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为了了解保护区内外的白冠长尾雉繁殖生态,2014年3—7月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区和保护区外湖北平靖关村利用人工巢试验(以鸡蛋为诱饵)、红外相机技术和栖息地样方调查搜集巢捕食信息,对其巢捕食率、巢潜在捕食者和影响巢捕食的栖息地因子进行研究.两轮试验分别为繁殖期前期3—4月和繁殖期中期5—6月.试验共放置巢149个,其中红外相机监测62个,累计相机日1315个,拍摄照片7776张,视频6950个.结果表明: 保护区外(平靖关)巢捕食率高于保护区内(董寨),繁殖期前期和繁殖期中期保护区内外差异均极显著.平靖关捕食者种类数(11和6种)在繁殖期前期和中期均高于董寨(7和5种),平靖关捕食者比例较高的是啮齿类和鸦科鸟类,董寨捕食比例较高的是貉.平靖关坡度和乔木盖度对巢捕食影响显著,而董寨的落叶盖度对其影响显著.在红外监测的人工巢中共发现野生白冠长尾雉访问人工巢13巢18次. 相似文献
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《Ostrich》2013,84(2):183-187
Relatively little is documented about nest material theft in vultures. We used camera traps to monitor Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus nests for a year. We report camera trap photographs of a starling Lamprotornis sp. removing what appeared to be dung from an inactive Hooded Vulture nest on Cleveland Game Reserve, north-eastern South Africa, in October 2016. We also had evidence of a Hooded Vulture attempting to remove twigs from the same nest in August 2016. This behaviour is previously unrecorded in Hooded Vultures and, although seemingly rare, it represents an attempt to reduce the energetic costs of nest building in this species. 相似文献
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Michael V. Cove Theodore R. Simons Beth Gardner Andrew S. Maurer Allan F. O'Connell 《Restoration Ecology》2017,25(2):253-260
The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) and Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Woodrats are considered generalists in habitat and diet, yet a steady decline in natural stick nests and capture rates over the past several decades suggests that they are limited by the availability of nesting habitat due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The more specialized Key Largo cotton mouse appears to rely on old growth hammock, a habitat type that is rare following past land clearing. In 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service started building supplemental nest structures to restore habitat quality and connectivity for these endangered rodents, but nest use requires evaluation. We used camera traps and occupancy models to evaluate the factors influencing woodrat and cotton mouse use of the supplemental nests. We detected woodrats at 65 and cotton mice at 175 of 284 sampled nest structures, with co‐occurrence at 38 nests. Woodrat nest use followed a gradient from low nest use in the north to high nest use in the south, which might relate to the proximity of free‐ranging domestic cat (Felis catus) colonies in residential developments. Cotton mouse nest use, however, was related positively to mature hammock and related negatively to disturbed areas (e.g. scarified lands). The two species occurred independently of each other. Stick‐stacking behavior was observed at supplemental nests and, although it was correlated with detection of woodrats, it was not a strong predictor of their occurrence. We suggest that nest supplementation can be an important tool for species recovery as habitat quality continues to improve with succession. 相似文献
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Carina Carneiro de Melo Moura Alexandre M. Fernandes Alexandre Aleixo Helder Farias Pereira de Araújo Erich de Freitas Mariano Michael Wink 《Ibis》2020,162(4):1198-1210
We focus on reconstructing a spatiotemporal scenario of diversification of a widespread South American species, the Pectoral Sparrow Arremon taciturnus (Aves: Passerellidae). This species is widely distributed in both the humid and the dry forests of South America and therefore provides an interesting model for understanding the connection between different biomes of South America. We examined nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome b (cyt-b) and NADH subunit 2 (ND2) from 107 specimens, and one nuclear marker (intron 7 of the β-fibrinogen gene) from a subset of samples collected across the distribution ranges of A. t. taciturnus and A. t. nigrirostris. Six major lineages were recovered in the phylogenies that displayed high levels of variance of allele frequencies and corresponded to distinct geographical locations. The estimation of divergence times provided evidence that diversification of the six lineages of the Pectoral Sparrow occurred throughout the Late Pleistocene across major cis-Andean biomes and Amazonian interfluves. Our dataset for A. taciturnus provides further evidence that rivers in Amazonia constitute barriers promoting allopatric speciation, with occasional sharing of alleles among lineages, particularly those with adjacent distributions. 相似文献
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A new species of Harmonicon F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Araneae, Dipluridae) is described, from a medium-sized lateritic cave in Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil. The male holotype and only specimen known of H. cerberus
