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1.
已知世界杜鹃属(Rhododendron)植物约967种(种下分类等级未计算在内)。本文基于植物区系学的观点,讨论了属内8个亚属:常绿杜鹃亚属、杜鹃亚属、马银花亚属、映山红亚属、羊踯躅亚属、云间杜鹃亚属、纯白杜鹃亚属、异蕊杜鹃亚属的系统位置、分布式样。分析了系统发育和地理分布上的时间、空间关系。认为常绿杜鹃亚属和杜鹃亚属是在本属植物起源后的早期阶段就沿不同途径迁徙、繁衍的两个演化枝。自第三纪以来,它们的性状发展多样,种系高度分化。在现存类群中最具原始性状的亚属是常绿杜鹃亚属,这个亚属的云锦杜鹃亚组Subsect.Fortunea,耳叶杜鹃亚组Subsect.Auriculata 保持较多原始性状。种的分布遍及欧洲、北美洲、亚洲、大洋洲(有1种),东亚种类最多,马来西亚次之。中国-喜马拉雅地区既是多度中心又是多样化中心,马来西亚仅是多度中心。大多数种为地方特有性分布,特有现象十分突出,东亚和马来西亚的特有种共约862种,占种总数的89%以上中国有6个亚属(Candidastrum,Mumeazalea不产)约562种,其中特有种约405种。分析第三纪的化石记录,杜鹃属在全球分布的时间、地点,杜鹃属保持原始或古老性状的类群的现代适生地,认为中国西南至中国中部最有可能是杜鹃属植物的起源地,始祖类群起源的时间会是在晚白垩纪至早第三纪。讨论了杜鹃属在第三纪至第四纪向北半球北部的传布,向亚洲西南、亚洲东南和向东亚的传布以及向大洋洲的传布。从杜鹃属在全球传布的现象和途径,看来现代分布格局形成的原因取决于三方面的因素:时间和窨历史对植物繁衍、传播有着重要制约作用,并受制于植物种系自身具有的遗传性和对环境强烈变化的反应能力。  相似文献   

2.
针对南方低山丘陵区种植重楼存在资源混杂及可借鉴文献少等的问题,本文对搜集的120份重楼种质资源在福建省的物候期、病害发生和农艺性状进行观测,并对生长较好的资源采用HPLC法对重楼皂苷进行测定,利用主成分分析和权重评分法开展七叶一枝花种质资源适应性评价。结果表明搜集到的西南地区包括云贵川重楼资源在福建省的生育期不完整,物候期及农艺性状等指标较差,而另外有49份表现良好的为七叶一枝花资源,其中符合《中国药典》重楼皂苷含量的占55%。七叶一枝花资源的病害、农艺性状和重楼皂苷含量存在着广泛的变异,南方低山丘陵区种植重楼应选择当地或相似经纬度及地形地貌地区的七叶一枝花优异资源。七叶一枝花种质资源的评价,是以适应性、有效成分及农艺性状为主成分来进行权重评分,总得分越高则适应性越强。  相似文献   

3.
    
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4.
华重楼内生菌抗菌肽的分离纯化及其特性   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
摘要:【目的】华重楼内生菌PCE45具有较强的抗菌活性,本文将对PCE45产生的抗菌物质进行分离纯化和性质分析报道。【方法】PCE45发酵液经硫酸铵盐析、丙酮沉淀、SephadexG75柱、DE52纤维素柱和SephadexG25凝胶柱纯化分离得到抗菌肽PCP-1。【结果】稳定性测试表明该抗菌肽对蛋白酶不敏感,对高温、强酸、强碱有较好的耐受性,可造成稻瘟病菌菌丝畸形并抑制孢子萌发。抑菌谱表明该抗菌肽对玉米弯胞病菌等真菌和大肠杆菌等细菌有较强的抑菌效果。质谱测得其分子量为1058.3D。氨基酸组成分析表明该  相似文献   

5.
滇重楼的无性繁殖   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
滇重楼[Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis(Fr.)Hand.-Muzz.]根茎的各部位切段都能繁殖出新植株。这些后代的四年生根茎,其增长速度比同龄实生苗快3—6倍。但切段间表现出较大的差异性:带顶芽切段能于种植的第一年成苗,并开花、结实,是根茎中生活力最强的部位,但其地上茎一般为单轴;中间和末端的切段,它们的出苗情况和有性繁殖相似,第一年只有极少数出苗,第二年才大量出土成苗,但不开花,地上茎出现较多的多轴现象。后代根茎和地上茎的主要成份与野生滇重楼基本相同。  相似文献   

