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1.
叶恭银  方琦 《昆虫知识》2011,48(6):1531-1538
昆虫种类繁多,它与生态系统中的生物多样性,以及人类的日常生活和生产密切相关。自2000年黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster全基因组测序完成以来,至今已先后开展了88种昆虫全基因组测序工作,这标志着昆虫学研究进入了基因组时代。本文综述了近年来昆虫基因组测序进展,以及基于基因组的昆虫学研究方法及应用等两方面的研究成果。同时,着重介绍了昆虫全基因组测序进程,昆虫基因组在个体生物学、多物种间及种群,及系统生物学研究中的应用等方面的内容。最后,还探讨了基因组时代昆虫学研究所面临的挑战。  相似文献   

2.
马基因组研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
杨虹  马月辉  李蓓  芒来 《遗传》2010,32(3):211-218
各种生物都具有其独特的遗传信息, 深入了解生物体的形成过程以及各种生命活动都离不开基因组的研究成果。由于在世界范围内马具有良好的健康情况记录和详细的系谱记录, 使得马成为生命科学研究中极具价值的模式动物。尽管起步较晚, 但在过去的几年中, 马基因组图谱经历了前所未有的发展。文章主要对近年来马基因组遗传图谱、物理图谱、基因组比较作图以及功能基因组学等研究进展进行了综述, 这些图谱也正是世界各地研究人员用以探寻与马的各种性状(包括全部的健康状况、抗病性能、生殖生育能力、运动性能以及诸如毛色这样的表型特征等)相关基因的重要工具。相信这些研究成果将为马匹疾病预防、诊断和治疗提供新的思路与方法, 并将为马遗传育种提供更好的选配依据。  相似文献   

3.
More than 190 plastid genomes have been completely sequenced during the past two decades due to advances in DNA sequencing technologies.Based on this unprecedented abundance of data,extensive genomic changes have been revealed in the plastid genomes.Inversion is the most common mechanism that leads to gene order changes.Several inversion events have been recognized as informative phylogenetic markers,such as a 30-kb inversion found in all living vascular plants minus lycopsids and two short inversions putat...  相似文献   

4.
    
Abstract More than 190 plastid genomes have been completely sequenced during the past two decades due to advances in DNA sequencing technologies. Based on this unprecedented abundance of data, extensive genomic changes have been revealed in the plastid genomes. Inversion is the most common mechanism that leads to gene order changes. Several inversion events have been recognized as informative phylogenetic markers, such as a 30‐kb inversion found in all living vascular plants minus lycopsids and two short inversions putatively shared by all ferns. Gene loss is a common event throughout plastid genome evolution. Many genes were independently lost or transferred to the nuclear genome in multiple plant lineages. The trnR‐CCG gene was lost in some clades of lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants, and all the ndh genes were absent in parasitic plants, gnetophytes, Pinaceae, and the Taiwan moth orchid. Certain parasitic plants have, in particular, lost plastid genes related to photosynthesis because of the relaxation of functional constraint. The dramatic growth of plastid genome sequences has also promoted the use of whole plastid sequences and genomic features to solve phylogenetic problems. Chloroplast phylogenomics has provided additional evidence for deep‐level phylogenetic relationships as well as increased phylogenetic resolutions at low taxonomic levels. However, chloroplast phylogenomics is still in its infant stage and rigorous analysis methodology has yet to be developed.  相似文献   

5.
王博  孙广宇 《菌物学报》2016,(12):1434-1440
群体基因组学能够从全基因组水平揭示种群结构与进化、物种形成、适应性机制等。随着高通量技术的不断发展,基因组测序成本不断降低,大规模测序已成为可能。近几年被全基因组测序的真菌数量迅速增加,极大地促进了真菌群体基因组学的发展,加深了人们对植物病原真菌起源、遗传多样性、选择作用、致病性、毒力因子、杀菌剂抗药性、寄主专化型等生物学特性的认识。本文简要介绍了植物病原真菌的全基因测序以及比较基因组学的研究进展,重点综述了基于高通量测序的病原真菌群体基因组学的最新研究动态。群体基因组学将成为植物病原真菌一个新的研究方向。  相似文献   

