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1.
Jonathan M. Friedman James E. Roelle John F. Gaskin Alan E. Pepper James R. Manhart 《Evolutionary Applications》2008,1(4):598-607
To investigate the evolution of clinal variation in an invasive plant, we compared cold hardiness in the introduced saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima, Tamarix chinensis, and hybrids) and the native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera). In a shadehouse in Colorado (41°N), we grew plants collected along a latitudinal gradient in the central United States (29–48°N). On 17 occasions between September 2005 and June 2006, we determined killing temperatures using freeze‐induced electrolyte leakage and direct observation. In midwinter, cottonwood survived cooling to −70°C, while saltcedar was killed at −33 to −47°C. Frost sensitivity, therefore, may limit northward expansion of saltcedar in North America. Both species demonstrated inherited latitudinal variation in cold hardiness. For example, from September through January killing temperatures for saltcedar from 29.18°N were 5–21°C higher than those for saltcedar from 47.60°N, and on September 26 and October 11, killing temperatures for cottonwood from 33.06°N were >43°C higher than those for cottonwood from 47.60°N. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci showed that southern saltcedars are more closely related to T. chinensis while northern plants are more closely related to T. ramosissima. Hybridization may have introduced the genetic variability necessary for rapid evolution of the cline in saltcedar cold hardiness. 相似文献
2.
Water availability is an important factor limiting the productivity of desert plants but little is known about the impact
of water-limiting conditions on the physiology of plants in mesic environments. Riparian ecosystems of the western US receive
significantly more water than the surrounding desert environments but experience dramatic interannual fluctuations in water
availability because both stream flow and precipitation are highly variable over time. This variability results in different
growing conditions each year which may influence the physiology of riparian species such as Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), the dominant, native canopy tree species in lowland southwestern US river systems. We wished to determine if the physiology
of this species varies among years, what climatic parameters are related to any observed physiological variation and if individuals
within a P. fremontii population differ in their physiological response to variation through time. We collected tree ring cores from a central
New Mexico cottonwood population and analyzed carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in each year from 1981 to 1995. We used δ13C analysis in this study because it allowed us to obtain multi-year estimates of physiological activity. During these years,
mean stream flow at our study site ranged over two orders of magnitude from 0.82 to 80.94 m3 s−1, precipitation ranged fourfold from 49 to 215 ccmm and mean temperature ranged from 20.5 to 22.6°C during the growing season.
δ13C varied from a low of −26.7‰ in 1984 to a high of −24.7‰ in 1981. Low δ13C values were associated with years in which stream flow and/or precipitation were high and temperature was low. The opposite
was true of years with high δ13C values. We observed a strong linear relationship between δ13C and stream flow during years when stream flow was <25 m3 s−1 but no significant relationship between these variables when stream flow was >25 m3 s−1. Additionally, there was a linear relationship between δ13C and precipitation during years when stream flow was <25 m3 s−1 but not in years when stream flow was >25 m3 s−1. These data suggest that above a threshold of total stream flow, increased flow does not influence physiology. Below this
threshold, precipitation can be an important water source. The ten individuals within our study population varied significantly
in mean δ13C values but responded to interannual variation in a similar manner (i.e., all individuals had low δ13C values when water was abundant). These results suggest that precipitation as well as stream flow are important factors influencing
the physiology of this riparian tree.
Received: 25 November 1998 / Accepted: 9 February 1999 相似文献
3.
