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1.
Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. 相似文献
2.
Showe-Mei Lin 《Journal of applied phycology》2006,18(3-5):671-678
Four flattened Gracilaria species have been reported from Taiwan: G. spinulosa, G. vieillardii, G. textorii and G. punctata, identified based on branching pattern, the presence or absence of spines, and characters that often vary seasonally. Gracilaria spinulosa was originally described from the type locality, Tainan. Species with toothed margins are usually referred to G. “vieillardii”; those with smooth margins to G. “textorii”, and those with smooth margins and dark spots scattered over the blade to G. “punctata”. Molecular analyses show that specimens with marginal teeth cluster in three different groups: a G. “vieillardii” clade, a G. spinulosa clade, and a clade sister to G. spinulosa. An undescribed species comprises the third clade, which is distinguished by its relatively large gonimoblast cells and weakly developed tubular nutritive cells. The three clades can be separated by the character of the tubular nutritive cells, the size of gonimoblast cells and certain vegetative features. Plants with entire margins form a single clade characterized by cystocarps with basal tubular nutritive cells and their absence in the cystocarp cavity. They are nested in the Hydropuntia complex and are referred to as Gracilaria “punctata” here. The records of G. textorii and G. punctata from Taiwan require reinvestigation in comparison with the Japanese species. 相似文献
3.
Red pigmented bodies were found in tepal cells of threeRebutia species, i.e.,R. grandiflora, R. hyalacantha andR. krainziana. The pigmented body within the vacuole was spherical and normally one per cell. It contained betalains which were validated
from the visible spectra of tepal extracts and microspectrophotometric survey on vacuoles. Such a particular red pigmented
body has already been found in some anthocyanin-producing plants, and called “anthocyanoplast”. Now, a similar structure has
also been found for the first time in betalain-producing plants. Therefore, it may be called “betalainoplast”. InR. grandiflora, yellow pigmented bodies which were not well characterized due to their minimal size were also present as a betalainoplast.
On the other hand, pigment-crystals were frequently present in the cells having flavonols such as those in pale yellow tepals
of fourAstrophytum species, namely,A. asterias, A. capricorne, A. myriostigma andA. ornatum, with or without a trace of betalains. Yellowish crystals were determined as the crystal mass of quercetin by the UV spectral
analysis and careful comparison of chromatographic properties with an authentic specimen.
Contribution from the Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology, No. 86. 相似文献
4.
D. E. Tyler 《Human Evolution》2001,16(3-4):151-158
There are now eleven known mandibular pieces from the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Java, all but one being from the Sangiran
site. All of these have been assigned toHomo erectus by most authorities, while others have suggested as many as four different hominoid taxa. Two of the mandibles, Sangiran
33 (Mandible H) and“Meganthropus”D (no Sangiran number yet assigned), are described here for the first time. The two new mandibles come from the Upper Pucangan
Formation and date approximately 1.2–1.4 Myr. They are morphologically compatible with other“Meganthropus” mandibles described from Java. Despite attempts by numerous authorities to place all the Sangiran hominid mandibles in the
species,H. erectus, the range of variation in metric and nonmetric features of the“Meganthropus” hominids is clearly beyond the know variation found inH. erectus. “Meganthropus” could represent a speciation from the well-knownH. erectus. 相似文献
5.
Dean Falk 《International journal of primatology》1981,2(1):57-69
Sulcal patterns were determined from endocasts of fossilTheropithecus (T. oswaldi andT. darti) and compared to the sulcal pattern of extant geladas (T. gelada). A comparison of the configurations of central and arcuate sulci suggests that the cortical motor face representation is
relatively enlarged in extantTheropithecus, whereas the cortical motor and sensory face representations were enlarged inT. oswaldi. A relatively expanded sensory and/or motor cortical face representation may be related to masticatory (e.g., “seed-eating”)
and gestural (e.g., “lipflip”) functions. SinceT. oswaidi is more derived (expanded) in sensory face representation thanT. gelada, it seems unlikely that it was a direct ancestor of modern geladas. Rather, the two groups were separate by 1.8 million years
ago and may have had a most recent common ancestor similar toT. darti from the Hadar Formation of Ethiopia between 2 and 3 million years ago. 相似文献
6.
