物化因子结合诱变选育耐温型法夫酵母

以法夫酵母为出发菌株,采用紫外线及甲基磺酸乙酯对其进行诱变育种,筛选出1株最适生长温度比诱变前提高10℃且虾青素产量可达到5．08mg／L的突变菌株,该菌株经多次传代生产性能稳定。     

虾青素高产菌的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma)是微生物发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株,作者采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达老人家酵母YB-20-28突变株,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.3g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较出发菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株颇具开发潜力的虾青素高产菌株。     

高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育*

红发夫酵母（Phaffia　rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本文采用Cs137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红发夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0μg/g,较原始菌株提高308％,虾青素产量达30.9μg/mL,是一株很有开发前景的虾青素高产菌株。     

诱变选育法夫酵母耐热突变株及基因组变异检测

法夫酵母（Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous）发酵生产虾青素中存在发酵温度低的主要问题。为了获得耐中温的突变菌株,应用化学诱变,筛选能在25 ℃下生产虾青素且稳定遗传的耐热突变菌株,进一步通过基因组重测序,对突变菌株进行变异检测。筛选出一株法夫酵母突变株YB25,其生长温度为25 ℃,经五代培养后虾青素产量无显著差异。在培养120 h后,YB25的虾青素产量达到237.19 μg/g,比野生型提高29%。通过比较基因组分析,获得了YB25的遗传图谱和遗传变异结果,检测到单核苷酸多态性位点数626个,小片段的插入和缺失序列数184个,结构变异数703个,基因组片段的拷贝数变异293个。通过对变异基因分析发现,脂代谢相关基因及虾青素合成酶基因的变异可能是突变菌株中温高产虾青素的原因。     

高产虾青素的红发夫酵母菌种的选育

红发夫酵母（Phaffia rhodozyma）是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。本采用Cs^137-γ射线重复辐照,并交替进行亚硝基胍（NTG）诱变处理,选育得到一株高产虾青素的红夫酵母YB-20-29突变株。该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量达36.32g/L,总色素含量为1216.0ug/g,较原始菌株提高308%,虾青素产量达30.9ug/mL,是一株很有开发前景和虾青素高产菌株。     

低能离子注入诱变选育高产虾青素红法夫酵母突变株

红法夫酵母(Phaffia rhodozyma)是发酵法生产虾青素的优良菌株。采用低能氩离子注入、紫外线复合诱变处理,选育到一株高产虾青素的红法夫酵母突变株G993。在优化条件下,该菌株摇瓶发酵的生物量、虾青素产量和虾青素含量分别为17.15 g/L、13 206μg/L和770.0μg/g干菌体,较出发菌株分别提高45.34%、271.5%和155.6%。在1吨发酵罐放大实验中,该菌株生物量为26.04 g/L,虾青素产量达到20 041μg/L。菌株经过八次传代培养,虾青素产量下降率小于等于1.35%,是一株性状较稳定、可深入开发研究的优良菌株。     

高产虾青素红法夫酵母的选育及代谢通量分析

以野生型红法夫酵母As2.1557为出发菌株,依次进行两轮紫外线诱变和亚硝基胍诱变,并以10-4与10-3mol/Lβ-紫罗酮作为筛选剂,得到突变株UV-N2-7,其虾青素产量和含量分别较出发菌株提高81.7%和2.25倍。采用Plackett-Burman设计法及响应面分析法对发酵培养基的组分及发酵条件进行了优化,突变株的虾青素产量由从初始的2.674 mg/L提高到了6.338 mg/L。建立了红法夫酵母的代谢网络,并对比了突变株和野生株间歇培养条件下对数生长期的代谢通量分布。结果表明:突变株与野生株相比,PP途径通量有所减小,而EMP途径和TCA循环有所增强,突变株用于菌体生长的通量有所减小;二者的丙酮酸脱氢酶的活性均较低,分泌至胞外的丙酮酸的代谢通量约为32%。因此预计通过遗传改造和发酵控制提高丙酮酸脱氢酶的活性可能会进一步提高虾青素的产率。     