杨树无性系木材基本密度和纤维素含量株内变异 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对I-69[Populus deltoids Bartr. cv. Lux]、I-72杨[P. ×euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. San Martino]、 NL-80351[I-69 × I-63(P. deltoids Bartr. cv. Harvard)]、南林-95 、南林-1388 、南林-895 、南林-447等7个杨树无性系的木材基本密度和纤维素含量进行了系统研究.其中,南林-95、南林-1388、南林-895 、南林-447是从I-69 × I-45 [P.×euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. I-45/51]杂交F1代中选育出来的新无性系.研究结果表明,同为11 a生时,7个无性系胸径处木材基本密度差异达显著水平,从大至小依次为南林-895、I-72、I-69、南林-1388、南林-95、NL-80351、南林-447;不同杨树无性系间胸径处纤维素含量也存在显著差异,从高至低依次排序为南林-95、南林-447、南林-895、南林-1388、I-69、NL-80351、I-72.木材基本密度和纤维素含量在株内的径向变异规律均为从髓心向外以曲线形式缓慢增大,其中后者的变异模式为以多项式方程来描述的效果最好.木材基本密度纵向变异规律为从树干基部向上有随树木高度的增加而逐渐增大的趋势,木材基本密度最小值出现在基径处.本文的研究结果可为杨树人工林的定向培育提供理论依据. 相似文献
4.
Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi-arid river basin 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
We investigated the physiological and growth responses of native (Populus fremontii S. Wats. and Salix gooddingii Ball) and exotic (Tamarix chinensis Lour.) riparian trees to ground water availability at the free‐flowing Hassayampa River, Arizona, during dry (1997) and wet (1998) years. In the drier year, all species experienced considerable water stress, as evidenced by low shoot water potentials, low leaf gas exchange rates and large amounts of canopy dieback. These parameters were significantly related to depth of ground water (DGW) in the native species, but not in T. chinensis, in 1997. Canopy dieback was greater in the native species than in T. chinensis when ground water was deep in 1997, and dieback increased rapidly at DGW > 2·5–3·0 m for the native species. Analysis of combined data from wet and dry years for T. chinensis tentatively suggests a similar physiological sensitivity to water availability and a similar DGW threshold for canopy dieback. In 1998, shoot water potential and leaf gas exchange rates were higher and canopy dieback was lower for all species because of increased water availability. However, T. chinensis showed a much larger increase in leaf gas exchange rates in the wet year than the native species. High leaf gas exchange rates, growth when water is abundant, drought tolerance and the maintenance of a viable canopy under dry conditions are characteristics that help explain the ability of T. chinensis to thrive in riparian ecosystems in the south‐western United States. 相似文献
5.
【目的】柽柳作为干旱荒漠生态系统的典型物种,研究其年轮宽度对地下水响应的保护有重要价值。【方法】研究基于沙漠腹地达理雅博依绿洲地下水埋深资料,利用年轮测定方法分析不同地下水埋深状况下柽柳年轮宽度的变化,探讨其与地下水埋深变化的关系。【结果】样地一地下水埋深随时间逐年增加,埋深范围是1.2～2.6 m,柽柳的年轮宽度在2001-2020年呈显著增加趋势,变化范围为0.98～5.80 mm,年轮宽度年际间差异显著;样地二地下水埋深随时间增长呈现先增加后减小的趋势,埋深范围是2.7～4.5 m,柽柳年轮宽度在1977-2020年整体呈正弦函数变化,范围为1.46～4.41 mm,年轮宽度年际间差异性不显著;样地一柽柳标准年表振幅范围是0.502～1.641,大于样地二柽柳标准年表振幅范围为0.577～1.331。【结论】样地一地下水埋深向着柽柳生长适宜的范围增加时,有利于柽柳的生长,表现为年轮宽度增加,样地二的柽柳年轮宽度变化和地下水埋深之间无显著相关性。 相似文献
6.
以塔里木河中游沙吉力克断面和阿其河断面的柽柳为研究对象,结合两断面地下水埋深的动态监测和柽柳叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量及SOD、POD活性等生理指标的分析测试,研究了不同地下水埋深与柽柳生理变化的关系,以探讨该地区柽柳的抗旱机理与受胁迫程度.研究表明:随着地下水埋深的不断增加,柽柳叶片的可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量和SOD活性均显著增加,而POD活性则呈不断下降的趋势,并且柽柳各生理代谢相互协调;地下水埋深与柽柳叶片的可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量以及SOD活性呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.602*、0.548、0.735**和0.829**,与POD活性呈负相关(r=-0.709**).研究发现,塔里木河中游地区柽柳的生长已受到严重的干旱胁迫,且沙吉力克断面的柽柳所受到的干旱胁迫较重;柽柳在一定范围内能通过调节体内渗透调节物质的含量和保护酶活性来积极响应地下水埋深的变化,以增强植株自身抗旱能力. 相似文献
7.
