果胶酶pelB基因片段克隆及序列分析

根据GenBank上登录的果胶酶基因保守序列设计引物,从本实验室已筛选的一株具有降解果胶质功能的枯草芽孢杆菌S-1中克隆到了pelB基因片段,pelB与pMD20-T载体连接后转化到大肠杆菌JM109中,测序并构建进化树分析.结果表明,其序列与来源于Bacillus sp.果胶裂解酶pel-15和pelA的同源性分别为40.98%和39.20%;与Bacillus Pumilus的pelB一致性为40.32%.推断此pelB为类似果胶酶基因片段.     

碱性果胶酶高产菌株的构建和高密度发酵

碱性果胶酶可用于苎麻脱胶和棉织物前处理的精练工艺,与传统的高温碱煮相比,具有保护纤维、降低能耗和化学污染的优势,因此获得高表达的碱性果胶酶基因工程菌,低成本生产碱性果胶酶对于纺织工业节能减排具有重要的意义。前期研究工作已经将来源于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 168的碱性果胶酶基因pel经过密码子优化后在毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115中成功表达。本研究为了提高其表达量,首先利用启动子和信号肽都优化的载体pHBM905BDM进行表达,摇瓶酶活从68 U/mL增加到100 U/mL,qPCR检测转录水平提高了27%。再利用果胶底物平板筛选水解圈大的转化子进行摇瓶发酵获得菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pels4,摇瓶酶活为536 U/mL。随后构建重组质粒pPIC9K-pels,电转化菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pels4,利用抗生素G418平板进行筛选,在含4 mg/mL的G418抗性平板上得到菌株GS115-pHBM905BDM-pPIC9K-pels1,摇瓶酶活为770 U/mL,qPCR测定含7个拷贝目的基因。最后将该菌株在5 L的发酵罐中进行高密度发酵,果胶酶酶活提高至2 271 U/mL。该碱性果胶酶酶活已达到目前酵母表达的最高水平,说明其具有很好的应用于纺织工业的潜力。     

利用CRISPR-Cas9技术失活黑曲霉中果胶酶基因及突变株性能评价*

我国果胶酶制剂使用广泛但专一性不高,高效、专一的果胶酶制剂在市场上仍然匮乏。利用基因工程技术改造果胶酶生产菌株——黑曲霉来生产单一成分的果胶酶成为解决果胶酶应用需求的一种有效方案。构建一种高效的CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术,可为构建高产单一性果胶酶的黑曲霉底盘菌株提供有效的基因编辑工具。首先敲除产果胶酶黑曲霉基因组上的pyrG基因构建尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株AnΔpyrG,并在AnΔpyrG菌株的pyrG基因位点定点整合Cas9基因表达盒和pyrG基因表达盒,构建组成型表达Cas9基因的黑曲霉菌株AnCas9,再构建含有gpdA启动子、锤头结构核酶、HDV核酶的稳定性表达sgRNA的pLM2-sgRNA质粒,建立CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑体系。利用该技术失活AnCas9菌株中的2个聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因4978020和4983861来检测构建的CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑效率并检测4978020基因功能缺失菌株的表型变化和产酶变化,结果表明果胶酶基因编辑效率大于50%,AnΔ4978020的表型和果胶酶酶活性与出发菌株均无明显变化。在黑曲霉中成功构建了高效的Cas9基因编辑技术,4978020基因功能缺失也不影响菌株表型,为构建高产单一性果胶酶黑曲霉底盘菌株奠定基础。     

一种基于单交换原理的地衣芽孢杆菌基因敲除方法及应用

目的：基于同源单交换原理构建地衣芽孢杆菌基因快速敲除方法,提高基因敲除效率。方法：以地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）20085内切纤维素酶基因celb为拟敲除对象,利用重叠PCR技术将celb基因内约500bp片段与氯霉素抗性基因（Cm^r）相连接,经末端单酶切后电转化至B.licheniformis 20085感受态细胞中,仅通过一次同源单交换,将抗性基因Cm^r插入至celb基因内部,实现目的基因的敲除。结果：经过氯霉素抗性筛选和基因组PCR鉴定,成功获得celb基因缺失菌株B.licheniformis 20085Δcelb;发酵验证结果显示,B.licheniformis 20085Δcelb较原始菌株滤纸崩解能力显著降低,其中发酵60h后内切纤维素酶（CMC酶）活力由1.86U/ml降低至0.50U/ml,表明celb基因在地衣芽孢杆菌降解纤维素的过程中起着重要作用。结论：通过重叠PCR技术结合同源单交换原理能够实现地衣芽孢杆菌目的基因的快速敲除,为该菌株甚至其它微生物提供了一种基因功能快速鉴定的手段。     

耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌的筛选及鉴定

本文以果胶为唯一碳源,在55℃下,从土壤中筛选出耐热碱性果胶酶产生菌20 株.进一步建立了果胶酶活性的定量测定方法:还原糖测定法和紫外测定法.经酶活力测定发现,4 株菌有较强碱性果胶酶活性,酶活力分别为3493、2983、2572、2561U/mL.4 株菌均为革兰阳性菌.对自行筛选的碱性果胶酶产生菌进行鉴定,其中活性最高的菌株M29 的16S rDNA 的序列分析表明与菌株Bacillus halodurans 的同源性高达99%,通过生理生化试验以及16S rDNA 的序列分析,鉴定碱性果胶酶产生菌为Bacillus halodurans M29.     

