干旱区荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度提取及尺度扩展效应

选择线性混合像元分解模型、亚像元模型、最大三波段梯度差法模型以及修正的三波段梯度差法的2个变异模型来提取植被覆盖度,结合地面实测数据,探讨了提取干旱区荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度信息的适宜模型,并以简单平均法模拟了不同尺度的覆盖度影像,通过尺度上推检验了模型在MODIS尺度上的反演效应.结果表明：线性混合像元分解模型反演覆盖度的精度高于其他模型,适于稀疏植被地区,但端元的正确选取较难,从而影响其运用;亚像元分解模型是一个通用模型,植被分类图越精细,通过亚像元分解模型得到的覆盖度精度越高,但这也同时意味着该模型需要测定大量的输入参数;最大三波段梯度差法的算法简单、易于操作,其在农田等中高植被覆盖区及裸土区的预测值与实测值接近,但对干旱区稀疏植被的估计精度偏低;修正后的三波段最大梯度差法模型在稀疏植被覆盖区的预测值与实测值基本一致,在不同尺度上反演的覆盖度信息与实测值的一致性较好.该方法可有效提取干旱区低覆盖度植被信息.     

煤炭井工开采对干旱荒漠区植被动态变化的影响

我国西北干旱荒漠区生态环境脆弱,煤炭开采活动严重地破坏植被和影响生态环境,而煤炭井工开采对干旱荒漠区植被动态变化的影响尚不明确。以灵武市为例,采用遥感技术和野外实地调查相结合的方法,分析2000-2019年间煤炭井工开采对植被动态变化的影响。结果表明：灵武市的植被主要以沙蒿（Artemisia salsoloides）、柠条（Caragana korshinskii）和芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens）等荒漠植物为主;2000-2019年间,植被覆盖度（FVC）和绿度变化率（GRC）表明灵武市植被整体呈现改善趋势;归一化植被指数（NDVI）与年降水量（P）和年平均风速（S）等气象因子显著相关,表明气候因子对区域植被动态变化起主要作用;煤炭开采区侵占草地和灌丛面积,使得土地利用类型发生变化,生态环保政策的实施对于区域土地利用类型的变化和植被改善具有重要作用。实地调查分析表明煤炭开采改变了矿区植物群落结构,植被盖度和物种多样性指数均在煤炭开采后1-4a呈下降趋势,5-9a为上升趋势,10a自然恢复后与对照区的变化趋势一致,说明在自然条件下煤炭开采区植被恢复经历了退化期、改善期和初步恢复期等过程。这些研究结果为西北干旱荒漠区煤炭井工开采矿区植被恢复和生态环境建设提供了理论基础。     

干旱荒漠区斑块状植被空间格局及其防沙效应研究进展

斑块状植被相对稳定的空间格局是其适应环境的结果,也是干旱区植被存在的主要形式.干旱荒漠区植被对土壤风蚀的防护功能不仅与盖度、高度有关,而且与植被空间格局有关.以往的研究多侧重于植被盖度和高度对防护功能的影响,而对植被格局影响防沙效应的研究相对薄弱.干旱区斑块状格局的植被能否防沙、防沙效应如何一直是防沙治沙工程研究中的焦点问题.综述了干旱区斑块状植被空间格局特征、形成演化及防风固沙效应等方面的研究进展,提出未来应借助3S技术手段和模型模拟方法,加强对斑块状植被空间格局与风蚀风积过程的互馈关系、斑块动态的驱动因素和斑块状植被格局防沙功能的尺度效应研究.     

The relationship between pollen and extant vegetation across an arid urban ecosystem and surrounding desert in Southwest USA

