蔗糖—葡萄糖双功能酶传感器的研究

结合蔗糖转化酶酶管与葡萄糖氧化酶－葡萄糖变旋酶双酶电极构成一种新的蔗糖传感器。该传感器可以分别用于蔗糖及葡萄糖的测定。蔗糖经酶管作用产生α－Ｄ－葡萄糖,再用ＧＯＤ－ＭＵＴ双酶电极定糖。若是样品中蔗糖和葡萄糖共存,比较样品流经不同路径时传感器的响应值,可以排除葡萄糖对蔗糖测定的干扰。传感器的最适ｐＨ和温度范围分别为：５．０－６．５和３０－４０℃,在稳态法实验中,传感器的线性范围为：２．５×１０＾－４     

测蔗糖复合酶电极的研究

采用酶电极流动注射分析系统(EFIA),由固定化酶膜包括蔗糖转化酶(INV),葡萄糖变旋酶(MuT)及葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)与氧电极共同组成的复合酶电极用于蔗糖的快速测定。实验确定每张酶膜的最适酶量(Iu比)为lNV：MUT：GOD：72：48：2．4。酶经固定化后,INV与MUT的综合回收活力>42．9％。其最适pH为5．8—6．5。最适温度范围是35—45℃。动态法和稳态法测试的线性范围分别为：5×10^-4—10^-1和10-5—2×10^-3mol／L,响应时间分别<20s和<2 min。实验的重复性良好,变异系数<1．7％。用此酶电极测定以蔗糖为碳源的发酵液中的蔗糖含量,平均回收率达到98％。发酵液中的蔗糖分解产生的葡萄糖对本电极的干扰可通过平行运行的GOD电极来校正。连续使用的寿命至少为120h。比前年报道的14th有了显著的提高。酶膜显示了较好的保存稳定性(30天,保存于4℃蒸馏水中)和一定的抗热性(50℃,30min)。     

蔗糖酶在尼龙丝上的固定化及酶管性能研究

利用盐酸水解法处理尼龙丝表面,采用戊二醛交联法将蔗糖酶固定在尼龙丝上,制成酶丝,进而制成酶管.该酶管可用于蔗糖的测定,蔗糖通过酶管分解成葡萄糖,再用葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)电极测糖.酶管的最适 pH 为5—6,最适温度范围:30—40℃.溶液的流速对酶管的转化效率有显著影响.流速为1.3ml/min 时,蔗糖浓度在0—5mmol/L 范围内,酶管的转化效率基本恒定,约为28.5%.用同一浓度的蔗糖溶液重复实验,酶管的重复性很好,CV＜1%。酶管活力至少稳定8d(天)以上.     

流动注射复合酶电极法测定麦芽糖的研究

利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)包埋法共固定糖化酶和葡萄氧化酶(GOD)制成酶膜,与氧电极结合成为复合酶电极;该电极可以用于流动注射分析系统中测定溶液中麦芽糖.对酶电极的pH效应和温度效应作了研究.酶电极的线性范围为0.5-35mmol/L.响应周期小于2min.变异系数(CV)为1.8%.在半连续使用状态下,酶电极可以使用10d以上.糖化酶保持活力为60%.对延长酶电极寿命和克服共存葡萄糖的干扰的方法作了探讨.     

肌苷酶电极生物传感器

为了构建肌苷酶电极生物传感器,以固定化核苷磷酸化酶(EC 2.4.2.1)、黄嘌呤氧化酶(EC 1.2.3.2)与过氧化氢电极组成电流型酶电极生物传感器,用于检测肌苷片中的肌苷,其输出电流可达500nA.结果发现,肌苷测定的线性范围为1-268 mg/L,精度:RSD小于0.14%,响应时间:60 s,使用寿命大于25 d,实际测定肌苷片中肌苷含量回收率:100.8%.由此表明:采用双酶电极法测定肌苷片中的肌苷含量,由于酶促反应专一性高、样品不需分离直接进样分析、处理条件温和、反应时间短暂因而结果较为可靠.     