6.
产甾体皂甙华重楼内生真菌、放线菌的分离与筛选   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
目的:研究重楼内生菌的次生代谢产物的医用价值。方法:从产自四川彭州的华重楼(Paris polyphylla vat.chinensis Franch)地下块茎中分离、筛选内生菌,采用PDA液体培养基26℃发酵培养;发酵液分别经泡沫反应、Salkowski反应、Liberman反应及以薯蓣皂甙元为标准对照的薄层层析分析。结果:表明其中编号为SNUF-1的真菌和编号为SNUA-1、SNUA-2的放线菌菌株均能分泌甾体皂甙或其类似化合物。结论:华重楼内生菌发酵液具有产生宿主药用活性的成份。  相似文献   

7.
    
Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries.) Kiessler was found on sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) in the experimental station of ENSA (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie) in Algiers, Algeria, during the winter of 2016. Necrotic spots in the form of concentric circles were observed on the leaves of both weeds with disease incidence of approximately 70% and disease severity ranging from 50% to 70%. Fungi were isolated from the infected leaves and identified as A. alternata, based on morphological and molecular analyses (using genetic marker internal transcribed spacer, ITS of rDNA). Pathogenicity tests confirmed that A. alternata is the causing agent of leaf spot disease of sow thistle and field bindweed in accordance with the original symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of sow thistle and field bindweed naturally infected by A. alternata in Algeria.  相似文献   

8.
一株产重楼皂甙内生细菌的分离与鉴定   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
从产自四川彭州的华重楼(Parispolyphyllavar·chinensisFranch)地下块茎中分离得到16株菌。经以薯蓣皂甙元为标准对照的薄层层析分析,表明其中编号为SNUS-1(AY842149)的菌株能分泌重楼皂甙或其类似化合物。16SrDNA序列(约1,500bp)系统发育分析表明:菌株SNUS-1与Pseudomonastolassii(AF255336)和Pseudomonastolassii(D84028)的遗传距离分别为0和0·003,在系统进化树上三者又严格聚为一族,结合形态及生理特征确定其为托氏假单孢菌(Pseudomonastolassii)。  相似文献   

9.
10.
本研究以4年生华重楼(Paris polyphylla Smith var. chinensis(Franch.)Hara)为实验材料,分别采用0、5、20、80、160 mg/L的加镧营养液培养华重楼植株,通过比较不同营养生长指标及采用HPLC法测定根茎皂苷组分,研究不同施镧水平对华重楼生长及皂苷含量的影响。结果显示,镧对华重楼生长及皂苷含量均有显著影响,随着镧溶液浓度的增加,华重楼皂苷含量呈上升趋势,但当镧含量达到160.00 mg/L时,则会对华重楼的生长产生抑制作用,导致株高降低、比叶面积升高。研究结果表明80.00 mg/L的施镧水平最有利于华重楼的营养生长及根茎皂苷积累。  相似文献   

11.
    
Alternaria fungi are important plant pathogens. Here, we identified three species new to the Japanese mycoflora: Alternaria celosiae, Alternaria crassa and Alternaria petroselini. We proposed a new name for A. celosiae (E.G. Simmons & Holcomb) Lawrence, Park & Pryor, a later homonym of A. celosiae (Tassi) O. S?vul. To characterize these and a fourth morphological taxon, Alternaria alstroemeriae, which was recently added to Japan's mycoflora, an integrated species concept was tested. We determined the host range of each isolate using inoculation tests and analysed its phylogenetic position using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA. The pathogenicity of our A. alstroemeriae isolate was strictly limited to Alstroemeria sp. (Alstroemeriaceae), but the species was phylogenetically indistinguishable from other small‐spored Alternaria. Alternaria celosiae on Celosia argentea var. plumosa (Amaranthaceae) was also pathogenic to Amaranthus tricolor, to Alternanthera paronychioides and weakly to Gomphrena globosa (all Amaranthaceae) and formed a clade with the former Nimbya celosiae. Alternaria crassa on Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) was also pathogenic to Brugmansia × candida and Capsicum annuum in Solanaceae, but not to other confamilial plants; phylogenetically it belonged to a clade of large‐spored species with filamentous beaks. Morphological similarity, phylogenetic relationship and experimental host range suggested that Acrassa, Alternaria capsici and Alternaria daturicola were conspecific. Alternaria petroselini on Petroselinum crispum (Apiaceae) was pathogenic to five species in the tribe Apieae as well as representatives of Bupleureae, Coriandreae, Seliaeae and Scandiceae in Apiaceae. Both phylogeny and morphology suggested conspecificity between Apetroselini and Alternaria selini.  相似文献   