Aim In this paper, we explore the relationship between pollen concentration in surface soil and extant perennial vegetation across a rapidly urbanizing arid ecosystem along with its surrounding agricultural and native Sonoran Desert land. We also investigate whether taxa behave as expected from known pollination characteristics (e.g. anemophilous vs. zoophilous) and whether the pollen–plant relationship differs between the undeveloped desert and agro‐urban regions. Location We used a probability‐based sampling scheme at 200, 900‐m² sites across the Central Arizona–Phoenix region, a 6400‐km² area of the south‐western USA. Methods Pollen–plant abundances were mapped across the study area using interpolation techniques, summary bar charts and scatterplots, then two statistical approaches were applied to examine the data quantitatively. Firstly, we used regression analysis of paired pollen concentration and plant cover data; secondly, pc‐ord was used on a cross‐matrix (contingency table) containing the presence/absence scores of both pollen and plants for each taxon at each site. Results Mapping and quantitative analysis revealed that pollen–plant relationships do vary both between anemophilous and zoophilous groupings and by individual taxon. They also revealed that distribution patterns of both pollen and plant abundance vary consistently across the three main landscape types (desert, urban, agricultural) and that pollen taxa groupings are consistent with pollination method and source plant distribution regardless of landscape type. Main conclusions These findings provide a broad range of comparative data to facilitate palynological reconstruction of past vegetation and aid in assessing types of prehistoric impacts on this vegetation. They also document that significant variation can occur in pollen rain across a city, even for taxa with widely distributed pollen, leading to the conclusion that forecasting pollen distribution patterns for allergy‐related pollen types using only one or a few pollen traps is likely to entail substantial error.     

沙漠人工植被的生态学取向及其途径

水是干旱沙漠植物生态系统中的最重要的限制因子。在干旱沙漠生境中建造人工植被的正确方向是要建造沙漠人工植被 ,就必须以提供额外的水资源为前提 ;在不能增加额外水资源的情况下不应增加沙漠人工植被 ;增加沙漠植被应保护现有植被和建造半人工植被为主。考察种群生态适应性的一般过程 :一是目前有无这种植物的天然种群 ,二是历史上是否有过这种植物的种群 ,三是目前的生境条件是否满足这种种群或群落的需要 ,四是有无人工提供生态资源的可能性。封育保护和建造半人工植被是建造沙漠植被的主要途径 ,保护地下水资源是根本途径。     

《中国植被志》的植被分类系统、植被类型划分及编排体系

植被志(vegegraphy)是基于植被调查资料, 全面记叙植被的群落外貌、种类组成、结构和功能、生境条件, 以及地理分布等特征, 并对同类植被进行归纳和总结的志书。“植被志”的英文译为“vegegraphy”, 是本文的新造词, 它是由“vegetation”的词头“vege-”和英文后缀“-graphy” (记叙之意)组成的合成词。《中国植被志》的研编是一项时间紧迫、内容复杂、工作量浩繁的重大科学工程。它的完成将极大提升中国植被科学和生态学的研究水平, 并为中国植被资源的合理利用、生物多样性保护及生态环境治理等提供不可或缺的基础资料。本文首先简述了植被的基本特征(主要包括外貌特征、种类组成、群落结构以及动态变化等)和国内外植被调查的进展情况, 简要回顾了中国植被分类系统的研究历史, 并对以往的分类系统进行了若干修订。在此基础上, 着重讨论并提出了《中国植被志》卷册编排体系和用于《中国植被志》研编的植被类型划分方案。在对植被分类系统的修订方面, 主要对高级分类单位及相对应的英文名称进行了讨论和修订。按照本文修订的分类系统, 中国植被的分类单位及其对应的英文名称分别是: 植被型组(Vegetation Formation Group)、植被型(Vegetation Formation)和植被亚型(Vegetation Subformation)、群系组(Alliance Group)、群系(Alliance)和亚群系(Suballiance)、群丛组(Association Group)以及群丛(Association)。在植被型组中, 划分为9类: 森林、灌丛、草本植被、荒漠、高山冻原与稀疏植被、沼泽与水生植被、农业植被、城市植被及无植被地段。关于《中国植被志》的卷册编排和“植被类型”划分, 首先按高级分类单位——植被型划分相应的“卷”; 在此框架下, 模糊“植被亚型”、“群系组”和“群系”的概念, 确定“植被类型” (Vegetation type), 并将其作为植被志各卷中的“册”。这样处理不仅保证了研编工作的可操作性, 也保持了同一卷册中特定植被类型的完整性。《中国植被志》编排体系中的“植被类型”的划分很重要, 它是指具有相同建群种及相同优势类群(如种、属)的植被组合, 但它不是严格意义上的植被分类单位。“植被类型”的划分遵循“优势类群及生活型的同一性, 生境条件的相对重要性, 植被特征及用途的差异性, 以及突出植被志的应用性”等原则。按该编排体系, 《中国植被志》将由48卷约110册组成。     