用b-紫罗兰酮筛选虾青素高产菌株

用β-紫罗兰酮作为筛选剂选择性分离海洋红酵母虾青素高产突变菌株。实验结果表明, 在β-紫罗兰酮存在的情况下, 由于类胡萝卜素合成受到抑制, 海洋红酵母的生物量和虾青素合成量都减少; 当平板培养基中β-紫罗兰酮浓度达到370 mg/L时, 海洋红酵母的致死率为92.3%; 在这种平板培养基上涂布经甲基磺酸乙酯诱变的海洋红酵母, 随机筛选200个菌落, 结果表明生物量、虾青素体积产率和细胞产率均有所提高的正突变株占18%, 生物量、虾青素体积产率和细胞产率的单项指标有所提高的正突变株分别占22.5%、45%和46%。该实验结果表明在分离培养基中添加β-紫罗兰酮可选择性地分离海洋红酵母虾青素高产菌株, 提高虾青素高产突变株的筛选效率。     

利用亚硝酸钠选育法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株

以亚硝酸钠作为筛选剂选择性分离法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株。实验研究表明,在亚硝酸钠存在的情况下,法夫酵母的生长和虾青素合成量均会减少;当亚硝酸钠浓度为5000μmol/L时,法夫酵母的致死率为100%。挑取200株经过甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变后的法夫酵母,以5000μmol/L的亚硝酸钠为筛选剂摇瓶发酵后测得虾青素体积产率为正突变的菌株有87株,正突变率为43.5%。挑取其中8株进行复筛,编号为N030的菌株比出发菌株的虾青素体积产率和细胞产率分别提高了39.3%和89.3%。结果说明,亚硝酸钠可作为法夫酵母虾青素高产菌株的筛选剂,用于提高菌种的筛选效率。     

60Coγ射线诱变选育高产虾青素红发夫酵母突变株

为了筛选高产虾青素红发夫酵母突变株,用不同剂量^60Coγ射线对出发菌株菌液进行反复辐射处理,得到突变株W6-318,并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明不同照射剂量下正突变率为10％—36％,在射线诱变剂量为3．5kGy时诱变效果最佳。最优化条件下突变株生物量、总类胡萝卜素和虾青素产量分别为10．15gL^-1、14．97mgL^-1和12．55mgL^-1,分别比出发菌株提高11．17％、86．39％和101．8％。5L发酵罐放大培养中的生物量、总类胡萝卜素和虾青素产量分别为15．56gL^-1、18．54mgL^-1和14．97mgL^-1。     

反转录转座子TCA4与白念珠菌耐药性的研究

目的研究高温刺激下白念珠菌中反转录转座子的表达情况与耐药性产生的关系,探寻白念珠菌耐药的分子机制。方法微量液基稀释法测定氟康唑对高温诱导的白念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）;斑点法（spotassay）考察诱导菌株对药物的耐受能力;实时定量PCR（RT-PCR）方法检测诱导菌株中反转录转座子TCA4中开放阅读框的表达水平。结果长期高温刺激能降低白念珠菌对氟康唑（16μg／mE）的耐受能力;高温诱导菌株中反转录转座子TCA4中Orf19．2668和Orf19．2669的表达水平相比于亲本菌ATCC10231发生高表达。结论高温刺激能使反转录转座子TCA4发生转座激活,反转录转座子TCA4的转座激活与白念珠菌耐药性形成相关,与此同时可能还有其他机制参与白念珠菌耐药性的形成。     

对从面包中筛选酵母菌及其发酵特性的研究

目的 从野生酵母筛选出对可溶性糖产生既可氧化又可还原、并发生反式反应的酵母菌株,使其能应用于相关物质的生物合成.方法 对从面包中滋生出多种的野生菌落采用依形态、使易糖氧化为主要特征筛选出野生酵母菌落.结果 从3株野生菌株(JM1、JM2、JM3)中筛选出JM1,该菌株能使体内发生反式催化的氧化反应.结论 该菌株适宜的生...     