12.
    
Guariroba is a palm species native to central Brazil. Seedlings of guariroba with leaf spots of unknown aetiology were found in Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The leaf spots were manifest as two different symptom types: the first lesion type consisted of necrotic spots with a rounded to elongate shape, with a light colour and dark edges; the second lesion type had a rounded shape, was dark brown in colour with a light brown edge. The objective of this study was to elucidate the aetiology of both diseases. The likely causal agents were isolated and Koch's postulate fulfilled. Subsequently, the ITS region of rDNA from both micro‐organisms were amplified and sequenced. According to the morphological characteristics and molecular analyses, the fungal species were identified as Pestalotiopsis adusta (causing necrotic spots with a rounded to elongate shape, with a light colour and dark edges), and Alternaria tenuissima (causing lesions with a rounded shape, dark brown in colour with a light brown edge). Identification of the causal organisms of these two diseases will help guide management approaches that might be tested to reduce impact of the disease on Guariroba, including the use of fungicides and cultural approaches.  相似文献   

13.
产甾体皂甙华重楼内生菌的筛选与鉴定   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
从华重楼(Paris polyphyllavar.chinensisFranch)的地下块茎中分离筛选得到2株可能产生甾体皂甙的内生菌(SS01和SS02),薄层层析检测菌株SS01、SS02的发酵产物分别有3条和2条层析带与重楼总皂甙的层析带迁移率相当。形态和生理生化特征初步表明SS01和SS02分属于肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)细菌。扩增、测序得到SS01和SS02的部分16S rDNA序列,GenBank接收号分别为AY842143和AY842144。用Blastn调出与菌株16SrDNA同源的序列,用Clustal W进行多重序列对比,用软件Phylip按Neighbor-Joining方法构建16SrDNA系统发育树。菌株SS01和SS02分别与Cedecea davisae DSM4568、Paenibacillus daejeonensis处于同一分支,相似性分别为98.9%和97.7%,将它们鉴定为Cedecea davisae SS01和Paenibacillus daejeonensis SS02。  相似文献   

14.
    
Alternaria leaf spot is a common disease on various plants worldwide. In this study, an Alternaria species, A. hydrangeae causing leaf spot on Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and Ipomoea purpurea in China was identified based on morphology and multi-locus analysis of the partial ITS, GAPDH, Alt a 1, TEF1, and RPB2 gene regions. The pathogenicity of the present isolates and a representative isolate of A. hydrangeae were assessed on living leaves of C. sativus, I. purpurea and Hydrangea paniculata. Similar symptoms were observed on every plant inoculated with the isolates. The same fungus was re-isolated from inoculated leaves fulfilling Koch's postulates. Morphology of the original and re-isolated isolates showed characteristics similar to A. hydrangeae with some variations. Multi-locus analysis indicated that the present isolate fell into A. hydrangeae clade. This study is the first report of A. hydrangeae as an agent of Alternaria leaf spot in C. sativus and I. purpurea in China, which extends the host range of the fungus.  相似文献   

15.
    
Black spot leads to great marigold losses worldwide. The disease is characterized by black spots on leaves and stems in its early stages, and the whole plant has black rot at the advanced stage. In this report, 6 of 217 Alternaria strains isolated from lesions of marigold plants in Beijing were randomly selected. The morphological characteristics and a pathogenic tree based on two protein‐coding genes (gpd and alt a 1) indicated that Alternaria tagetica is the causal agent of marigold black spot in Beijing. All six Alternaria strains could successfully re‐infect marigold, but they could not infect carrot or zinnia by either spore spray in a greenhouse or planting experiments in the epidemic area. This is the first report of the A. tagetica pathogen being isolated from marigold in Beijing.  相似文献   

16.
    