6.
7.
鸡基因组研究进展   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
随着人类基因组计划实施而开展的动物基因组计划受到了科学界和各国政府的支持. 无论是作为一种实验用模式生物,还是作为一种农业经济动物,鸡都有着独特的生物学特性和经济学价值,因此,开展鸡基因组研究是十分有意义的. 综述了近年来鸡基因组研究(包括鸡基因组的有关参数、遗传连锁图、物理图谱、比较定位、表达序列标签和数量性状座位定位等方面)所取得的成就并对其前景进行了讨论.  相似文献   

8.
Rice is an excellent system for plant genomics as it represents a modest size genome of 430 Mb. It feeds more than half the population of the world. Draft sequences of the rice genome, derived by whole-genome shotgun approach at relatively low coverage (4-6 X), were published and the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project (IRGSP) declared high quality (> 10 X), genetically anchored, phase 2 level sequence in 2002. In addition, phase 3 level finished sequence of chromosomes 1, 4 and 10 (out of 12 chromosomes of rice) has already been reported by scientists from IRGSP consortium. Various estimates of genes in rice place the number at >50,000. Already, over 28,000 full-length cDNAs have been sequenced, most of which map to genetically anchored genome sequence. Such information is very useful in revealing novel features of macroand micro-level synteny of rice genome with other cereals. Microarray analysis is unraveling the identity of rice genes expressing in temporal and spatial manner and should help target candidate genes useful for improving traits of agronomic importance. Simultaneously, functional analysis of rice genome has been initiated by marker-based characterization of useful genes and employing functional knock-outs created by mutation or gene tagging. Integration of this enormous information is expected to catalyze tremendous activity on basic and applied aspects of rice genomics.  相似文献   

9.
【背景】枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10是一株具有较强抑菌能力且能产纤维素酶等多种水解酶的革兰氏阳性菌,在发酵饲料中具有较大的应用潜力。【目的】通过获得枯草芽孢杆菌N2-10的全基因组序列信息,进一步解析菌株次级代谢产物合成基因信息,并通过比较基因组学分析菌株N2-10与模式菌株的差异性,为阐明N2-10抑菌和益生机制提供理论基础。【方法】通过二代Illumina NovaSeq联合三代PacBio Sequel测序平台,对菌株N2-10进行全基因组测序,将测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测与功能注释,并利用比较基因组学分析N2-10与其他菌株的差异。【结果】菌株N2-10基因组大小为4 036 899 bp,GC含量为43.88%;共编码4 163个编码基因,所有编码基因总长度为3594369bp,编码区总长度占基因组总长度的89.04%;含有85个tRNA、10个5S rRNA、10个16S rRNA、10个23S rRNA,以及2个CRISPR-Cas、1个前噬菌体和6个基因岛;在GO (gene ontolog)、COG (clusters of orthologous groups of...  相似文献   

10.
[目的]植物乳杆菌(Lactbacillus plantarum,L.plantarum)在食品、医药和动物养殖等多个领域均有应用。本文以L.plantarum P9和Lp-6为例,解析L.plantarum遗传背景和基因组特征,为其鉴定和开发奠定基础。[方法]本研究采用PacBio SMRT测序技术完成了L.plantarum P9和Lp-6全基因组测序,结合已公开的110株L.plantarum全基因组数据和1株模式菌株ATCC 14917T数据,通过比较基因组学方法探究L.plantarum基因组的差异。[结果]L.plantarum P9和Lp-6基因组大小分别为3314.1和3482.5 kb,GC含量(%)分别为44.38%和44.32%,二者分别含有8个和9个质粒。113株L.plantarum系统发育树结果显示,L.plantarum P9与L.plantarum ATCC 14917T遗传距离更近,L.plantarum Lp-6更接近祖先群体分支。与L.plantarum WCSF1相比,含有xerS等基因的22.0 kb基因组片段在L.planarum Lp-6上发生了倒位,在L.plantarum P9基因组中缺失;L.plantarum Lp-6染色体插入含tagF等基因的13.0 kb片段;包含gpmA等基因的14.4 kb基因片段插入到L.plantarum P9染色体中。[结论]通过比较基因组学方法解析L.plantarum P9和Lp-6遗传信息,发现不同L.plan tarum菌株的遗传特征存在差异。  相似文献   