Improvement of astaxanthin production by a newly isolated Phaffia rhodozyma mutant with low-energy ion beam implantation

Aims: Isolation, characterization and identification of Phaffia sp. ZJB 00010, and improvement of astaxanthin production with low‐energy ion beam implantation. Methods and Results: A strain of ZJB 00010, capable of producing astaxanthin, was isolated and identified as Phaffia rhodozyma, based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene sequence analysis. With low‐energy ion beam implantation, this wild‐type strain was bred for improving the yield of astaxanthin. After ion beam implantation, the best mutant, E5042, was obtained. The production of astaxanthin in E5042 was 2512 μg g^?1 (dry cell weight, DCW), while the wild‐type strain was about 1114 μg g^?1 (DCW), an increase of 125·5%. Moreover, the fermentation conditions of mutant E5042 for producing astaxanthin were optimized. The astaxanthin production under the optimized conditions was upscaled and studied in a 50‐l fermentor. Conclusions: A genetically stable mutant strain with high yield of astaxanthin was obtained using low‐energy ion beam implantation. This mutant may be a suitable candidate for the industrial‐scale production of astaxanthin. Significance and Impact of the Study: Astaxanthin production in Phaffia rhodozyma could be fficiently improved by low‐energy ion beam implantation, which is a new technology in the mutant breeding of micro‐organisms. The mutant obtained in this work could potentially be utilized in industrial production of astaxanthin.     

法夫酵母高密度培养及虾青素的高产研究*

本文对法夫酵母Phaffia rhodozyma的不同流加培养模式进行了研究。实验结果表明,采用指数流加,虾青素产率和细胞干重具有较大值,分别达到14.52mg/l和32.56g/l;其次是恒pO2流加和恒速流加培养,虾青素产率分别达到8.89mg/l和6.70mg/l; 恒pH流加方式更有利于法夫酵母细胞的生长(14.62g/l DCW)。但是,不同流加培养模式所得的μmax和qasta具有较大的差距。恒pH、恒pO2流加培养及间歇培养有较大值,分别为0.0613 h-1、0.056 h-1、0.053 h-1;指数流加的μmax较小。间歇培养中虾青素生成比率最大,qasta=0.048×10-3h-1。     

Functional characterization of various algal carotenoid ketolases reveals that ketolating zeaxanthin efficiently is essential for high production of astaxanthin in transgenic Arabidopsis

Extending the carotenoid pathway to astaxanthin in plants is of scientific and industrial interest. However, expression of a microbial β-carotene ketolase (BKT) that catalyses the formation of ketocarotenoids in transgenic plants typically results in low levels of astaxanthin. The low efficiency of BKTs in ketolating zeaxanthin to astaxanthin is proposed to be the major limitation for astaxanthin accumulation in engineered plants. To verify this hypothesis, several algal BKTs were functionally characterized using an Escherichia coli system and three BKTs were identified, with high (up to 85%), moderate (～38%), and low (～1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrBKT), Chlorella zofingiensis (CzBKT), and Haematococcus pluvialis (HpBKT3), respectively. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the CrBKT developed orange leaves which accumulated astaxanthin up to 2 mg g(-1) dry weight with a 1.8-fold increase in total carotenoids. In contrast, the expression of CzBKT resulted in much lower astaxanthin content (0.24 mg g(-1) dry weight), whereas HpBKT3 was unable to mediate synthesis of astaxanthin in A. thaliana. The none-native astaxanthin was found mostly in a free form integrated into the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem II in young leaves but in esterified forms in senescent leaves. The alteration of carotenoids did not affect chlorophyll content, plant growth, or development significantly. The astaxanthin-producing plants were more tolerant to high light as shown by reduced lipid peroxidation. This study advances a decisive step towards the utilization of plants for the production of high-value astaxanthin.     