Hisashi Imamura 《Ichthyological Research》2008,55(4):399-406
The type specimens of platycephalid Platycephalus endrachtensis Quoy and Gaimard 1825 are regarded as being conspecific with Platycephalus arenarius Ramsay and Ogilby 1886, so the latter becomes a junior synonym. This species is characterized as having a caudal fin with four or more longitudinal
dark bands and lacking a yellow blotch. It is also found that Platycephalus westraliae (Whitley 1938), which had been considered to be a junior synonym of Platycephalus bassensis Cuvier 1829, is a valid species. Specimens that recently had been mistakenly identified as “P. endrachtensis,” having the caudal fin with three or four longitudinal dark bands and a yellow blotch on the upper lobe, should be referred
to P. westraliae. 相似文献
7.
Chiara Angelone 《Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift》2009,83(1):67-75
Three genera of lagomorphs, Prolagus, Lagopsis, and “Amphilagus,” were identified during a revision of the lagomorph material from Sandelzhausen (MN5, Early/Middle Miocene boundary, southern
Germany). Evidence of two morphological and dimensional classes were observed at some tooth positions in Prolagus (some p3 show an unmistakable P. oeningensis morphology, others closely resemble P. crusafonti), but not at other tooth positions (e.g., M1–2). Insufficient data from Sandelzhausen precludes identification of two different
species of Prolagus from this locality, and to define the characteristics of the possible P. crusafonti-like species. Thus, all Prolagus specimens have been classified as P. aff. oeningensis. The genus Lagopsis is represented by L. cf. penai, whose presence is compatible with a MN5 age. The relative abundance of Lagopsis to Prolagus may indicate relatively cool and wet palaeoclimatic conditions. The largest primitive lagomorph species from continental
Europe is present at Sandelzhausen. Morphological and dimensional comparisons with other European primitive lagomorphs exclude
any affinity with the genera Eurolagus and Titanomys and with the species included in “Amphilagus ulmensis”. Some common features with “Amphilagus antiquus” were observed, although they are not sufficient for the attribution to this taxon. Until there is a general revision of
European primitive lagomorphs, the Sandelzhausen giant lagomorph is classified as “Amphilagus” sp. Its origins, whether from evolution within Europe or migration from Asia, remain unknown.
相似文献
8.
Reeves WK Loftis AD Sanders F Spinks MD Wills W Denison AM Dasch GA 《Experimental & applied acarology》2006,39(3-4):321-329
Argasid ticks are vectors of viral and bacterial agents of humans and animals. Carios capensis, a tick of seabirds, infests the nests of brown pelicans, Pelecanus occidentalis, and other ground nesting birds along the coast of South Carolina. This tick is associated with pelican nest abandonment and could pose a threat to humans visiting pelican rookeries if visitors are exposed to ticks harboring infectious agents. We collected ticks from a pelican rookery on Deveaux Bank, South Carolina and screened 64 individual ticks, six pools of larvae, and an egg mass for DNA from Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, and Rickettsia by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. Ticks harbored DNA from “Borrelia lonestari”, a novel Coxiella sp., and three species of Rickettsia, including Rickettsia felis and two undescribed Rickettsia spp. DNA from the Coxiella and two undescribed Rickettsia were detected in unfed larvae that emerged in the laboratory, which implies these agents are transmitted vertically by female ticks. We partially characterize the novel Coxiella by molecular means. 相似文献
9.
