重组人脑利钠肽的纯化与活性测定

目的:建立重组人脑利钠肽(BNP)的纯化方法,筛选疏水作用层析纯化介质并优化纯化条件。方法:根据带有6×His标签的Dsb A-BNP融合蛋白的特性,采用金属螯合亲和层析(IMAC)、凝血酶酶切去除His-Dsb A、阳离子交换层析等步骤进行粗纯;利用BNP的疏水性,分别选用不同疏水性质的介质Hi Trap Butyl FF、Hi Trap Phenyl(HS)及Source 15进行精纯;用SDS-PAGE和HPLC检测纯化获得的BNP的含量及纯度;用细胞法对BNP进行活性检测。结果:经IMAC、酶切去除标签蛋白及阳离子交换层析纯化后,获得纯度为60%的BNP;Hi Trap Butyl FF、Hi Trap Phenyl(HS)等疏水介质与BNP的吸附效果不佳,而经Source 15反相层析后,BNP的纯度可达98.98%,活性检测与对照品一致。结论:利用Source 15反相层析可获得高纯度、活性优的BNP原液,可满足后期制剂处方实验的要求,为后续研究奠定了基础。     

辛酸沉淀结合阴离子交换层析纯化马IgG的研究

目的以辛酸沉淀结合离子交换层析纯化破伤风抗毒素马免疫血浆,获得高质量的马IgG,为抗毒素F(ab')2的制备奠定基础。方法通过对辛酸沉淀马血浆过程中的pH、辛酸浓度以及血浆稀释倍数的实验设计(DoE),研究不同条件对IgG纯度、效价、比活性、浊度以及过滤速度的影响,确定各工艺参数的可操作区间,并结合Capto DEAE阴离子交换层析以流穿模式进一步纯化IgG。结果马血浆经一步辛酸沉淀获得的IgG纯度(SDSPAGE)大于92%、分子排阻色谱(SEC)纯度大于95%,比活性较血浆提高2.14±0.29倍;辛酸沉淀后的IgG样品经阴离子交换层析,可有效去除聚合体以及小分子杂质,将纯度提高至95%(SDS-PAGE)和98%(SEC)。结论马血浆经辛酸沉淀和阴离子交换层析可获得高纯度、高比活的IgG。     

重组人干细胞因子的纯化

干细胞因子 (SCF)是一种重要的造血生长因子 ,它在自体造血干细胞动员、肿瘤放疗化疗的辅助治疗、贫血和其它血液病的治疗上具有良好的应用前景 .为建立一种实用的rhSCF制备工艺 ,从表达rhSCF的工程菌分离包涵体 ,用尿素变性 ,低浓度尿素溶液稀释复性 .复性液中的rhSCF经离子交换层析吸附、浓缩 ,凝胶排阻层析分离去除共价二聚体和疏水层析精纯化 ,获得纯化的rhSCF .纯化的rhSCF纯度大于 95 % ,回收率为 4 7% ,可促进人红白血病细胞TF - 1的生长 ,比活性为 0 .9× 10 6U mg ,与英国NIBSC的rhSCF标准品相似 .上述结果表明 ,所建立的制备高纯度rhSCF工艺高效简便 ,产物具有良好的生物活性     

葡萄球菌A型肠毒素的高效表达和分离纯化

根据已知葡萄球菌A型肠毒素 (SEA)的基因序列 ,用PCR从产毒标准株S .aureusFRI 10 0中扩增得到约70 0的SEA基因片段 ,并将该片段克隆至表达载体 pBV2 2 0中 ,实现了高效表达。表达产物以可溶性形式存在 ,表达的毒素用CM SephroseFF离子交换层析进行纯化 ,获得了高纯度的重组SEA ,SDS PAGE显示单一条带。ELISA试验证明所获重组SEA具有与天然SEA相似的免疫学性质。     

α1-抗胰蛋白酶的分离纯化

为建立从Cohn's组分IV沉淀中分离纯化α1-抗胰蛋白酶(α1-antitrypsin,α1-AT)的技术路线,以Cohn's组分IV为原料,利用还原剂1,4-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)、气相二氧化硅等处理,再经压滤、离子交换层析和疏水层析提取α1-AT.用SDS-PAGE及合成基质法检测α1-AT的纯度以及生物活性.结果可见,Cohn组分IV沉淀中α1-AT占蛋白总量的11%～13%,经该工艺提取的α1-抗胰蛋白酶纯度为97.6%,疏水层析后α1-AT的收获率为21%,比活为每毫克总蛋白中含 0.54 mg功能活性α1-AT.可见用此方法从Cohn组分IV沉淀中可制备高纯度的α1-AT.     