E. E. Henderson J. A. Hildebrand M. H. Smith E. A. Falcone 《Marine Mammal Science》2012,28(3):439-460
Correlations between surface behavior and concurrent underwater vocalizations were modeled for common dolphins (Delphinus spp.) in the Southern California Bight (SCB) over multiple field seasons. Clicks, pulsed calls, and whistles were examined, with a total of 50 call features identified. Call features were used to classify behavior using random forest decision trees, with rates of correct classification reaching 80.6% for fast travel, 84.6% for moderate travel, 59.8% for slow travel, and 58% for foraging behavior. Common dolphins spent most of their time traveling. The highest number of clicks, pulsed calls, and complex whistles were produced during fast travel. In contrast, during foraging there were few pulsed calls and whistles produced, and the whistles were simple with narrow bandwidths and few harmonics. Behavior and vocalization patterns suggest nocturnal foraging in offshore waters as the primary feeding strategy. Group size and spacing were strongly correlated with behavior and rates of calling, with higher call rates in dispersed traveling groups and lower call rates in loosely aggregated foraging groups. These results demonstrate that surface behavior can be classified using vocalization data, which builds the framework for behavioral studies of common dolphins using passive acoustic monitoring techniques. 相似文献
8.
Randy Bangert Sharon M. Ferrier Luke Evans Karla Kennedy Kevin C. Grady Erika Hersch‐Green Gerard J. Allan Thomas G. Whitham 《Restoration Ecology》2013,21(4):447-456
As part of a restoration project, multiple genotypes of two tree species, Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and Goodding's willow (Salix gooddingii), and one shrub species, Coyote willow (S. exigua), were experimentally planted in different proportions at the Palo Verde Ecological Reserve near Blythe, California, U.S.A. These common woody plant species are important to the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, providing perch, nesting, and foraging habitat. We conducted this study to evaluate plant species proportion and plant genotype effects on the arthropod community, the prey base for the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher. Three patterns emerged. First, plant species proportions were important; the arthropod community had the greatest richness and diversity (H′) when Goodding's willow proportion was high and Fremont cottonwood proportion was lower; that is, fewer Fremont cottonwoods are required to positively affect overall arthropod diversity. Second, we found significant genotypic effects, for all three plant species, on arthropod species accumulation. Third, while both planting proportion and genotype effects were significant, we found that the effect of planting proportion on arthropod richness was about twice as large as the effect of plant genotype. This shows that both plant species proportions and genotype should be utilized in restoration projects to maximize habitat heterogeneity and arthropod richness. Similar studies can determine which planting proportion and specific genotypes may result in a more favorable arthropod prey base for the southwestern willow flycatcher and other species of concern. Greater attention to planting design and genotype can result in significant gains in diversity at little or no additional project cost. 相似文献
9.
Kevin C. Grady Thomas E. Kolb Dana H. Ikeda Thomas G. Whitham 《Restoration Ecology》2015,23(6):811-820
Assisted migration of warm‐adapted genotypes to currently cooler climates may reduce maladaptation from future climate change. Few assisted migration trials have considered limitations of the cooler climates and pathogens currently present at transplant sites. This is especially important to consider in riparian ecosystems that are priority targets for restoration in the western United States as they harbor diverse communities. In an effort to validate assisted migration as an effective strategy for mediating the negative impacts of climate change, we used a provenance trial with replicated genotypes from 19 populations of the foundation riparian tree species, Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), transplanted to a cold site to test for genetic variation in growth, mortality, and resistance to shoot blight fungi (Venturia sp.). Populations from cool sites had up to 4 times faster growth, 3 times higher survival, and 8 times higher resistance to Venturia than populations from warm sites, providing evidence of local adaptation to both climate and pathogenic fungi. Budburst phenology and shoot blight were correlated with frost damage, subsequent shrub‐form architecture, and mortality. While climate change models predict 6°C increases, plants transferred distances of 6°C at this time would not perform well; an intermediate transfer distance of less than 3°C would avoid maladaptation to the current environment during assisted migration. Thus, multiple and intermediate transfer phases to supplement local genetic variation will likely be necessary for effective assisted migration to accommodate current environments and large changes in climate. 相似文献
10.