Giuseppe C. Zuccarello Alan T. Critchley Jennifer Smith Volker Sieber Genevieve Bleicher Lhonneur John A. West 《Journal of applied phycology》2006,18(3-5):643-651
The systematics and taxonomy of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma (Solieriaceae) is confused and difficult due to morphological plasticity, lack of adequate characters to identify species and commercial names of convenience. These taxa are geographically widely dispersed through cultivation. Commercial, wild and herbarium sources were analysed; molecular markers provided insights into taxonomy and genetic variation, and where sources of genetic variation may be located. The mitochondrial cox2-3 and plastidal RuBisCo spacers were sequenced. There is a clear genetic distinction between K. alvarezii (“cottonii”) and K. striatum (“sacol”) samples. Kappaphycus alvarezii from Hawaii and some samples from Africa are also genetically distinct. Our data also show that all currently cultivated K. alvarezii from all over the world have a similar mitochondrial haplotype. Within Eucheuma denticulatum (“spinosum”) most African samples are again genetically distinct. Our data also suggest that currently cultivated E. denticulatum may have been “domesticated” several times, whereas this is not evident for the cultivated K. alvarezii. The present markers used do not distinguish all the morpho-types known in cultivation (e.g. var. tambalang, “giant” type) but do suggest that these markers may be useful to assess introductions and species identification in samples. 相似文献
10.
Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim. var. longipes H.T. Chang usually has two inflorescences growing in opposite directions in the axillae, but occasionally three inflorescences
grow paratactically. The typical flowering process could be divided into 4 periods: “Pre-dehiscence”, “Initial dehiscence”, “Full dehiscence” and “Withering”. Both the natural population and the planted population had a flowering peak of 15–35 days after the first flower bloomed.
There were significant differences between the time courses of flowering of the two populations. Out-crossing is the main
breeding system in this species. And autogamy decreases the risk of reproductive failure of this species. The main insect
pollinators of D. cercidifolius var. longipes are Episyrphus balteatus de Geer, Scaptodrosophila coracina Kikkawa and Peng, Polistes olivaceus de Geer, Apis cerana Fabricius, Nezara viridula L. and Coccinella septempunctata L., and so on. Among the insects, S. coracina and E. balteatus are the most important and efficient pollinators, but others are inefficient pollinators. Though wind pollination is not
efficient, it guarantees reproduction when insect pollinators are not available. “Mass flowering” is an adaptive behavior and reproductive strategy of this species, and “few fruiting” could be caused by the lack of pollinators. 相似文献
11.
Laurence J. Dorr 《Brittonia》1993,45(1):32-33
Hitherto “suppressed,”Cacao guianensis, based on a mixture of elements that can be referred to three currently recognized species (i.e.,Theobroma cacao, T. subincanum, andT. velutinum), is lectotypified by Aublet's illustrations of its flowers. This makesC. guianensis a taxonomic synonym ofT. cacao and encourages nomenclatural stability by permitting the continued use ofT. subincanum andT. velutinum. 相似文献
12.
Abdel Gaffar Elhag Said Toshio Murashige 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1979,15(8):593-602
Summary Initial trials with tomato-root cultures disclosed the desirability of employing a gently agitated liquid medium containing
iron in the chelated form. For the normal cultivars “Ace” and “Tropic”, subcultures were best achieved by utilizing sectors
that possessed one or more newly emerged laterals. Continuous cultures of a nonlateral-forming tomato mutant, “Diageotropica”,
and of citron were accomplished by subculturing tips of the elongating primary roots. The tomato roots were cultured in White's
medium with the Fe2(SO4)3 replaced by 0.03 mM NaFeEDTA. Sustained growth of citron-root tips necessitated the use of a medium containing Murashige
and Skoog salts, 7.5% sucrose, 100 mg per I each of citric acid and thiamine HCl, and 5000 mg per li-inositol. The success with citron-root cultures was extendable to all cultivars ofC. medica L., but not to otherCitrus species relatives. Both citron and “Diageotropica” root cultures manifested undiminished elongation through repeated subcultures;
but neither produced laterals in response to any cultural treatments.
Research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant OIP75-10390 and Elvenia J. Slosson Fellowship in Ornamental
Horticulture. 相似文献
13.
14.