疏水相互作用层析分离重组人干扰素α2b

目的采用疏水相互作用层析分离重组人干扰素α2b,去除干扰素样品中的二聚体,得到高纯度的干扰素用于进一步的研究。方法首先采用阳离子交换层析纯化复性重组人干扰素α2b,去除了大部分的杂蛋白,然后采用疏水相互作用层析纯化重组人干扰素α2b,去除复性过程中产生的错误折叠体和二聚体,并考察盐浓度、pH值、流速和洗脱液中尿素对疏水相互作用层析纯化效果的影响。结果硫酸铵初始浓度1.2 mol/L、缓冲液pH值6.0、流速2.5 mL/min、洗脱液中添加尿素浓度为2 mol/L时疏水相互作用层析纯化效果最佳。最终得到的重组人干扰素α2b非还原型SDS-PAGE电泳均呈单一条带。结论确定了疏水层析纯化重组人干扰素α2b的最优条件,成功提取到具有高活性、高纯度的重组人干扰素α2b纯品。     

β-银环蛇神经毒素结合蛋白的分离纯化

大鼠膈肌神经突触前膜上存在β－银环蛇毒素结合蛋白。膈肌经匀浆、去垢剂抽提、离子交换层析、植物凝集素亲和层析及银环蛇毒素亲和层析,可获得纯化的β－银环蛇毒素结合蛋白。其比结合活性达１ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｇ蛋白质。整个纯化过程的总得率为３％。纯化蛋白制品的ＳＤＳ聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,有两个共纯化的多肽链,其分子量分别为６１和６９ｋＤ。     

大肠杆菌表达重组人生长激素的纯化

目的 :获得具有生物学活性的重组人生长激素 (rhGH)。方法 :PBV -GH/DH5α菌体经超声破菌、反复洗涤后获得包涵体。将包涵体变性、复性 ,用硫酸铵盐析 ,离子交换层析和凝胶层析进行纯化。产物经SDS -PAGE、HPLC、N末端 15个氨基酸序列检测验证。结果 :终产物rhGH纯度达 98.2 % ,比活性大于 3.0IU/mg。分子量为 2 2kDa ,N末端氨基酸序列与DNA序列推导的氨基酸序列完全一致。结论 :从自构建的PBV -GH/DH5α工程菌中获得高纯度、高活性重组人生长激素。其纯化工艺为中试生产提供可靠依据。     

疏水层析纯化人重组白细胞介素－4

应用疏水层析对大肠杆菌表达的人重组白细胞介素－４（ｒｈＩＬ－４）进行了纯化,含有ｒｈＩＬ－４的包涵体,经洗涤、变性、复性后,以Ｂｕｔｙｌ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ层析,得到了高纯度的ｒｈＩＬ－４．纯度达９７％;回收率为３２％;比活性为２×１０~７Ｕ／ｍｇ,讨论了ｒｈＩＬ－４疏水层析的条件,并对不同的方法纯化白细胞介素－４进行了比较．     

转基因玉米中植酸酶蛋白免疫亲和纯化体系的建立

为深入研究转基因玉米所表达的植酸酶蛋白的酶学性质,评价重组蛋白的致敏性和饲用安全性,必须获得高纯度植酸酶蛋白.利用识别4个不同表位的单克隆抗体制备了植酸酶蛋白亲和层析体系.结果显示,通过80％硫酸铵沉淀植酸酶蛋白粗提液初步浓缩目的蛋白后,再经过透析去除高浓度盐离子,进而通过免疫亲和层析可获得在SDS-PAGE胶上条带单一的植酸酶蛋白,比活可达470.99 U/mg.同时,将上述免疫亲和层析法对植酸酶的纯化效果与离子交换层析方法进行了对比,结果表明免疫亲和层析法具有稳定、快速和纯化产物比活高等优势,所获得的目的蛋白满足各种检测要求,优于离子交换层析方法.     

Multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization of crude protein mixtures: Toward establishment of a database of protein purification process development parameters

A multi‐dimensional fractionation and characterization scheme was developed for fast acquisition of the relevant molecular properties for protein separation from crude biological feedstocks by ion‐exchange chromatography (IEX), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), and size‐exclusion chromatography. In this approach, the linear IEX isotherm parameters were estimated from multiple linear salt‐gradient IEX data, while the nonlinear IEX parameters as well as the HIC isotherm parameters were obtained by the inverse method under column overloading conditions. Collected chromatographic fractions were analyzed by gel electrophoresis for estimation of molecular mass, followed by mass spectrometry for protein identification. The usefulness of the generated molecular properties data for rational decision‐making during downstream process development was equally demonstrated. Monoclonal antibody purification from crude hybridoma cell culture supernatant was used as case study. The obtained chromatographic parameters only apply to the employed stationary phases and operating conditions, hence prior high throughput screening of different chromatographic resins and mobile phase conditions is still a prerequisite. Nevertheless, it provides a quick, knowledge‐based approach for rationally synthesizing purification cascades prior to more detailed process optimization and evaluation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3070–3083. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子复性和纯化方法的比较

比较重组人粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)在用疏水色谱(HIC)、离子交换色谱(IEC)和体积排阻色谱(SEC)3种液相色谱进行复性和纯化,选择较好的复性和纯化方法.通过对比rhGM-CSF在液相色谱上复性和纯化的主要指标,包括比活、纯度和质量回收率,结果发现采用HIC和IEC对rhGM-CSF进行复性和纯化时,其比活可以达到国家标准,纯度和质量回收率也比较高,而采用SEC,其比活、纯度和质量回收率远低于HIC和IEC.     

Tetanus toxoid purification: chromatographic procedures as an alternative to ammonium-sulphate precipitation

Given an existing demand to establish a process of tetanus vaccine production in a way that allows its complete validation and standardization, this paper focuses on tetanus toxoid purification step. More precisely, we were looking at a possibility to replace the widely used ammonium-sulphate precipitation by a chromatographic method. Based on the tetanus toxin's biochemical characteristics, we have decided to examine the possibility of tetanus toxoid purification by hydrophobic chromatography, and by chromatographic techniques based on interaction with immobilized metal ions, i.e. chelating chromatography and immobilized metal affinity chromatography. We used samples obtained from differently fragmented crude tetanus toxins by formaldehyde treatment (assigned as TTd-A and TTd-B) as starting material for tetanus toxoid purification. Obtained results imply that purification of tetanus toxoid by hydrophobic chromatography represents a good alternative to ammonium-sulphate precipitation. Tetanus toxoid preparations obtained by hydrophobic chromatography were similar to those obtained by ammonium-sulphate precipitation in respect to yield, purity and immunogenicity. In addition, their immunogenicity was similar to standard tetanus toxoid preparation (NIBSC, Potters Bar, UK). Furthermore, the characteristics of crude tetanus toxin preparations had the lowest impact on the final purification product when hydrophobic chromatography was the applied method of tetanus toxoid purification. On the other hand, purifications of tetanus toxoid by chelating chromatography or immobilized metal affinity chromatography generally resulted in a very low yield due to not satisfactory tetanus toxoid binding to the column, and immunogenicity of the obtained tetanus toxoid-containing preparations was poor.     

Tetanus Toxin and Antigenic Derivatives I. Purification of the Biologically Active Monomer

A procedure for the isolation of pure tetanus toxin in a lethal monomeric form was developed based on the extraction of whole cells and chromatographic techniques. A crude extract of toxin was obtained by hypertonic extraction of cells from a 72-hr culture of Clostridium tetani Massachusetts strain. The extract was precipitated with ammonium sulfate and further purified by sequential use of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The degree of purification obtained by the fractionation procedures was monitored by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pure toxin has an average specific activity of 150 x 10(6) mouse MLD per mg of N and 3,000 Lf per mg of N. Immunological purity was demonstrated by a single line on both immunoelectrophoresis and agar double diffusion. One band was obtained on polyacrylamide electrophoresis, as was a single symmetrical peak in the ultracentrifuge and on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The pure protein has an absorbancy ratio (280/260 mmu) of 2.1 in phosphate buffer (pH 7.5).     