11.
12.
周文秀  田呈明  游崇娟 《微生物学报》2021,61(10):3128-3148
【目的】壳囊孢属(Cytospora)真菌引起的林木腐烂病和枝枯病,是一类重要的、分布广泛的枝干病害,可引起重大经济损失和生态破坏。通过全基因组测序和比较基因组学分析,探究不同腐烂病菌的全基因组特征,分析其与寄主选择和致病性相关的基因或基因家族的差异性,将有助于进一步揭示腐烂病菌与寄主互作的分子机制,为腐烂病的有效防治提供基础资料。【方法】采用PacBio测序技术对云杉腐烂病菌Cytosporapiceae进行了全基因组测序和组装,并通过比较基因组学方法,从基因组水平探究引起腐烂病的4种腐烂病菌的基因组的差异,分析其共有的和特有的与致病相关的基因家族。【结果】C. piceae基因组大小为39.25 Mb,GC含量为51.79%。基于单拷贝直系同源基因构建的系统发育树显示,C. piceae与Cytospora chrysosperma的进化关系相近,Valsamali和Valsapyri则更相近。比较基因组学分析表明,4种腐烂病菌均具有重复诱导的点突变(RIP)活性,其中,C. piceae的RIP活性最强。与其他3种腐烂病菌相似,与木质素降解相关的AA3和AA7家族在C. piceae中显著扩张,但木质素降解关键酶AA5家族均缺失;C. piceae和C. chrysosperma基因组中果胶降解关键酶GH28和CE8家族基因的数量与V. mali和V. pyri相近。4种腐烂病菌都含有较多数量的MFS(major facilitator superfamily)超家族转运蛋白和较少的ABC(ATP-binding cassette transporter)超家族转运蛋白,但C. piceae含有更多DHA2、PDR和MDR类转运蛋白。4种腐烂病菌的分泌蛋白的GO分类分子功能主要集中在水解酶活性,其中V. mali含有最多数量的该类别基因;而生物学过程则集中在碳水化合物代谢过程、果胶分解过程和氧化还原过程。在次生代谢核心基因中,C.piceae的PKS基因明显少于V.mali和V.pyri;在C.piceae含有的4个特异性次生代谢基因中,3个为NRPS基因。【结论】4种腐烂病菌含有的碳水化合物活性酶的种类和数量相似,且都具有较强的果胶降解能力。不同腐烂病菌的膜转运蛋白中多药转运体的选择性扩增,以及次生代谢核心基因中NRPS类基因的特异性存在和缺失,表明它们作为重要的致病因子很可能在腐烂病菌寄主选择中发挥了重要的作用。  相似文献   

13.
    
《Protist》2019,170(6):125697
  相似文献   

14.
【背景】副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)作为乳酸菌中重要菌种之一,常被认为是优良益生菌开发的潜在资源。【目的】以L.paracasei PC-01和L.paracasei Zhang为例,分析不同L.paracasei的基因组差异和遗传背景,为菌株的鉴定和开发奠定基础。【方法】采用PacBioSMRT三代测序技术对L.paracasei PC-01进行全基因组测序,结合2株L.paracasei模式菌株和公开的36株全基因组数据,通过比较基因组学方法揭示39株L.paracasei菌株之间的差异。【结果】L.paracasei PC-01基因组不包含质粒,染色体大小为2 829 251 bp,GC含量为46.64%;L.paracasei Zhang包含一个质粒基因组大小为2 898 456 bp,GC含量为46.51%;不同L.paracasei菌株基因组大小、质粒数及GC含量均存在一定差异。L.paracasei群体为开放式基因组,基因组具有高度多样性。基于核心基因构建系统发育树对于L.paracasei种内区分效果最好,L.paracasei PC-...  相似文献   

15.
水稻所在的稻属(Oryza)共有24个左右的物种。由于野生稻含有大量的优良农艺性状基因, 在水稻遗传学研究中日益受到重视。随着国际稻属基因组计划的开展, 越来越多的稻属基因组序列被测定, 稻属成为进行比较、功能和进化基因组学研究的模式系统。近期开展的一系列研究对稻属不同基因组区段以及全基因组序列的比较分析, 揭示了稻属在基因组大小、基因移动、多倍体进化、常染色质到异染色质的转化以及着丝粒区域的进化等方面的分子机制。转座子的活性以及转座子因非均等重组或非法重组而造成的删除, 对稻属基因组的扩增和收缩具有重要作用。DNA双链断裂修复介导的基因移动, 特别是非同源末端连接, 是稻属基因组非共线性基因形成的主要来源。稻属基因组从常染色质到异染色质的转换过程, 伴随着转座子的大量扩增、基因片段的区段性和串联重复以及从基因组其他位置不断捕获异染色质基因。对稻属不同物种间基因拷贝数、特异基因和重要农艺性状基因的进化等研究, 可揭示稻属不同物种间表型和适应性差异的分子基础, 将加速水稻的育种和改良。  相似文献   

16.
    