目的 研究曲霉生物膜的形成过程和结构特征.方法 我们利用一个曲霉生物膜体外模型研究其形成过程和结构特征.将200 μL浓度为1×10<'5>孢子/mL的受试曲霉(烟曲霉AF293,黄曲霉BMU03940,土曲霉BMU00802,黑曲霉BMU04689)的孢子悬液加到24孔组织培养板中的无菌塑料细胞培养盖玻片上,37℃孵育不同时间(0、2、4、8、10、12、16、18、24、48、72 h),加入25 μmol/L的FUN-1室温避光染色后,用波长488 nm激光激发,通过共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察曲霉生物膜的形成过程;再用波长为488 am和633 am激光同时激发,将两个波长下的图像叠加后观察曲霉生物膜的活力;利用:XYZ轴成像观察其结构特征.在上述不同的时间点用钙荧光白染色后,用波长为405 nm的紫外光激发,观察曲霉生物膜细胞外基质的产生.结果 烟曲霉AF293在第4 h即开始有散在的孢子黏附于盖玻片上;8 h时孢子开始萌芽,10～12 h菌丝延长形成单细胞层;16～20 h菌丝缠绕形成多层立体结构;24 h形成一个具有复杂的三维立体结构特征的多细胞菌落,菌丝有序排列,细胞外基质弥散的分布在菌丝的周围;48～72 h生物膜逐渐成熟.成熟的烟曲霉生物膜是由细胞外基质包裹的有序排列的菌丝形成的复杂立体结构.黄曲霉BMU03940、土曲霉BMU00802、黑曲霉BMU04689与烟曲霉AF293有类似的生物膜发育阶段,包括黏附、孢子萌芽、菌丝延长、菌丝有序排列形成三维立体结构.结论 烟曲霉、黄曲霉、土曲霉和黑曲霉在体外都能形成典型的生物膜,它的形成过程和结构特征与其他真菌生物膜类似. 相似文献
11.
灌丛“肥岛”是全球干旱生态系统中的普遍现象,其发生和发展对干旱灌木、草原生态系统的结构和功能都具有重要影响,但其物种效应容易得到忽视。对准噶尔盆地南缘柽柳（Tamarix spp．）和梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）这两种不同地表形态灌木的冠下、冠缘和灌丛间地3种生境的土壤进行了采样、分析,结果表明：（1）柽柳和梭梭都存在“肥岛”现象,主要表现在土壤表层,其土壤性状与“岛”外土壤的差异随土壤深度增加而减弱;（2）生物性限制土壤养分由“岛”内向外梯度递减,而非生物性限制土壤要素可能高于、也可能低于“岛”外土壤,或者两者无显著差异;（3）从“肥岛”的空间尺度来看,柽柳“肥岛”的水平范围可能超出了本身冠幅覆盖区,而梭梭“肥岛”要小于本身冠幅覆盖区,其深度亦小于柽柳“肥岛”;（4）相对于不同土壤要素而言,即使是同一物种,其“肥岛”也具有不同的空间范围。总的来看,研究区灌丛“肥岛”的发育具有明显的物种效应,相对梭梭而言,柽柳“肥岛”发育更广、更深,养分聚集更明显,其原因主要是柽柳的半球型树冠更利于保护和捕获凋落物,而较多的凋落物输入与土壤结构和土壤养分间的正反馈机制使柽柳冠下加速的生物地球化学循环能达到更广、更深的范围。灌丛“肥岛”的发育是干旱景观中生物过程与物理过程交互作用的产物,全面揭示其形成机理,探讨其对干旱生态系统结构、功能与动态的影响,需要更系统的研究。 相似文献
12.
13.