醋酸纤维素膜为基础的葡萄糖生物传感器的研制

用共价法将酶固定在醋酸纤维素膜上,方法简便易行,制造的酶膜稳定,比活力高。同时采用该方法制备了葡萄糖氧化酶酶膜,与氧电极组装成测定葡萄糖的生物传感器,线性范围为50~800mg／dl,仪器工作的最适pH为6．0,最适温度为40℃。将该膜与过氧化氢电极组装得到的传感器具有以下特性：线性范围为10~200mg／dl,最适pH为6．0,测定结果与酶试制盒有良好相关性。     

测糖微生物传感器的研究

由酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和氧电极组成的微生物传惑器用于蔗糖等低分子糖的测定。响应动力学过程分析表明,动态测定法比稳态测定法优越。对醪液中蔗糖浓度铡定,响应时间小于Imin,线性范围0-100mg／L,相对误差为±4％,平均回收率为97％。乙醇和精氨酸对测定有较大干扰,22种氨基酸混合液对测定干扰不明显。传感器经连续使用一个月,500次测定,活力仍稳定,无线性漂移现象。该微生物传感器对低分子糖类的响应选择性顺序为：果糖>麦芽糖>葡萄糖>蔗糖,在以上述糖作为唯一生长碳源培养微生物时,可采用本方法测定其含量。     

环糊精交联固定酶的生物传感器及临床应用

通过交联方式将辣根过氧化物酶固定在Eastman-AQ-N-甲基吩嗪修饰电极上,制备成过氧化氢生物传感器.通过循环伏安法和计时电流法证明固定在Eastman-AQ阳离子交换树脂中的N-甲基吩嗪有效地在辣根过氧化物酶和玻碳电极之间传递电子.由于该生物传感器对过氧化氢具有良好的生物电催化还原的功能,所以将它与葡萄糖氧化酶和半乳糖苷酶结合,制备成双酶和三酶体系的生物传感器,用于葡萄糖和乳糖的测定.该生物传感器具有灵敏度高、响应快、响应范围宽及选择性好等优点.对糖尿病患者的血糖测定结果与采用葡萄糖氧化酶和辣根过氧化物酶的分光光度法的结果一致.     

测定葡萄糖的酶场效应管传感器

将葡萄糖氧化酶(GOD)、恋用聚丙烯酰胺包埋法固定化在氢离子敏感场效应管(H⁺-ISFET)栅极绝缘层表面,利用葡萄糖氧化酶催化葡萄糖的特异性就制成了对萄萄糖进行定量测定的酶一葡萄糖传感器。该传感器的测定范围为5×10^-6—2×1O^-4g／ml,响应时间为25s(动力学方法),重复性误差小于4％,一个月内未发现传感器输出电压降低。     

玉米素核苷的酶标免疫测定法

牛血清白蛋白-玉米素核苷(BSA-ZR)的兔抗血清对玉米素核苷具有很高的亲和性,而且专一性强,除了玉米素外,对其它一些细胞分裂素如激动素(KT)的交叉反应甚微。用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)作为标记物的酶标免疫法,由于它的灵敏度高,相当于几十毫克量的样品就可以测出细胞分裂素的含量。测定范围在0.25—50pmol之间,测定范围较广。由于该方法专一性高,植物组织的粗提取物可以直接用于测定。避免了提取分离的繁琐程序,使得测定方法较简便、快速,可成批进行,适用于一般实验室。用该方法测得风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L.)各部分的细胞分裂含量(以玉米素核苷计)在10—60×10~(-9)克/克鲜重,即10—60ng/g F.W.。     

Fabrication of sucrose biosensor based on single mode planar optical waveguide using co-immobilized plant invertase and GOD