西北干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理理念与模式

结合对西北干旱区水资源短缺、资源开发中的生态与经济矛盾突出、气候变暖可能加剧干旱区荒漠化以及生态水权与长效保障机制缺失等问题的分析诊断,探讨了荒漠区生态系统可持续管理面临的问题与难点,分析提出了荒漠生态系统植被保育的生态水位与生态阈值,阐述了荒漠-绿洲过渡带生态融合以及绿洲生态系统安全的生态防护梯度等干旱区生态系统管理理念;结合干旱区极端环境自然条件,在多年现场试验基础上,研发集成了退化群落改造与生态多样性构建技术、植物群落结构优化配置、组装与生态融合技术、生态系统恢复水分利用与生态自维持技术以及胡杨萌蘖更新技术等多种适宜荒漠植被恢复与重建的技术模式,并进行了成功实践和试验示范,为干旱荒漠区生态系统可持续管理提供了重要科技支撑。     

干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿灌丛扩展对策

通过对内蒙古干旱荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿集群的灌丛结构、分株特征、繁殖倾向和分枝特征的调查,探讨荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿的繁殖特点和灌丛扩展对策。研究表明：在荒漠区,狭叶锦鸡儿的营养繁殖占主导地位,主要是由根萌蘖产生无性系分株,其克隆生长构型为密集型。根系萌蘖、枝条的不定根繁殖、地上枝条不断分枝和新老个体形成复合灌丛是荒漠区狭叶锦鸡儿冠幅增大的主要原因。狭叶锦鸡儿通过克隆繁殖、灌丛扩大化和发达的根系适应荒漠区的干旱贫瘠环境,使其成为荒漠区的优势种。     

荒漠生态系统鼠类对土壤和植被的扰动效应

干扰形成的斑块对荒漠生态系统时空异质性的维系和发展具有重要意义。鼠类作为生物干扰的重要代表,是荒漠生态系统斑块形成的主要来源,它们已从生理、形态、行为进化出一系列特点适应了荒漠生态系统的严酷环境,同时其挖掘、采食行为也深刻影响着荒漠生态系统的环境。本文主要从鼠类活动对土壤(包括土壤发生过程、土壤斑块的形成、土壤理化性质)和植物群落(包括物种多样性、生产力、植物种子)的扰动效应做了归纳总结,旨在阐明鼠类在荒漠生态系统中的作用。     

我国以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布

以我国最新出版的《中国植被图集》为基础,应用地理信息系统GIS软件ARC/ INFO(NT版)和数字化仪,提取以梭梭属植物为优势的现存荒漠植被地理分布信息,制作地理分布专题图;在生态信息系统(GREEN)软件支持下,定义地理气候适应参数区间,生成以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布图;将现存和潜在的分布图叠加并对照比较,揭示以梭梭属植物为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布特征,预测适宜以梭梭属植物为优势的荒漠植被发展的地理空间。结果表明:以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域包括新疆维吾尔自治区、内蒙古自治区、甘肃省、青海省等省(区) ,以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的行政区域仅限于新疆维吾尔自治区;以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布与现存的以梭梭柴为优势和以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的行政区域一致,分布的地貌也基本相同,但两者之间在地理分布边界和面积上存在较大差异。以梭梭柴为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以梭梭柴为优势的荒漠植被的分布北界约0 .9个纬度,南界超出约0 .4个纬度;东界超出约5 .9个经度,西界超出约3.5个经度;以白梭梭为优势的潜在荒漠植被分布的北界超出现存的以白梭梭为优势的荒漠植被分布的北界约1个纬度;南界超出约0 .9个纬度;东界超     

Precise vegetation restoration in arid regions based on potential natural vegetation and potential normalized difference vegetation index

