A new species of Phoenicopsis (Leptostrobales) from the Maastrichtian–Danian of Chukotka,Russia

A new species, Phoenicopsis anadyrensis Nosova, is described based on the leaf morphology and cuticle features from the Maastrichtian–Danian Rarytkin Formation, Chukotka, North-East of Russia. It is characterized by hypostomatic leaves with stomatal bands on the abaxial side, undulate anticlinal epidermal cell walls and papillae on the epidermal cells and on the subsidiary cells of the stomata. The new species is the youngest reliable representative of the genus Phoenicopsis. This record extends the stratigraphic range of Phoenicopsis from its previously known latest records in the early Campanian up to Maastrichtian–Danian. The persistence of the genus Phoenicopsis up to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary is most likely related with vicinity to mountain floras associated with Late Cretaceous and Paleogene volcanic uplands.     

Systematic anatomy of Oceanopapaver, a monotypic genus of the Gapparaceae from New Caledonia

Evidence from vegetative anatomy, reproductive morphology, and palynology does not support a relationship of Oceanopapaver with Cistaceae, Cruciferae, Flacourtiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Tiliaceae, but suggests placement of the genus in Capparaceae. The apparent occurrence of myrosin cells, among other features, effectively excludes all of the aforenoted families except Capparaceae and Cruciferae. However, multicellular non-glandular trichomes, bracteate inflorescences, sepals and petals each occasionally other than four per flower, presence of an androgynophore, numerous stamens, tricolporate and binucleate pollen, the unilocular mature ovary, the stipitate fruit, and the exotegmic seed in Oceanopapaver favour Capparaceae over Cruciferae. Floral histology and vasculature provide no clues about the relationships of Oceanopapaver. A few features are anomalous, most notably the presence of secretory canals and secretory cells in the genus versus their absence in Capparaceae and their rarity in Cruciferae, the trichomic floral nectary in the genus versus the massive, non-trichomic nectaries in these two families, and the straight embryo in the genus versus the more or less curved or folded embryo in the two families. The fleshy endosperm in Oceanopapaver has counterparts in a few Capparaceae, contrary to previous claims that endosperm is absent or scanty in this family. The report of stamen fascicle traces for Oceanopapaver is the first for Capparaceae, but these should be sought elsewhere in the family. Within Capparaceae the genus fits best in Capparoideae compared to Cleomoideae or the nine other very restrictive subfamilies variously proposed for Capparaceae. There is no justification for the monotypic segregate Oceanopapaveraceae. The phylogenetic and functional anatomy of vegetative and reproductive structures is discussed.     

Taphonomy of Logs Bored with Teredolites longissimus Kelly and Bromley in the Danian (Lower Paleocene) of West Greenland

The boring Teredolites longissimus Kelly and Bromley is recorded infesting silicified logs in the Fossil Wood Member, Kangilia Formation (Lower Danian, Paleocene) of West Greenland. There are two morphologies of T. longissimus, probably representing two different episodes of invasion of the wood. The initial borings of Morphology 1 are large, deformed to an elliptical section, and confined to a direction of boring parallel to sub-parallel to the wood grain. Morphology 2 borings are less common, narrower and shorter, sinuous, markedly crosscut the grain of the wood and, where preserved intact, retain their circular cross-section. They were a later infestation than Morphology 1. Following the infestation by Morphology 1, the logs were deformed, probably by weight of overburden, and then reworked, when some of them were infested by Morphology 2 producers. Final burial was followed by brittle collapse of some Morphology 2 borings and lithification before further deformation could occur. The occurrence of T. longissimus in deeper water deposits close to a land mass with a steep slope indicates that transport in the marine realm was minimal before waterlogging.     

Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae. Aphanopetalum Endl.