In present studies, the new optical sensing platform based on optical planar waveguide (OPWG) for sucrose estimation was reported. An evanescent-wave biosensor was designed by using novel agarose–guar gum (AG) biopolymer composite sol–gel with entrapped enzymes (acid invertase (INV) and glucose oxidase (GOD)). Partially purified watermelon invertase isolated from Citrullus vulgaris fruit (specific activity 832 units mg⁻¹) in combination with GOD was physically entrapped in AG sol–gel and cladded on the surface of optical planar waveguide. Na⁺–K⁺ ion-exchanged glass optical waveguides were prepared and employed for the fabrication of sucrose biosensor. By addressing the enzyme modified waveguide structure with, the optogeometric properties of adsorbed enzyme layer (12 μm) at the sensor solid–liquid interface were studied. The OPWG sensor with short response time (110 s) was characterized using the 0.2 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5. The fabricated sucrose sensor showed concentration dependent linear response in the range 1 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 1 × 10⁻⁶ M of sucrose. Lower limit of detection of this novel AG–INV–GOD cladded OPWG sensor was found to be 2.5 × 10⁻¹¹ M sucrose, which indicates that the developed biosensor has higher sensitivity towards sucrose as compared to earlier reported sensors using various transducer systems. Biochips when stored at room temperature, showed high stability for 81 days with 80% retention of original sensitivity. These sucrose sensing biochips showed good operational efficiency for 10 cycles. The proper confinement of acid invertase and glucose oxidase in hydrogel composite was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The constructed OPWG sensor is versatile, easy to fabricate and can be used for sucrose measurements with very high sensitivity.     

Biocompatible glucose sensor prepared by modifying protein and vinylferrocene monomer composite membrane

This paper proposes a very simple procedure for preparing a biocompatible sensor based on a protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA), enzyme and vinylferrocene (VF) composite membrane modified electrode. The membrane was prepared simply by first casting vinylferrocene and then coating it with BSA and glucose oxidase immobilised with glutaraldehyde. The sensor response was independent of dissolved oxygen concentration from 3 to 10 ppm and showed good stability for serum sample measurement, unlike the commonly used BSA/enzyme modified electrode. The sensor response was almost unchanged over the measurement time (>10 h) whereas the responses of a BSA and glucose oxidase modified platinum electrode and an osmium-polyvinylpyridine wired horseradish peroxidase modified electrode (Ohara et al., 1993) fell to 68% of their initial value in a serum sample containing 10mM glucose.     

Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode

A new amperometric biosensor, based on adsorption of glucose oxidase (GOD) at the platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode, is presented in this article. CNTs were grown directly on the graphite substrate. The resulting GOD/Pt/CNT electrode was covered by a thin layer of Nafion to avoid the loss of GOD in determination and to improve the anti-interferent ability. The morphologies and electrochemical performance of the CNT, Pt/CNT, and Nafion/GOD/Pt/CNT electrodes have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and amperometric methods. The excellent electrocatalytic activity and special three-dimensional structure of the enzyme electrode result in good characteristics such as a large determination range (0.1-13.5mM), a short response time (within 5s), a large current density (1.176 mA cm(-2)), and high sensitivity (91mA M(-1)cm(-2)) and stability (73.5% remains after 22 days). In addition, effects of pH value, applied potential, electrode construction, and electroactive interferents on the amperometric response of the sensor were investigated and discussed. The reproducibility and applicability to whole blood analysis of the enzyme electrode were also evaluated.     