Precise vegetation restoration is critical in drylands, as some inappropriate restoration attempts have even increased water scarcity and degradation in afforestation areas. Potential natural vegetation (PNV) is widely used to provide a reference for the appropriate location and vegetation type of restoration programs while the appropriate restored areas remain unknown. Therefore, we proposed a PNV–potential normalized difference vegetation index (PNDVI) coupling framework based on multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms for precise dryland vegetation restoration. Taking the lower Tarim River Basin (LTRB) with a total area of 1,182 km² as a case study, its present suitable restoration locations, area, and appropriate planting species were quantitatively estimated. The results showed that the model developed by incorporating PNDVI into PNV with easily measurable and available data such as temperature and soil properties can accurately identify dryland restoration patterns. In LTRB, the potentially suitable habitats of trees and grass are closer to the riverbank, while shrubby habitats are further away from the course, covering 1.88, 2.96, and 25.12 km², respectively. There is still enormous land potential for further expansion of the current trees and grass in the LTRB, with 2.56 and 1.54% of existing land supposed to be trees and grass, respectively. This study's novel aspect is combining PNV and PNDVI to quantify and estimate precise restoration patterns through multiple ML algorithms. The model developed here can be used to evaluate the suitable reforestation locations, area, and vegetation types in drylands and to provide a basis for precise vegetation restoration.     

库布齐东段不同植被恢复阶段荒漠生态系统碳氮储量及分配格局

为科学评价植被恢复促进沙漠化逆转对碳氮储量的影响,以流动沙地、半固定沙地、油蒿固定沙地、柠条固定沙地、沙柳固定沙地5个阶段荒漠生态系统为研究对象,采用时空替代法分析植被恢复过程中荒漠生态系统碳氮储量及分配格局。结果表明:不同恢复阶段碳氮储量均表现为:流动沙地(3320.97 kg C/hm~2、346.69 kg N/hm~2)半固定沙地(4371.46 kg C/hm~2、435.95 kg N/hm~2)油蒿固定沙地(6096.50 kg C/hm~2、513.76 kg N/hm~2)柠条固定沙地(9556.80 kg C/hm~2、926.31 kg N/hm~2)沙柳固定沙地(19488.54 kg C/hm~2、982.11 kg N/hm~2)。植被层碳氮储量均呈现随植被恢复逐渐增加的趋势,除流动沙地外,其他阶段碳氮储量均以灌木层为主,占比分别为66.65%—91.41%和52.94%—93.39%,草本和凋落物占比较小。灌木各器官生物量及碳储量分配均为:茎根叶,氮储量分配无明显规律,草本各器官生物量及碳氮储量分配均为地上部分高于地下部分。土壤层是荒漠生态系统碳氮储量的主体,碳储量占比为68.64%—99.62%,氮储量占比为89.26%—99.89%,同样呈现随植被恢复逐渐增加的趋势。碳氮储量随土层加深逐渐降低,具有明显的表层富集特征,且随植被恢复过程富集性显著加强。这说明人工建植促进植被演替实现沙漠化逆转可以显著增强荒漠生态系统的碳氮固存能力。     

干旱荒漠区土壤有机质空间变异特征

以内蒙古阿拉善左旗为例 ,研究了干旱荒漠区土壤有机质的空间变异特征。传统统计分析结果表明 ,研究区内土壤有机质含量总体水平较低 ,平均为 6 .6 5 g/ kg;变异系数为 1.4 2 ,属强变异。在半方差结构分析和球状模型套合的基础上 ,结合普通Kriging插值方法 ,分析了土壤有机质的地统计特征。比较不同趋势效应和异向性的普通 Kriging插值的误差结果表明 ,宜考虑各向异性和二阶趋势效应。获得了研究区土壤有机质含量的等值线图 ,并分析了其空间分布规律     

Leaf (or assimilation branch) epidermal micromorphology of desert plant in arid and semi- arid areas of China