The floral and vegetative anatomy of the small Australian genus Aphanopetalum were studied. Wood is described for the first time and is characterized by predominantly solitary pores, scalariform vessel element perforation plates with low bar numbers, imperforate tracheary elements with distinctly bordered pits, sparse axial parenchyma, and a combination of homocellular and heterocellular rayS. Starch occurs in both axial and ray parenchyma of the wood. Stems possess unilacunar, one-trace nodes and the uncommon feature of an endodermis with well-defined Casparian stripS. Leaves have anomocytic stomata, a bifacial mesophyll and semicraspedodromous venation or a combination of semicraspedodromous and brochidodromous venation. The tetramerous flowers are apetalous or have minute petals. The compound, half-inferior gynoecium consists of essentially totally united carpels. The pattern of floral vascularization resembles different Saxifragaceae sensu lalo in that the compound sepal-plane and petal-plane traces give rise to staman bundles as well as sepal, petal, and carpel wall venation in their respective planes. The ventral ovarian bundles are fused into a single ventral complex that subdivides at the top of the ovary to form ventral bundles and to supply the one ovule in each locule. Vegetative and floral features provide compelling evidence to suggest that Aphanopetalum has its nearest relatives among the Saxifragaceae sensu lato rather than Cunoniaceae. The genus is probably best treated as forming its own subfamily (or family) among the saxifragaean alliance.     

Fossil wood of the Juglandaceae: Some questions of taxonomy,evolution, and phylogeny in the family based on wood anatomy

Some problems in the taxonomy of the Juglandaceae are discussed based on wood anatomy; the identification of fossil juglandaceous wood is considered. Data on fossil wood of the Juglandaceae are summarized; a key for identification of wood anatomy in modern and fossil Juglandaceae is compiled. Wood anatomical characters in members of the family are discussed in the light of major evolutionary trends in the secondary xylem of dicots, and a comparative characterization of members of the family is developed. A hypothesis is proposed that the subfamily Engelhardioideae is the most primitive member of the Juglandaceae based on wood anatomy, the tribe Juglandeae and subfamily Platycaryoideae are slightly more highly specialized, and the tribe Hicorieae is the most advanced. Evolutionary relationships between the members of the Juglandaceae are reviewed based on wood anatomy.     

我国南部5种冷杉植物木材的比较解剖学研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对分布于我国南部的5种冷杉属(Abies)植物,即资源冷杉(A．ziyuanensis)、大院冷杉(A.dayuanensis)、梵净山冷杉(A.fanjingshanensis)、元宝山冷杉(A.yuanbaoshanensis)和台湾冷杉(Akawakamii)的木材结构进行了研究。从管胞分子长度、管胞分子直径、射线高度、射线频率、纹孔类型、交叉场纹孔类型、交又场纹孔数目等方面,比较了它们木材解剖特征的差异。结果表明：大院冷杉和资源冷杉在射线频率、管胞直径、管胞长度、交叉场纹孔数目方面都很类似;元宝山冷杉在管胞直径与射线长度方面与其它冷杉有显著差异。在纹孔类型、交叉场纹孔类型方面,几种冷杉都是一致的。在交叉场纹孔数目方面,大院冷杉、资源冷杉较少,而梵净山冷杉、元宝山冷杉和台湾冷杉较多。我国南部这5种冷杉的木材解剖特征与分布在华北、东北及青藏高原上冷杉的木材非常类似。为了便于区别这5种木材,根据木材解剖特征编制了检索表。     

Comparative wood anatomy of epacrids (Styphelioideae,Ericaceae s.L.)

