiation, could be observed. These results therefore strongly suggest a correlation between expression of the HPV16 E5 open reading frame, impairment of gap junction-mediated dye coupling, and dephosphorylation of connexin 43.     

Modelling of the human papillomavirus type 16 E5 protein

Cytochrome (cyt) c forms complexes, undergoes a conformational change and becomes partly reduced at interaction with membrane anchored alkaline phosphatase (AP), a glycoprotein which is released into the body fluid in forms differing in hydrophobicity. The proportion of products formed in the mixtures depends on pH, ionic strength, temperature and the buffer composition. The reaction terminates in an equilibrium between cyt c(FeII) and other cyt c conformers. Optimal conditions for the rate of the reaction are 100 mM glycine/NaOH, pH 9.7-9.9, at which 68-74% of cyt c is found in the reduced state. The interaction affects compactness of the haem cleft as shown by changes induced in CD spectra of the Soret region and changes in optical characteristics of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Differential scanning calorimetry of AP+cyt c mixtures revealed a creation of at least two types of complexes. A complex formed by non-coulombic binding prevails at substoichiometric AP/cyt c ratios, at higher ratios more electrostatic attraction is involved and at 1:1 molar ratio an apparent complexity of binding forces occurs. The rapid phase of the cyt c(FeII) formation depends on the presence of the hydrophobic alkylacylphosphoinositol (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) moiety, the protein part of the enzyme participates in an electrostatic and much slower phase of cyt c(FeII) creation. The results show that non-coulombic interaction may participate at interaction of cyt c with cellular proteins.     

Human papillomavirus 16 E5 modulates the expression of host microRNAs

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prerequisite of developing cervical cancer, approximately half of which are associated with HPV type 16. HPV 16 encodes three oncogenes, E5, E6, and E7, of which E5 is the least studied so far. Its roles in regulating replication and pathogenesis of HPV are not fully understood. Here we utilize high-throughput screening to coordinately investigate the effect of E5 on the expression of host protein-coding and microRNA genes. MicroRNAs form a class of 22nt long noncoding RNAs with regulatory activity. Among the altered cellular microRNAs we focus on the alteration in the expression of miR-146a, miR-203 and miR-324-5p and their target genes in a time interval of 96 hours of E5 induction. Our results indicate that HPV infection and subsequent transformation take place through complex regulatory patterns of gene expression in the host cells, part of which are regulated by the E5 protein.     

Human papillomavirus type 16 mutant E7 protein induces oncogenic transformation via up-regulation of cyclin A and cdc25A

A new mutant human papiUomavirus type 16 E7 gene, termed HPV16 HBE7, was isolated from cervical carcinoma biopsy samples from patients in an area with high incidence of cervical cancer (Hubei province, China). A previous study showed that the HPVI6 HBE7 protein was primarily cytoplasmic while wild-type HPV16 E7 protein, termed HPV16 WET, was concentrated in the nucleus. With the aim of studying the biological functions of HPV16 HBE7, the transforming potential of HPV16 HBE7 in NIH/3T3 cells was detected through observation of cell morphology, cell proliferation assay and anchorage-independent growth assay. The effect of HPVI6 HBE7 on cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-PCR were used to investigate the influence of HPVI6 HBE7 protein on the expression of regulation factors associated with GI/S checkpoint. The results showed that HPV16 HBE7 protein, as well as HPV16 WE7 protein, held transformation activity. NIH/3T3 cells expressing HPV16 HBE7 could easily transition from G1 phase into S phase and expressed high level of cyclin A and cdc25A. These results indicated HPV16 mutant E7 protein, located in the cytoplasm, induces oncogenic transformation of NIH/3T3 cells via up-regulation of cyclin A and cdc25A.     

E5 and E6/E7 of high-risk HPVs cooperate to enhance cancer progression through EMT initiation

It is estimated that 10–20% of human carcinogenesis is linked to virus infection including papillomaviruses (HPVs). Moreover, since metastatic cancer disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients, the role of onco-viruses in cancer progression to a metastatic form is of particular interest. Recent studies reported that E5 and E6/E7 onco-proteins of high-risk HPVs could enhance cancer progression via the initiation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) event. Herein, we discuss the association between E5 as well as E6/E7 of high-risk HPV and cancer progression.