Amperometric determination of total assimilable sugars in fermentation broths with use of immobilized whole cells

A microbial sensor consisting of immobilized living whole cells of Brevibacterium lactofermentum and an oxygen electrode was prepared for continuous determination of total assimilable sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose) in a fermentation broth for glutamic acid production. Total assimilable sugars were evaluated from oxygen consumption by the immobilized microorganisms. When a sample solution containing glucose was applied to the sensor system, increased consumption of oxygen by the microorganisms caused a decrease in the dissolved oxygen around the Teflon membrane of the oxygen electrode and the current of the electrode decreased markedly with time until steady state was reached. The response time was ≈ 10 min by the steady state method and 1 min by the pulse method. A linear relationship was found between the decrease in current and the concentration of glucose (<1 mM), fructose (<1 mM) and sucrose (<0.8 mM). The ratio of the sensitivity of the microbial sensor to glucose, fructose and sucrose was 1.00:0.80:0.92. The decrease in current was reproducible to within 2% of the relative standard deviation when a sample solution containing glucose (0.8 mM) was employed for experiments. The selectivity of the microbial sensor for assimilable sugars was satisfactory for use in the fermentation process. The additivity of the response of the microbial sensor for glucose, fructose and sucrose was examined. The difference between the observed and calculated values was within 8%. The microbial sensor was applied to a fermentation broth for glutamic acid production. Total assimilable sugars can be determined by the microbial sensor which can be used for more than 10 days and 960 assays.     

Highly selective amperometric glucose microdevice derived from diffusion layer gap electrode

Although most of enzyme catalytic reactions are specific, the amperometric detection of the enzymatic reaction products is largely nonselective. How to improve the detection selectivity of the enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors has to be considered in the sensor fabrication procedures. Herein, a highly selective amperometric glucose biosensor based on the concept of diffusion layer gap electrode pair which we previously proposed was designed. In this biosensor, a gold tube coated with a conductive layer of glucose oxidase/Nafion/graphite was used to create an interference-free region in its diffusion layer by electrochemically oxidizing the interfering electroactive species at proper potentials. A Pt probe electrode was located in this diffusion layer of the tube electrode to selectively detect hydrogen peroxide generated from the enzyme catalytic oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen in the solution. In practical performance of the microdevice, parameters influencing the interference-removing efficiency, including the tip-tube opening distance, the tube electrode potential and the electrolyzing time had been investigated systematically. Results showed that glucose detection free from interferents could be achieved at the electrolyzing time of 30s, the tip-tube opening distance of 3mm and the tube electrode potential of 0.4V. The electrochemical response showed linear dependence on the concentration of glucose in the range of 1 x 10(-5) to 4 x 10(-3) M (the correlation coefficient: 0.9936, without interferents; 0.9995, with interferents). In addition, the effectiveness of this device was confirmed by numerical simulation using a model system of a solution containing interferents. The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental data.     

Optimization of the multienzyme system for sucrose biosensor by response surface methodology

An immobilized multienzyme- and cathodic amperometry-based biosensor for sucrose was constructed for the analysis of food and fermentation samples. The multienzyme system, comprising invertase, mutarotase and glucose oxidase (GOD), was immobilized by using glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent. Operating parameters of the biosensor for the estimation of sucrose in the range 1–10% were standardized. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-factor, three-variable design was used to evaluate the effect of important variables (concentration of enzymes, (varied in the range invertase (10–50 IU), mutarotase (5–105 IU) and GOD (1–9 IU)) on the response of biosensor. In the range of parameters studied, response time decreased with decrease in the invertase and with increase in mutarotase and GOD. Mutarotase concentration above 75 IU was found to result in an increased response time due to inhibition of mutarotase by its product -D-glucose. The optimal conditions achieved for the analysis of sucrose were: invertase 10 IU, mutarotase 40 IU, and GOD 9 IU. With these conditions, the predicted and actual experimental response time values were 2.26 and 2.35 min respectively, showing good agreement.     