The wood anatomy of 16 of the 37 genera within the epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae s.l.) is investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Several features in the secondary xylem occur consistently at the tribal level: arrangement of vessel-ray pits, distribution of axial parenchyma, ray width, and the presence and location of crystals. The primitive nature of Prionoteae and Archerieae is supported by the presence of scalariform perforation plates with many bars and scalariform to opposite vessel pitting. The wood structure of Oligarrheneae is similar to that of Styphelieae, but the very narrow vessel elements, exclusively uniseriate rays and the lack of prismatic crystals in Oligarrheneae distinguish these two tribes. The secondary xylem of Monotoca tamariscina indicates that it does not fit in Styphelieae; a position within Oligarrheneae is possible. Like most Cosmelieae, all Richeeae are characterized by exclusively scalariform perforation plates with many bars, a very high vessel density and paratracheal parenchyma, although they clearly differ in ray width (exclusively uniseriate rays in Cosmelieae vs. uniseriate and wide multiseriate rays in Richeeae). Several wood anatomical features confirm the inclusion of epacrids in Ericaceae s.l. Furthermore, there are significant ecological implications. The small vessel diameter and high vessel frequency in many epacrids are indicative of a high conductive safety to avoid embolism caused by freeze-thaw cycles, while the replacement of scalariform by simple vessel perforation plates and an increase in vessel diameter would suggest an increased conductive efficiency, which is especially found in mesic temperate or tropical Styphelieae.     

Asteropeia and Physena (Caryophyllales): A case study in comparative wood anatomy

Previous analyses ofAsteropeia andPhysena have not compared the wood anatomy of these genera to those of Caryophyllales s.l. Molecular evidence shows that the two genera from a clade that is a sister group of the core Caryophyllales. Synapomorphies of theAsteropeia-Physena clade include small circular alternate pits on vessels, presence of vasicentric tracheids plus fiber-tracheids, presence of abaxial-confluent plus diffuse axial parenchyma, and presence of predominantly uniseriate rays. These features are analyzed with respect to habit and ecology of the two genera. Solitary vessels, present in both genera, are related to the presence of vasicentric tracheids. Autapomorphies in the two genera seem related to adaptations byPhysena as a shrub of moderately dry habitats (e.g., narrower vessel elements, abundant vasicentric tracheids, square to erect cells in rays) as compared to alternate character expressions that seem related to the arboreal habit and humid forest ecology ofAsteropeia. The functional significance of vasicentric tracheids and fiber-tracheids in dicotyledons is briefly reviewed in the light of wood anatomy of the two genera.     

Fossil coniferous wood from the Middle Jurassic of Liaoning Province, China

Silicified coniferous wood was collected from the Lanqi Formation (late Middle Jurassic in age) at Shebudaigou Village, Liaoning Province, China. Three taxa are identified, namely Pinoxylon dacotense Knowlton, Xenoxylon phyllocladoides Gothan, and Araucariopitys sp. Based on these new data, and those of other fossil plants reported previously from the same formation, we consider the climate during the deposition of the Lanqi Formation was subtropical, humid and seasonal. In this respect the Lanqi flora differs from the coeval Shimengou and Longmen floras from North China. The Longmen flora was deposited during more humid, subtropical conditions, while the Shimengou Formation indicates that the climate was warm temperate and dry. Our data would suggest that the Late Jurassic climatic pattern was initiated as early as the late Middle Jurassic.     

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae)

Systematic wood anatomy of the tribe Guettardeae (Rubiaceae). The wood anatomy of nearly all genera of the Guettardeae (Rubiaceae, Guettardoideae) has been examined, and in this respect the tribe is heterogeneous. Suggestions are made for a delimitation of the tribe. Guettarda, Bobea, Antirhea, Malanea and Chomelia Jacq. are sufficiently similar in their wood anatomical characters to warrant retention in the same tribe. Machaonia, Timonius and Dichilanthe are anomalous. Suggestions are given for taxonomic revisions of some genera based on their wood anatomy.     

人工林青梅木材构造的初步研究

解剖了人工林青梅木材。用切片、显微摄影的方法,通过观测,得到如下结果:⑴导管、木纤维、轴向薄壁组织和射线薄壁组织的比例相近,但木纤维最多。⑵管孔数目随生长轮数的增加而减少,而导管切向直径却增加。⑶树木的实际生长年龄比生长轮数少得多。⑷木材解剖特征的演化不均一。同时,对木材性质与构造的关系、解剖特征的系统发育、木材生长的规律进行了初步探讨。