In aviculture, lovebirds are considered one of the most popular birds to keep. This African parakeet is known for its range of plumage colors and ease to tame. Plumage variation is the most important price-determining trait of these birds, and also the main selection criterion for breeders. Currently, no genetic screening tests for traits of economic importance or to confirm pedigree data are available for any of the nine lovebird species. As a starting point to develop these tests, the de novo genome of Agapornis roseicollis (rosy-faced lovebird) was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Sequencing was done on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform and the assembly was performed using SOAPdenovo v2.04. The genome was found to be 1.1?Gb in size and 16,044 genes were identified and annotated. This compared well with other previously sequenced avian genomes, such as the chicken, zebra finch, and budgerigar. To assess genome completeness, the number of benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs were identified in the genome. This was compared to other previously assembled avian genomes and the results indicated that the genome will be useful in the development of genetic screening tests to aid lovebird breeders in selecting breeding pairs.  相似文献   

17.
Current challenges in de novo plant genome sequencing and assembly   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Genome sequencing is now affordable, but assembling plant genomes de novo remains challenging. We assess the state of the art of assembly and review the best practices for the community.  相似文献   

18.
    
Sequencing them all. That is the ambitious goal of the recently launched Earth BioGenome project (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 4325–4333), which aims to produce reference genomes for all eukaryotic species within the next decade. In this perspective, we discuss the opportunities of this project with a plant focus, but highlight also potential limitations. This includes the question of how to best capture all plant diversity, as the green taxon is one of the most complex clades in the tree of life, with over 300 000 species. For this, we highlight four key points: (i) the unique biological insights that could be gained from studying plants, (ii) their apparent underrepresentation in sequencing efforts given the number of threatened species, (iii) the necessity of phylogenomic methods that are aware of differences in genome complexity and quality, and (iv) the accounting for within‐species genetic diversity and the historical aspect of conservation genetics.  相似文献   

19.
Rice is known to be one of the most important crops for human consumption. As the model cereal crop, large-scale sequencing of rice genome must play quite important roles both in theoretical research and practical application in rice breeding, which announces the opening of another new way to resolve the world food crisis. At present, the emphasis of rice genome research has been transferred from structure genomics to functional analysis. The discovery of new genes and annotation of gene function was believed to be an important issue in functional genomics research. In this article, the sequencing and functional research of the rice genome were reviewed. These results may provide some useful clues for rice genetic engineering and breeding practices.  相似文献   

20.
水稻基因组测序及基因功能的鉴定   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
刘庆坡  薛庆中 《遗传学报》2006,33(8):669-677
水稻是重要的粮食作物。作为单子叶模式植物,水稻基因组的大规模测序具有巨大的理论价值和现实意义。目前已获得了籼稻“93—11”和粳稻“日本晴”高质量的基因组数据,这为在基因组水平上深入研究其生长、发育、抗病和高产等的遗传机理提供了便利,从而为进一步解决世界粮食危机提供了新的突破口和契机。随着水稻基因组计划的顺利结束,其研究重心也已由建立高分辨率的遗传、物理和转录图谱为主的结构基因组学转向基因功能的研究。结构基因组学研究获得的大量序列数据为揭示和开发功能基因开辟了广阔的前景。目前,利用图位克隆和电子克隆等方法已成功分离了多个水稻抗病、抗虫、抗逆境、抗倒伏、高产、优质等重要农艺性状相关的基因,对培育水稻新品种,促进农业的可持续发展意义重大。据估计,水稻至少拥有3.7万个非转座因子相关的蛋白编码基因。因此,完成全基因组序列测定后,重要基因功能的鉴定已成为当前基因组学研究的主要目标。反向遗传学、大规模基因功能表达谱分析和蛋白质组研究等策略已在研究水稻重要基因的功能方面发挥了重要作用。文章综述了水稻基因组测序及基因功能研究的现状,并就新基因发掘和基因功能注释的方法作了评述,期待为水稻遗传工程和育种实践提供参考。  相似文献   

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