Development of amperometric biosensor for glucose based on a novel attractive enzyme immobilization matrix: calcium carbonate nanoparticles

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano-CaCO3) may be a promising material for enzyme immobilization owing to their high biocompatibility, large specific surface area and their aggregation properties. This attractive material was exploited for the mild immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOD) in order to develop glucose amperometric biosensor. The GOD/nano-CaCO3-based sensor exhibited a marked improvement in thermal stability compared to other glucose biosensors based on inorganic host matrixes. Amperometric detection of glucose was evaluated by holding the modified electrode at 0.60 V (versus SCE) in order to oxidize the hydrogen peroxide generated by the enzymatic reaction. The biosensor exhibited a rapid response (6s), a low detection limit (0.1 microM), a wide linear range of 0.001-12 mM, a high sensitivity (58.1 mAcm-2M-1), as well as a good operational and storage stability. In addition, optimization of the biosensor construction, the effects of the applied potential as well as common interfering compounds on the amperometric response of the sensor were investigated and discussed herein.     

Glucose sensor for flow injection analysis of serum glucose based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in titania sol-gel membrane

A novel amperometric glucose sensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) in a titania sol-gel film, which was prepared with a vapor deposition method. The sol-gel film was uniform, porous and showed a very low mass transport barrier and a regular dense distribution of GOD. Titania sol-gel matrix retained the native structure and activity of entrapped enzyme and prevented the cracking of conventional sol-gel glasses and the leaking of enzyme out of the film. With ferrocenium as a mediator the glucose sensor exhibited a fast response, a wide linear range from 0.07 to 15 mM. It showed a good accuracy and high sensitivity as 7.2 microA cm(-2) mM(-1). The general interferences coexisted in blood except ascorbic acid did not affect glucose determination, and coating Nafion film on the sol-gel film could eliminate the interference from ascorbic acid. The serum glucose determination results obtained with a flow injection analysis (FIA) system showed an acceptable accuracy, a good reproducibility and stability and indicated the sensor could be used in FIA determination of glucose. The vapor deposition method could fabricate glucose sensor in batches with a very small amount of enzyme.     

Enzyme immunosensors based on electropolymerized polytyramine modified electrodes

Highly sensitive amperometric enzyme immunosensors for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) were prepared on the basis of electrogenerated polytyramine (PTy, tyramine = p-(2-aminoethyl)-phenol) modified electrodes. Properties of PTy films changed depending on electrolysis conditions. On the basis of the found properties of the films, an effective IgG sensor was prepared: a PTy film was formed first from an acid solution on a Pt electrode, and the surface was further covered with a PTy film from an alkaline methanol solution to give a PTy doubly coated electrode on which anti-IgG was then immobilized. This electrode provided a large surface area with little non-specific adsorption of proteins. By means of the competitive enzyme immunoassay technique using glucose oxidase (GOD) labeled IgG conjugates, IgG was determined in the concentration range of c. 10 pg/ml-1 mg/ml from the oxidation current of H2O2 generated by the enzyme (GOD) reaction using the above IgG sensor. Also, an anti-IgG immobilized electrode, prepared by using a Pt electrode singly covered with a PTy film from an alkaline methanol solution, acted as an effective IgG sensor with a detection limit for IgG of c. 100 pg/ml.     

Reagentless glucose biosensor based on direct electron transfer of glucose oxidase immobilized on colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode

The direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOD) adsorbed on a colloidal gold modified carbon paste electrode was investigated. The adsorbed GOD displayed a pair of redox peaks with a formal potential of -(449+/-1) mV in 0.1 M pH 5.0 phosphate buffer solution. The response showed a surface-controlled electrode process with an electron transfer rate constant of (38.9+/-5.3)/s determined in the scan rate range from 10 to 100 mV/s. GOD adsorbed on gold colloid nanoparticles maintained its bioactivity and stability. The immobilized GOD could electrocatalyze the reduction of dissolved oxygen and resulted in a great increase of the reduction peak current. Upon the addition of glucose, the reduction peak current decreased, which could be used for glucose detection with a high sensitivity (8.4 microA/mM), a linear range from 0.04 to 0.28 mM and a detection limit of 0.01 mM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3sigma. The sensor could exclude the interference of commonly coexisted uric and ascorbic acid.