A leaf spot disease was observed on Mangifera indica L. located in the region of Rajkot, Gujarat, India. The symptoms included the appearance of small, circular to oval dark brown necrotic sunken spots on the leaves. The fungus formed grey to dark grey on potato dextrose agar and conidia were single‐celled, ovoid or oblong. On the basis of mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test and molecular identification using 28S rDNA sequence and internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the fungus was identified as Botryosphaeria dothidea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on M. indica tree caused by Botryoshaeria dothidea in Gujarat, India.  相似文献   

17.
滇重楼的内生真菌及真菌中甾体化合物的分析   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
从采自云南的滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)根状茎韧皮部、木质部和种子中分离出50株内生真菌,其中从根状茎的韧皮部中分离出内生真菌最多。建立了甾体类化合物的检测和分析方法。检测到32株内生真菌的发酵培养物中含有甾体化合物,其中5株内生真菌的发酵培养物中甾体化合物的产率超过了50mg/L。  相似文献   

18.
滇重楼是云南传统的道地药材。由于种苗繁育困难和生长周期长,重楼的推广种植多年来未能取得突破。滇重楼的"多年栽培,分期采收"技术是将滇重楼根茎按用途分为药用部分与种苗部分,采收时,仅采收药用部分,种苗部分(带顶芽的根茎)继续生长发育,而不是将整个根茎全部采收作为商品药材。通过考察滇重楼须根比率的月度变化规律及3年的根茎生长量,进行采收时间和经济效益分析。结果表明:实施滇重楼"多年栽培,分期采收"技术间隔时间以3年为宜,每年每公顷收益为11.25万~33.0万元,采收时间以12月至翌年3月份为宜。  相似文献   

19.
接种不同AM真菌对滇重楼幼苗功能基因表达的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探究接种不同外源性从枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)真菌对滇重楼幼苗基因表达的影响,本研究以灭菌土壤为生长基质,将滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis)新鲜种子与28种AM真菌于室温盆栽条件下共培养,采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测鲨烯环氧酶基因(Squalene epoxidase,SE)、共生受体类似激酶基因(Symbiosis-receptor-like kinase,SYMRK)、产生钙离子振荡的通道蛋白基因(Doesn’t making fections 1,DMI1)、钙/钙调依赖性蛋白激酶基因(Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase,CCa MK)4个功能基因在滇重楼幼苗的差异表达情况。结果表明:28株AM菌株可不同程度的影响SE、SYMRK、DMI1、CCa MK 4个功能基因的表达,其中薄壁两性囊霉(Ambisporaleptoticha,Ale)和崔氏原囊霉(Archaeospora trappei,Atr)可以显著增加4个功能基因的表达量。隐类球囊霉(Paraglo-mus occultum,Po)和透明盾巨孢囊霉(Scutellospora pellucida,Spe)可以增加SE、SYMRK的表达,细凹无梗囊霉(Acau-lospora scrobiculata,Asc),亮色盾巨孢囊霉(Racocetra fulgida,Rfu),哥伦比亚内养囊霉(Entrophospora colombiana,Ec),明球囊霉(Rhizophagus clarus,Rcl),根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Rin)可以增加DMI1的表达。综上所述,接种的28株AM真菌菌株中Ale和Atr能显著的提高4种功能基因的表达,结合前期与滇重楼无菌播种幼苗进行共生培养分析AM真菌对种子萌发及幼苗化学成分的影响,推测这两株菌可望能作为培育滇重楼菌根化苗的理想菌株,人工接种AM真菌可为保护和提高滇重楼开辟了一条新的途径。  相似文献   

20.
滇重楼寄生菌的研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
从滇重楼(Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis)地下茎中分离和鉴定出两种细菌——蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes),以及三种真菌——黑团孢霉(Periconia sp.)、白色厚顶孢霉(Pachnocybe albida)和重楼索霉(Hormomyces paridiphilus)。对蜡状芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和重楼索霉进行了液体培养并测定了胞外多糖含量,结果表明重楼索霉可分泌大量胞外多糖,这可能是导致滇重楼地下茎胶质化和多糖含量增加的原因。  相似文献   

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