利用全林木定位和单木竞争指数模型, 以受到林火干扰的樟子松林为例,分析了呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林的竞争强度.结果表明：同一样地中,死亡林木的竞争强度均比较接近;活立木、全部林木中,伴生树种的竞争强度是樟子松的2～3倍;樟子松的竞争压力主要来自于种内,伴生树种的竞争则主要来自于种间.林火干扰与无林火（对照）样地间的比较表明,林火干扰样地樟子松活立木的竞争强度均显著小于对照样地;活立木竞争强度与其胸径间均服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B).地表火干扰可显著降低林木个体间的竞争强度,有利于存活林木个体的生长发育和大径阶林木的培育. 相似文献
14.
15.
Gina Marie Wimp William P. Young Scott A. Woolbright Gregory D. Martinsen Paul Keim Thomas G. Whitham 《Ecology letters》2004,7(9):776-780
While population genetic diversity has broad application in species conservation, no studies have examined the community‐level consequences of this diversity. We show that population genetic diversity (generated by interspecific hybridization) in a dominant riparian tree affects an arthropod community composed of 207 species. In an experimental garden, plant cross type structured the arthropod community of individual trees, and among stands in the wild, plant genetic diversity accounted for nearly 60% of the variation in arthropod diversity. While previous experimental garden studies have demonstrated the effects of plant genotype on arthropod communities, our study extends these findings from individual trees in an experimental garden to natural stands of cottonwoods where plant population genetic diversity was a significant factor structuring arthropod diversity. These findings argue that the preservation of genetic diversity in a dominant species is far more important than previously realized, and may be particularly important in hybridizing systems. 相似文献
16.
Invasion by the non‐native tree Tamarix has led to implementation of restoration projects aimed at maintaining the ecological integrity of many riparian communities in the southwestern United States. These restoration efforts may include Tamarix removal, manipulation of hydrologic regimes, and active revegetation of native species. The goal of this study was to determine which site characteristics are correlated with restoration success, defined in terms of reductions of undesirable species such as Tamarix and establishment of desirable, native species. To accomplish this, vegetative and environmental data were collected at 28 sites in the southwestern United States where active revegetation was completed after Tamarix removal. These data were incorporated into regression tree models with predictor variables that included number of years since removal (1–18 years) and multiple management, climate, soils, and hydrological variables to determine success of Tamarix control, revegetation success, and general plant community responses. Our results suggest that there are easily measurable site characteristics that are associated with greater native cover and richness, planting success, and Tamarix control. Close proximity to perennial water, sufficient precipitation, recent flooding, and good drainage as well as coarser soil texture, and lower soil pH all favored native species. Overall, those site characteristics associated with native species success were the same as those related to lower Tamarix cover. These quantitative models are intended to assist researchers and land managers to design more effective riparian restoration efforts in this critical arid lands ecosystem. 相似文献
17.
Fremont cottonwood seedlings are vulnerable to water stress from rapid water‐table decline during river recession in spring. Water stress is usually cited as the reason for reduced establishment, but interactions of water stress with microclimate extremes are more likely the causes of mortality. We assessed photosynthetic responses of Fremont cottonwood seedlings to water, light and heat stresses, which commonly co‐occur in habitats where seedlings establish. Under moderate temperature and light conditions, water stress did not affect photosynthetic function. However, stomatal closure during water stress predisposed Fremont cottonwood leaves to light and heat stress, resulting in greatly reduced photosynthesis beginning at 31 °C versus at 41 °C for well‐watered plants. Ontogenetic shifts in leaf orientation from horizontal to vertical, which occur as seedlings mature, reduce heat and light stress, especially during water stress. When compared with naturally occurring microclimate extremes, seedling stress responses suggest that reduced assimilation and photoprotection are common for Fremont cottonwood seedlings on exposed point bars where they establish. These reductions in photosynthesis likely have negative impacts on growth and may predispose young (<90‐day‐old) seedlings to early mortality during rapid water‐table declines. Interactions with heat and light stress are more important in these effects than water stress alone. 相似文献
18.