sp. n. was found near the entrance of Pequiá cave. This taxon is the fourth species described and the southernmost record for the genus. The new species displays some troglomorphic characteristics, such as reduction and merging of the posterior median and both pairs of lateral eyes and pale yellow to light brown coloration. Both characters are diagnostic when compared to the normal separated eyes and reddish to dark brown of other Harmonicon species. Other diagnostic characteristics are isolated, long, rigid setae distal to the lyra and the shape of the copulatory bulb. This is the second troglomorphic mygalomorph species from Brazil and the first from the Amazonian region. 相似文献
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Leonardo Moura dos Santos Soares John Bates Lincoln Silva Carneiro Marcos Prsio Dantas Santos Alexandre Aleixo 《Journal of avian biology》2019,50(4)
We gathered molecular data to assess phylogenetic and phylogeographic patterns for widespread lineages of Neotropical forest falcons in the genus Micrastur to: 1) investigate the comparative phylogeography of four species from the M. ruficollis complex (M. ruficollis, M. gilvicollis, M. plumbeus and M. mintoni), to identify the temporal and spatial context of the group's diversification; and 2) to reevaluate, based on molecular characters, the taxonomic status and interspecific boundaries within this complex. Molecular phylogenies were based on sequences of the mitochondrial genes ND2 and Cyt b and the nuclear genes FIB5 and MUSK from 119 specimens, including M. mirandollei and M. semitorquatus as outgroups. The phylogenetic trees obtained by BI and a Species Tree analysis recovered the monophyly of currently accepted species belonging to the M. ruficollis complex. The dates in our tree indicate that the separation of species within the complex occurred 2–4 million yr ago, initiating during the Neogene (Pliocene). However, when compared to most such widely distributed Neotropical lineages, the diversification within the M. ruficollis complex appears more recent (i.e. centered in the Late Pleistocene). Our results demonstrate the existence of eleven geographic lineages (subclades) in M. ruficollis, M. gilvicollis and M. mintoni, which differ genetically from each other and therefore can be interpreted as distinct evolutionary lineages and possibly separate species under lineage‐based species concepts. However, BPP results failed to recognize with strong statistical support any of these subclades as distinct species. Distinct subclades in the M. ruficollis complex are limited by the principal tributaries of the Amazon River and the Andes, suggesting that these modern barriers limit gene flow and thereby could have promoted differentiation mostly during the Pleistocene. However, our results indicate widely disparate responses to individual barriers across subclades, supporting lineage‐specific histories throughout the Neotropics. 相似文献
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T. WILL RICHARDSON THOMAS GARDALI STEPHEN H. JENKINS 《The Journal of wildlife management》2009,73(2):287-293
ABSTRACT Identifying nest predators is critical to understanding predation pressures that birds face, and using surveillance cameras appears to be the most reliable method of nest predator identification. However, presence and methods of using camera equipment may introduce bias in predation rates. To summarize potential effects of cameras on nest success we reviewed published and unpublished studies that estimated daily nest predation for bird nests with and without surveillance cameras. We used meta-analyses to quantitatively synthesize the direction and magnitude of these effects from independent studies. We found evidence that, on average, use of camera equipment may reduce nest predation rates, although these differences were not always significant and varied relative to geographic regions, vegetation types, and study duration. Researchers using camera surveillance to monitor nests must be aware that the equipment may be affecting rates of predation and possibly biasing data collected on predator identity. Based on our review and analysis, we provide recommendations for researchers seeking to minimize or control for potential bias when using surveillance cameras to monitor nest predation. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Inspection of cavity nests and nest boxes is often required during studies of cavity-nesting birds, and fiberscopes and pole-mounted video cameras are sometimes used for such inspection. However, the cost of these systems may be prohibitive for some potential users. We describe a user-built, wireless cavity viewer that can be used to access cavities as high as 15 m and with entrance diameters as small as 2.5 cm. System components include a wireless camera, boom with near-infrared lighting system, hand-held television, and telescoping pole. The unit can be assembled in about one day with commonly available tools, and the total cost was about $850 (US). Our cavity-viewing system was used to monitor the nests of Western Bluebirds ( Sialia mexicana ) and proved to be reliable and effective. During two field seasons, we attempted to check the status of nests 928 times and were able to determine the nesting stage 901 times (97%). For those willing to assemble their own units, our cavity viewer permits safe, direct examination of cavity nests or open nests for investigators with limited budgets. 相似文献
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Botanical exploration in southwestern Amazonia has revealed a new species, Spondias testudinis J. D. Mitch. & Daly, described and illustrated here. Its distribution appears to be restricted to the Brazilian state of Acre; Pando in Bolivia; and Huánuco and Ucayali in Peru. The sexuality of the flowers of Spondias and its implications regarding their morphology is discussed. A provisional key to the neotropical species is presented. 相似文献
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Tara J. Conkling Theresa L. Pope Kathryn N. Smith Heather A. Mathewson Michael L. Morrison R. Neal Wilkins James W. Cain III 《The Journal of wildlife management》2012,76(7):1401-1411
Nest predation is a major limiting factor for songbird productivity, including the federally endangered black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla). However, nest predator information is limited across the range of the black-capped vireo in central and southwest Texas. We monitored nests in 3 counties within the breeding range of black-capped vireos in Texas in 2008 and 2009 and used continuous recording digital video cameras to record predation events. We video-monitored 115 nests and documented 39 predation events by at least 9 predator species. Overall, we observed avian species (51%, n = 39), specifically brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater; n = 12), and snakes (26%, n = 39) as the most frequent nest predators. The estimated daily nest survival rate during the laying and incubation stage was 0.985 (95% CI = 0.967–0.993) and 0.944 (95% CI = 0.921–0.961) during the nestling stage. In addition, we analyzed models of predator-specific nest predation using multinomial logistic regression. Effect of nest height on predation rate was significant for snakes; nest stage was significant for nests depredated by avian predators. By identifying and increasing our knowledge of nest predators and vegetation characteristics associated with greater risk of predation in multiple locations within the black-capped vireo's range, we can effectively manage habitat to benefit recovery efforts of the species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society. 相似文献
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JAMES J. H. ST CLAIR CLEMENS KÜPPER PHILIPP HERRMANN ROBIN W. WOODS TAMÁS SZÉKELY 《Ibis》2010,152(2):402-404
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Lex Hiby Phil Lovell Narendra Patil N. Samba Kumar Arjun M. Gopalaswamy K. Ullas Karanth 《Biology letters》2009,5(3):383-386
The tiger is one of many species in which individuals can be identified by surface patterns. Camera traps can be used to record individual tigers moving over an array of locations and provide data for monitoring and studying populations and devising conservation strategies. We suggest using a combination of algorithms to calculate similarity scores between pattern samples scanned from the images to automate the search for a match to a new image. We show how using a three-dimensional surface model of a tiger to scan the pattern samples allows comparison of images that differ widely in camera angles and body posture. The software, which is free to download, considerably reduces the effort required to maintain an image catalogue and we suggest it could be used to trace the origin of a tiger skin by searching a central database of living tigers'' images for matches to an image of the skin. 相似文献