通过失活Sec途径阻遏蛋白和胞外蛋白酶提高地衣芽孢杆菌产碱性蛋白酶的能力

为了探究Sec分泌途径对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)碱性蛋白酶产量的影响,对地衣芽孢杆菌TCCC11470 (BL ΔuppΔepsΔpgs)中的分子伴侣阻遏蛋白基因hrcA和基因组中3个Sec途径分泌的胞外蛋白酶基因epr、bpr和vpr进行叠加敲除。通过对比分析基因缺失前后的碱性蛋白酶酶活力发现,敲除菌株TCCC11470ΔhrcA和TCCC11470ΔhrcAΔeprΔbprΔvpr在42 h的碱性蛋白酶酶活力分别达到18 521.2 U/mL和20 048.5 U/mL,分别高出对照菌株BLΔuppΔepsΔpgs(14 478.6 U/mL) 27.9%和38.5%。这一结果指出,通过改进Sec分泌通路可以显著提升碱性蛋白酶的催化效能,为构建优化的工业酶生产宿主提供了新思路和研究方向。     

果胶酶基因剂量效应与水解果胶的工艺研究

[目的]实现烟曲霉果胶酶AFPG基因在毕赤酵母表达并获得高产菌株;阐述果胶酶AFPG的基因剂量效应;探究果胶的水解工艺。[方法]采用PCR技术从烟曲霉扩增AFPG基因并克隆到p AO815载体;用同尾酶构建多拷贝串联表达盒,经线性化的质粒电转到毕赤酵母构建重组工程菌;采用实时荧光定量PCR检测AFPG基因拷贝数;用薄层层析(TLC)技术对果胶的酶解产物进行分析。[结果]SDS PAGE分析表明AFPG基因表达了一个约40 kDa的蛋白;拷贝数为2、3、5的重组子摇瓶发酵,蛋白含量分别为0.24 mg/mL、0.28 mg/mL、0.35 mg/mL;14 L高密度发酵比活为8783 U/mg;该酶最适温度和pH为70℃和5.0;在底物浓度0.7%(W/V),酶量20 U,水解果胶30 min,转化率达到12%。[结论]果胶酶AFPG的表达存在基因剂量效应,5拷贝是2拷贝表达量的1.5倍,可通过构建多拷贝获得高产菌株。果胶酶解效果明显,水解工艺研究为果胶酶的应用奠定基础。     

产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌CGMCC 3963耐受特征及基于转录组学的耐受机制分析

【目的】地衣芽孢杆菌是茅台酒高温大曲中能产酱香风味物质的主要微生物,对酱香型白酒的酿造具有重要价值。而酱香型白酒的酿造环境具有高渗、高温、酸性、高乙醇胁迫等特征,研究产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌在环境胁迫下的耐受特征有利于认识酱香型白酒的酿造特征。【方法】以一株产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 3963)为研究对象,测定其耐渗、耐酸、耐乙醇特征,并从比较转录组学角度系统分析B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963的耐受机制。【结果】B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963在15%的KCl、15%的Na Cl、p H 4.0的酸性环境或6%乙醇浓度下的生长情况明显优于不产酱香的模式菌株B.licheniformis ATCC 14580。转录组比较分析显示B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963中一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。【结论】来源于酿造环境的B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐受能力强于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580,一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。编码脯氨酸和甜菜碱等溶质转运、离子外排、钾离子通道蛋白等基因的差异表达,使得高渗胁迫下B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963生长明显优于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580;编码II类热休克蛋白、乙醇脱氢酶、氧化应激、p H动态平衡等相关基因的差异表达,在提高菌株耐受酸性环境能力上起了重要作用;II类及III类热休克基因的高表达对B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐乙醇能力起了重要作用。     

黑曲霉EIM-6 pelA基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

目的:克隆黑曲霉EIM-6果胶裂解酶A基因pelA,用于分析果胶裂解酶A的功能与结构。方法与结果:根据GenBank上黑曲霉pelA保守序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR获得黑曲霉EIM-6pelA基因;序列分析表明,pelA基因具有4个内含子,开放读框为1140 bp,编码379个氨基酸残基,含有由20个氨基酸残基构成的信号肽序列;生物信息学分析表明,果胶裂解酶A为具有一定亲水性的稳定酸性分泌蛋白,具有明显的跨膜结构域,β片层结构是该蛋白的主体结构,空间结构是由反平行的β片层结构为基础包围组成的大环,保守功能区域为Pec_lyase_C结构域。结论:克隆获得黑曲霉EIM-6pelA基因,并进行了生物信息学分析,为蛋白质工程改造果胶裂解酶A奠定了基础。     

热稳定α—淀粉酶稳定性工程菌的构建

本文以质粒pE194为载体亚克隆B.licheniformis热稳定α-淀粉酶基因,构建成重组质粒pNW102,通过噬菌体PBS1将它转导进入中温α-淀粉酶生产菌B.subtilis BF7658。B.subtilis BF7658(pNW102)经过长时间非许可温度处理,筛选得到2株热稳定α-淀粉酶稳定性表达的工程菌株。酶学分析显示同源重组具有热点,2株重组菌株B.subtilis BFNW产生的热稳定α-淀粉酶符合B.licheniformis产生的淀粉酶特性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.