Aims Leaf epidermal micromorphology is an important adaptation of desert plants to arid environment. A micromorphological analysis of leaf epidermal tissue of desert plants was carried out in order to obtain qualitative and quantitative data on epidermal characteristics and to evaluate the long-term adaptive strategy of desert plants to aridity in desert conditions.
Methods The leaf (or assimilation branches) materials were sampled for more than 200 natural populations of 117 desert plant species from 74 genera and 28 families, in arid and semi-arid areas of China. The characteristics of leaf epidermal micromorphology of desert plants were then measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Characteristics of epidermal cell, trichome, stomatal, cuticular wax on adaxial and abaxial surface are presented.
Important findings Leaf epidermal micromorphology of desert plants showed abundant diversity in different classification levels. The desert plants adapted to environmental stress can be divided into 11 basic morphological types according to the structure of the epidermis, and their characteristics of leaf epidermal morphology were classfied into 6 main types according to the relationships between stress resistance and structural characteristics of epidermal micromorphology and their appendages. The main epidermal appendages of desert plants (such as trichome, cuticular wax) and epidermal structures (concave-convex and papillary structure, stomata) could cooperate with each other to improve the resistance of desert plants to drought and other adverse environmental stress by resisting the strong light and reducing leaf transpiration.     

中国干旱半干旱区荒漠植物叶片(或同化枝)表皮微形态特征

为了探讨荒漠植物叶片表皮微形态结构对长期荒漠环境的适应特征及其分类学意义, 应用扫描电镜对中国干旱半干旱荒漠区28科74属117种200多个自然居群的植物叶片(或同化枝)表皮微形态进行了研究。荒漠植物叶(或同化枝)表皮的基本特征是: 表皮附属物相当丰富, 包括大量的表皮绒毛、角质膜蜡质片层或晶体颗粒、表面瘤状或疣状突起以及相对下陷且密度较低的气孔器。对表皮微形态结构及附属物组成进行对比分析, 将荒漠植物粗分为11种基本类型, 包括表皮完全被形态各异的蜡质层或表皮毛覆盖、不同形态类型的表皮毛和蜡质层结合、蜡质层与不同分布类型的气孔器或表皮毛结合, 以及各种突起的表皮细胞与蜡质层的结合等。根据抗逆所依赖的表皮及其附属物微形态结构, 将荒漠植物适应环境胁迫的叶片表皮微形态分为6种主要类型, 它们分别依赖于表皮毛、角质层蜡质、表皮凹凸结构、表面突起、混生的附属物以及上下表皮异化特征。荒漠植物叶表皮微形态结构的适应特征是通过表皮附属物(绒毛和角质膜蜡质层)与表皮结构(凹凸、乳突和气孔器)的相互协调作用, 共同抵御强光、降低叶片的蒸腾来提高植物对干旱等不利环境的抗性。该研究在一定程度上阐明了荒漠植物对逆境的适应机理及其演化趋势, 并为优良固沙植物的筛选提供了理论依据。     

A pilot study on pollen representation of mountain valley vegetation in the central Alps

The relative pollen productivity (RPP) of Pinus cembra, Larix, Picea, Gramineae, and Cyperaceae was estimated for the Upper Engadine area, an inner-alpine sub-continental valley in SE Switzerland lying above 1800 m a.s.l. The influx of pollen originating from lowlands was assumed constant between the investigated sites and could thus be used to establish relative pollen accumulation rates (rPAR) as a basis for further calculations. Wind above the canopy was assumed as the major mode of pollen transport and the effect of different wind speeds was tested. In order to evaluate the results pollen percentage values were simulated and compared with the empirical data. The method is sufficiently accurate for evaluation of spatially-explicit vegetation models, although the low number of sites eludes robust statistical testing.     

喀斯特山地典型植被恢复过程中表土孢粉与植被的关系

喀斯特山地坡耕地、1a弃耕地、灌草地、15a疏林地、25a次生林群落表土孢粉分析和植被样方调查结果表明:(1)研究区植物孢粉共由46科属组成,以草本和蕨类植物占据优势,含量为45.77%-68.35%,其次是乔木(主要为雪松和马尾松),含量为(2.53%-21.31%),灌木植物花粉含量最低,为1.04%-8.88%,显示该区植被退化严重;(2)恢复过程中各阶段的花粉类型丰富度差别不明显,物种多样性主要表现为草本、蕨类和灌木植物种类的变化,乔木基本保持不变;(3)喀斯特山地典型植被恢复过程的表土孢粉组合差别明显,与其相应的实际植被情况大致相同,基本反映了石漠化地区现代植被的基本状况,表明孢粉可以为该区恢复和重建自然生态环境提供参考性依据。