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One of the main natural disturbances that affects the structure of rain forests is treefalls, frequently resulting in gaps. Tree‐fall gaps can bring drastic changes in environmental conditions compared with the undisturbed understory. We investigated the effect of tree‐fall gaps on fruit‐feeding butterfly (Nymphalidae) species assemblages in an undisturbed lowland rain forest in southeastern Peru. We used fruit‐baited traps suspended 2 m above ground in 15 tree‐fall gaps ranging in area from 100 to 1000 m2 and in adjacent undisturbed understory. Our data support the hypothesis that tree‐fall gap and understory habitats are utilized by different butterfly species assemblages. There were morphological differences between gap and understory species, where the understory species had a larger wing area to thoracic volume. Vegetation structure and composition were important factors affecting the butterfly assemblages. Most of the butterfly species showed an avoidance of vines and a strong association with the presence of trees and shrubs in gaps. There were also differences among gap assemblages that increased with gap size. Some of the species that were associated with gaps have been considered as canopy species. Other gap species in the present study, however, are known to feed on fruits and/or use host plants mainly, or only, occurring in gaps, implicating that the gap assemblage is a mix of canopy species and those unique to gaps. This indicates that, in an undisturbed Amazon forest, tree‐fall gaps may contribute to maintain species diversity by creating a mosaic of specific habitats and resources that favors different butterfly assemblages. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT. Capturing breeding female blackbirds using mist nets and food-baited traps can be challenging because nets are difficult to set in wetland habitats and females feed preferentially on insects. Given the problems associated with other trapping methods, we designed a highly effective nest trap that allowed us to successfully capture targeted female Yellow-headed Blackbirds ( Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus ) at our wetland study sites in North Dakota. From 15 May to 16 July 2004, we captured 56 of 59 (95%) targeted females during incubation and eight of 18 (44%) targeted females with nestlings, and were also able to recapture 12 of 16 females (75%). Based on these results, we recommend using our trap to capture female blackbirds during incubation rather than during the nestling period. The nest trap is easy and inexpensive to construct and is light and easy to carry through dense wetland vegetation. In addition, the trap's large diameter and wire construction provide the flexibility needed to trap at sites where the density of vegetation varies. This trap has also been used to capture female Red-winged Blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus ) and could potentially be used to trap females of other species of wetland-breeding icterids, including Common Grackles ( Quiscalus quiscula ). 相似文献
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Ivonne J. Garzón‐Orduña Jennifer E. Benetti‐Longhini Andrew V. Z. Brower 《Journal of Biogeography》2015,42(7):1357-1360
Evidence from butterflies and birds suggests that most extant Amazonian species arose during the Pleistocene (< 2.6 Ma). If these speciation events share common, extrinsic causes, their explanation probably involves climate‐driven biogeographical shifts, because the major orogenic events shaping the biogeography of the Neotropics were over by then. In the light of these observations, criticisms of the Pleistocene refugium hypothesis are examined. 相似文献
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FAvio González 《Brittonia》1998,50(1):5-10
Aristolochia dalyi, from western Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia, andA. bahiensis, from Bahia, Brazil, are described and illustrated. The species belong toAristolochia ser.Thyrsicae andA. ser.Hexandrae subser.Anthocaulicae, respectively. A key to the eight western Amazonian species of the seriesThyrsicae is presented.Aristolochia dalyi closely resemblesA. silvatica Barb. Rodr. from the Río Negro basin, andA. bahiensis—the first cauliflorous species ofAristolochia known from the Mata Atlantica—is similar toA. guentheri O. C. Schmidt andA. klugii O. C. Schmidt, from the Western Amazon basin. Characters based primarily on the perianth shape, along with some vegetative
features, are used to distinguish the two newly described species from their close relatives.
Resumen Aristolochia dalyi, del occidente de la amazonía peruana y brasilera, yA. bahiensis, del estado de Acre, en Brasil, son descritas e ilustradas. Las especies pertenecen aAristolochia ser.Thyrsicae yA. ser.Hexandrae subser.Anthocaulicae respectivamente.Aristolochia dalyi es incluída en una clave para diferenciarla de las especies de la serieThyrsicae presentes en la Amazonía occidental, y resulta ser similar aA. silvatica Barb. Rodr, propia de la cuenca del río Negro; por su parte,A. bahiensis, hasta ahora la única especie deAristolochia cauliflora hallada en la Mata Atlántica, es similar aA. guentheri O. C. Schmidt yA. klugii O. C. Schmidt, propias del occidente de la cuenca amazónica. Los caracteres diagnósticos de las nuevas especies se basan principlalmente en la forma del perianto, aunque algunas diferencias vegetativas son también reconocidas.相似文献