C. M. M. Meireles M. I. C. Sampaio H. Schneider M. P. C. Schneider 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):227-238
The electrophoretic patterns of 15 protein systems codified for 20 genetic loci were investigated using horizontal electrophoresis.
A total of 150 blood samples, from five species of the genusCallithrix were analyzed. Polymorphic variation was observed in 10 out 20 loci analyzed. The genotypic distributions are in Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium. The average heterozygosity (H) varied from 1% to 5%, similar to those observed for other Neotropical primates.
The genetic distance coefficients revealed a phylogenetic separation of these species into two groups: (1) “argentata” (C. humeralifer andC. emiliae); (2) “jacchus” (C. jacchus, C. penicillata, andC. geoffroyi). This arrangement is according to the taxonomic arrangement proposed byHershkovitz (1977),de Vivo (1988), andMittermeier et al. (1988). The results in each group are compatible with the subspecies values recorded for the Platyrrhini. These values
showed that:C. humeralifer andC. emiliae are subspecies ofC. argentata;C. jacchus, C. penicillata, andC. geoffroyi are subspecies ofC. jacchus. These results also suggest thatC. j. geoffroyi is the “jacchus” group taxon, most similar genetically to the “argentata” group. 相似文献
15.
Walter S. Judd James D. Skean Jr. Darin S. Penneys Fabian A. Michelangeli 《Brittonia》2008,60(3):217-227
Henriettea uniflora, which is known only from a diverse moist montane forest in the vicinity of Loma Trocha de Pey (or “Monteada Nueva”), Loma
Pie de Palo, and Loma Remigio, the easternmost peaks of the Sierra de Baoruco, is described and illustrated. It is compared
to species of the Henriettea squamulosa complex, especially H. squamulosa and H. ciliata. The species of this complex are characterized by an indumentum of ferruginous, stellate-lepidote hairs. 相似文献
16.
Miconia howardiana, which is known only from a diverse moist montane forest in the vicinity of Loma Trocha de Pey (or “Monteada Nueva”), the
easternmost peak of the Sierra de Baoruco, is described and illustrated. It is compared to phenetically similar (and probably
phylogenetically related) species of theMiconia favosa complex, i.e.,M. favosa, M. xenotricha, M. campanensis M. Sintenisii, M. foveolata, andM. pycnoneura. The species of this complex are characterized by bullate leaves with frequently cordate bases and often six secondary veins.
Most species also have large berries and flowers, 5-locular ovaries, large inflorescence bracts and bracteoles, and more or
less dendritic multicellular hairs. 相似文献
17.
Den sharing by conspecific spiny lobsters (aggregation) is modulated by chemical attraction but may confer several, not necessarily
mutually exclusive, antipredator byproduct benefits: a “guide effect”, which only benefits the individual attracted to a sheltered
conspecific; a “dilution effect”, which reduces per-capita risk of predation simply through aggregation; or active “group
defense”. Each potential benefit has a different set of predictors (relationships between aggregation and conspecific or predator
densities), but conflicting results could suggest the simultaneous operation of more than one benefit. These predictions were
tested for coexisting Panulirus guttatus (a reef-obligate) and Panulirus argus (a temporary reef-dweller) using data collected during 11 surveys on fixed sites over a coral reef in Mexico. P. guttatus greatly outnumbered P. argus, but P. argus showed a greater tendency to aggregate. All three benefits of den sharing operated for the more social P. argus, with “group defense” being of the most benefit for larger individuals, and the “guide” and “dilution” effects for smaller
individuals recently immigrating into the reef habitat and sharing dens with larger conspecifics. P. guttatus did not display “group defense” and its aggregations appeared to be modulated by the interplay between attraction and aggressive
behaviors. This species relied more on solitary crypticity, especially at larger sizes, but appeared to benefit from a “guide
effect” at high conspecific densities. In experimental tanks, each species tended to aggregate when tested separately, but
when tested jointly, aggregation among P. guttatus was significantly reduced. The experimental results reflect the differential patterns of aggregation between the fore-reef,
where P. guttatus dominated, and the back-reef, where coexistence of both species was greater. 相似文献
18.