David Macaya‐Sanz Myriam Heuertz Dorothea Lindtke Giovanni G. Vendramin Christian Lexer Santiago C. González‐Martínez 《Molecular ecology》2016,25(21):5330-5344
Asexual reproduction is a common and fundamental mode of reproduction in plants. Although persistence in adverse conditions underlies most known cases of clonal dominance, proximal genetic drivers remain unclear, in particular for populations dominated by a few large clones. In this study, we studied a clonal population of the riparian tree Populus alba in the Douro river basin (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) where it hybridizes with Populus tremula, a species that grows in highly contrasted ecological conditions. We used 73 nuclear microsatellites to test whether genomic background (species ancestry) is a relevant cause of clonal success, and to assess the evolutionary consequences of clonal dominance by a few genets. Additional genotyping‐by‐sequencing data were produced to estimate the age of the largest clones. We found that a few ancient (over a few thousand years old) and widespread genets dominate the population, both in terms of clone size and number of sexual offspring produced. Interestingly, large clones possessed two genomic regions introgressed from P. tremula, which may have favoured their spread under stressful environmental conditions. At the population level, the spread of large genets was accompanied by an overall ancient (>0.1 Myr) but soft decline of effective population size. Despite this decrease, and the high clonality and dominance of sexual reproduction by large clones, the Douro hybrid zone still displays considerable genetic diversity and low inbreeding. This suggests that even in extreme cases as in the Douro, asexual and sexual dominance of a few large, geographically extended individuals does not threaten population survival. 相似文献
19.
Ken N. Paige William C. Capman 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1993,47(1):36-45
Using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) we show how host-plant genotype and hybridization in cotton wood, Populus sp., affects the attack and survival of the gall-forming aphid, Pemphigus betae. Fremont cottonwoods, hybrid ???F1's and backcross ???1's were found to be highly resistant, while backcross 2's, 3's, 4's and pure narrowleafs ranged from highly resistant to highly susceptible with only a few trees being highly resistant. Results from our genetic analysis also suggest that resistance is likely polygenic, not the result of single gene resistance. In addition, genetic analysis showed that studies based upon leaf morphology alone give an inaccurate assessment of host-plant genotype ???and the extent of hybridization, altering previous views of the relationship between plant hybridization and pest attack. Previous studies assumed that narrowleafs were more resistant than backcross genotypes based upon comparisons of overall levels of resistance between the hybrid zone and the “pure” narrowleaf zone. Results from RFLP analyses, however, show that there are no significant differences in the levels of resistance between backcross genotypes (BC2's-4's) and pure narrowleafs. Furthermore, results show that the “pure” narrowleaf zone is in fact a mixture of pure and backcross genotypes, extending the zone of introgression previously reported. Experiments in combination with RFLP analyses suggest that resistance traits are differentially expressed along an environmental gradient partially explaining the previously reported differences in resistance between these two regions. In light of our results it is clear that genetic studies will be necessary to discern the true relationship between hybridization and pest resistance. Until such studies are widely conducted generalizations regarding the effects of hybridization on the structure and dynamics of pest populations will be premature at best. 相似文献
20.
Anna A. Sher Stephanie Gieck Cynthia S. Brown Scott J. Nissen 《Restoration Ecology》2008,16(1):129-135
Current invasion ecology theory predicts that disturbance will stimulate invasion by exotic plant species. Cheatgrass or Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) was surveyed in three sites near Florence, Colorado, U.S.A., immediately following Tamarisk or Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) control and restoration activities that caused disturbance. Despite predictions to the contrary, neither mowing with heavy machinery nor tilling for seedbed preparation stimulated invasion, with a trend for the opposite pattern such that highest percent cover of B. tectorum was observed in the least disturbed transects. Aerial application of imazapyr for Tamarix spp. control caused mortality of nearly all B. tectorum and other understory plant species in all sites. Mechanical control of Tamarix spp. will not necessarily result in increased abundance of invasive species already present, possibly due to the effects of mulch usually left on‐site. Imazapyr will control B. tectorum and other herbaceous understory species when applied aerially for Tamarix spp. control. These results are encouraging for managers of riparian systems who may fear that control of woody invasives will stimulate herbaceous invasions. 相似文献