Isolation of Phaffia rhodozyma Mutants with Increased Astaxanthin Content

Plating of the astaxanthin-producing yeast Phaffia rhodozyma onto yeast-malt agar containing 50 μM antimycin A gave rise to colonies of unusual morphology, characterized by a nonpigmented lower smooth surface that developed highly pigmented vertical papillae after 1 to 2 months. Isolation and purification of the pigmented papillae, followed by testing for pigment production in shake flasks, demonstrated that several antimycin isolates were increased two- to fivefold in astaxanthin content compared with the parental natural isolate (UCD-FST 67-385). One of the antimycin strains (ant-1) and a nitrosoguanidine derivative of ant-1 (ant-1-4) produced considerably more astaxanthin than the parent (ant-1 had 800 to 900 μg/g; ant-1-4 had 900 to 1,300 μg/g; and 67-385 had 300 to 450 μg/g). The mutant strains were compared physiologically with the parent. The antimycin mutants grew slower on ammonia, glutamate, or glutamine as nitrogen sources compared with the natural isolate and also had lower cell yields on several carbon sources. Although isolated on antimycin plates, they were found to be more susceptible to antimycin A, apparently owing to the spatial separation of the papillae from the agar. They were also more susceptible than the parent to the respiratory inhibitor thenoyltrifluoroacetone and were slightly more susceptible to cyanide, but did not differ from the natural isolate in susceptibility to azide. The antimycin-derived strains were also killed faster than the parent by hydrogen peroxide. The carotenoid compositions of the parent and the antimycin-derived strains were similar to those previously determined in the type strain (UCD-FST 67-210) except that two carotenoids not previously found in the type strain were present in increased quantities in the antimycin mutants and phoenicoxanthin was a minor component. The chemical properties of the unknown carotenoids suggested that the strains isolated on antimycin agar tended to oxygenate and desaturate carotene precursors to a greater extent than the parent. The physiology of the antimycin isolates and the known specificity of antimycin for cytochrome b in the respiratory chain suggests that alteration of cytochrome b or cytochrome P-450 components involved in oxygenation and desaturation of carotenes in mitochondria are affected, which results in increased astaxanthin production. These astaxanthin-overproducing mutants and more highly pigmented derivative strains could be useful in providing a natural source of astaxanthin for the pen-reared-salmon industry or for other farmed animals that contain astaxanthin as their principal carotenoid.     

丢糟和磷矿粉高温堆肥中耐高温解磷菌的筛选及性能分析

为了解决高温极端环境下的磷素溶出问题,从高温堆肥中分离出具有耐高温能力的解磷微生物。该研究利用无机磷选择培养基,从添加磷矿粉和丢糟的高温堆肥样品中,分离筛选出5株耐高温解磷菌(细菌为GDB1-2;真菌为GDF1-3),并对这5株菌株进行形态学和分子生物学鉴定及解磷能力分析。研究结果表明,筛选获得的解磷菌株分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、多枝横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa)、烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)及构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)。该5株菌具有较好的耐高温和耐pH性能,各菌株耐高温范围为40-60℃,在50℃条件下其解磷能力均达到最大值,当初始pH 在5-9范围时各菌株均能保持一定的解磷能力。此外,通过解磷曲线发现各菌株的最高解磷量范围在136.85-174.33 μg/mL。该研究结果为后续开发高温环境微生物资源提供了素材,具有良好的应用推广前景。     

一株柴油脱硫菌的分离与鉴定

由最终产物为邻苯基苯酚（2-HBP）的二苯并噻吩（DBT）的4-S代谢途径出发,从被高硫原油污染的土样中分离,纯化得到一株能高效降解DBT的菌株,通过形态学,生理生化试验及16SrDNA基因测序,归类为Mycobacteriumsp．对细菌的培养条件进行研究,初步确定较为适宜的培养条件：温度为40℃,pH值为7．0,转速为200r／min．在此培养条件下,利用该菌株处理含有5mmol／LDBT的正十二烷模拟相,24h以后,DBT减少到3．36mmol／L,平均比脱硫率为8．34mmol DBTh^-1kg^-1 DCW（干细胞重）。