Enterolignans, also called “mammalian” lignans because they are formed in the intestine of mammals after ingestion of plant
lignans, were identified for the first time in extracts of four tree species, i.e., in knot heartwood of the hardwood species
Fagus sylvatica and in knot or stem heartwood of the softwood species Araucaria angustifolia, Picea smithiana, and Abies cilicia. They were also identified for the first time in grain extracts of cultivated plants, i.e., in 15 cereal species, in 3 nut
species, and in sesame and linseeds. Furthermore, some plant lignans and enterolignans were identified in extracts of water
from different sources, i.e., in sewage treatment plant influent and effluent and in humic water, and for the first time also
in tap and seawater. They were present also in water processed through a water purification system (ultrapure water). As enterolignans
seem to be abundant in the aquatic environment, the occurrence of enterolignans in plant sources is most likely due to uptake
by the roots from the surrounding water. This uptake was also shown experimentally by treating wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) seeds with purified lignan-free water spiked with enterolactone (EL) during germination and growth. Both the remaining seeds
and seedlings contained high EL levels, especially the roots. They also contained metabolites of EL, i.e., 7-hydroxy-EL and
7-oxo-EL. 相似文献
19.
Zornia subsessilis, a new species from Serra do Cabral, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, is described and illustrated on the basis of field and herbarium
studies. It belongs to Zornia section Zornia of subgenus Zornia and it appears to be restricted to “campo rupestre” (rocky fields) within the “cerrado” biome. This new species is characterized
by its sessile to subsessile leaves, fruits with articles 4 to 5 mm long and with bristles up to 3.5 mm long. 相似文献
20.
Several chromosome types have been recognized in Citrus and related genera by chromomycin A3 (CMA) banding patterns and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). They can be used to characterize cultivars and species
or as markers in hybridization and backcrossing experiments. In the present work, characterization of six cultivars of P. trifoliata (“Barnes”, “Fawcett”, “Flying Dragon”, “Pomeroy”, “Rubidoux”, “USDA”) and one P. trifoliata × C. limonia hybrid was performed by sequential analyses of CMA banding and FISH using 5S and 45S rDNA as probes. All six cultivars showed
a similar CMA+ banding pattern with the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F. The capital letters indicate chromosomal types: B, a chromosome
with one telomeric and one proximal band; D, with only one telomeric band; F, without bands. In situ hybridization labeling
was also similar among cultivars. Three chromosome pairs displayed a closely linked set of 5S and 45S rDNA sites, two of them
co-located with the proximal band of the B type chromosomes (B/5S-45S) and the third one co-located with the terminal band
of a D pair (D/5S-45S). The B/5S-45S chromosome has never been found in any citrus accessions investigated so far. Therefore,
this B chromosome can be used as a marker to recognize the intergeneric Poncirus × Citrus hybrids. The intergeneric hybrid analyzed here displayed the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F, with two chromosome types B/5S-45S
and two D/5S-45S. The karyotype formula and the presence of two B/5S-45S chromosomes clearly indicate that the plant investigated
is a symmetric hybrid. It also demonstrates the suitability of karyotype analyses to differentiate zygotic embryos or somatic
cell fusions involving trifoliate orange germplasm.
During the submission of this paper, we analyzed 25 other citrus cultivars with the same methodology and we found that the
chromosome marker reported here can indeed distinguish Poncirus trifoliata from grapefruits, pummelos, and one variegated access of Citrus, besides the previously reported access of limes, limons, citrons, and sweet-oranges. However, among 14 mandarin cultivars,
two of them displayed a single B/5S-45S chromosome, whereas in Citrus hystrix D.C., a far related species belonging to the Papeda subgenus, this chromosome type was found in homozygosis. Since these two mandarin cultivars are probably of hybrid origin,
we assume that for almost all commercial cultivars and species of the subgenus Citrus this B type chromosome is a useful genetic marker. 相似文献