A highly efficient integrated chromatographic procedure for the purification of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen from Hansenula polymorpha

The high expression level of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen obtained from Hansenula polymorpha yeast cell (Hans-HBsAg) made it possible to produce HBsAg vaccine in a large scale and by cost-effective process. However, the present available purification process was somewhat tedious, time-consuming and difficult to scale up. To improve the purification efficiency and simplify the purification process, an integrated chromatographic process was developed and optimized. The downstream process included ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) and gel filtration chromatography (GFC). A series of chromatographic adsorbents were evaluated for their performances on the purification of Hans-HBsAg, and then the suitable adsorbents for IEC and HIC were screened out, respectively. After clarification by centrifugation, the supernatant of cell disruption (SCD) was purified by standard chromatographic steps, IEC on DEAE Sepharose FF, HIC on Butyl-S-QZT and GFC on Sepharose 4FF. Furthermore, HBsAg recovery, purification factor (PF) and purity during the downstream process were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA), sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The results demonstrated that in the scale of 550ml SCD, the total HBsAg recovery and PF of the whole procedure were about 21.0+/-0.9% and 80.7+/-8.4 (n=3) respectively, with the purity of above 99%. This new downstream process was efficient, reproducible and relatively easy to be scaled up.     

Process and economic evaluation for monoclonal antibody purification using a membrane-only process

In recent years, the market for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has grown exponentially, and with this there has been a desire to reduce the costs associated with production and purification of these high-value biological products. A typical mAb purification process involves three adsorption/chromatography steps [protein A, ion exchange (IEX), and hydrophobic interaction (HIC)], along with ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and microfiltration. With the development of membrane adsorption/chromatography as a viable alternative to traditional pack bed systems, the opportunity exists to complete the entire downstream purification process using only membrane operations. In this study, the process simulation tool SuperPro Designer was used to evaluate the application of recently developed ultra-high capacity electrospun nanofibrous adsorption membranes as a replacement for conventional chromatographic media in the downstream mAb production process. The simulation showed that nanofibrous adsorption membranes in place of the three packed bed chromatography steps reduced the required volume of protein A, IEX, and HIC adsorptive medium by 25, 80, and 80%, respectively. In addition, the membrane-only process reduced the downstream processing time by 50%, decreased the number of labor hours associated with the purification steps by 40%, generated 40% less aqueous waste, and reduced the overall downstream process operating expenses per unit product by 23%. There were also significant savings in facility construction costs and the price of fixed equipment required for separations. With these savings not only is the membrane-only process economically competitive with the traditional packed bed operations, but it offers the possibility of moving toward more disposable process.     

Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification

In contrast to other chromatographic methods for purifying proteins (e.g. gel filtration, affinity, and ion exchange), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) commonly requires experimental determination (referred to as screening or "scouting") in order to select the most suitable chromatographic medium for purifying a given protein ¹. The method presented here describes an automated approach to scouting for an optimal HIC media to be used in protein purification.HIC separates proteins and other biomolecules from a crude lysate based on differences in hydrophobicity. Similar to affinity chromatography (AC) and ion exchange chromatography (IEX), HIC is capable of concentrating the protein of interest as it progresses through the chromatographic process. Proteins best suited for purification by HIC include those with hydrophobic surface regions and able to withstand exposure to salt concentrations in excess of 2 M ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄). HIC is often chosen as a purification method for proteins lacking an affinity tag, and thus unsuitable for AC, and when IEX fails to provide adequate purification. Hydrophobic moieties on the protein surface temporarily bind to a nonpolar ligand coupled to an inert, immobile matrix. The interaction between protein and ligand are highly dependent on the salt concentration of the buffer flowing through the chromatography column, with high ionic concentrations strengthening the protein-ligand interaction and making the protein immobile (i.e. bound inside the column) ². As salt concentrations decrease, the protein-ligand interaction dissipates, the protein again becomes mobile and elutes from the column. Several HIC media are commercially available in pre-packed columns, each containing one of several hydrophobic ligands (e.g. S-butyl, butyl, octyl, and phenyl) cross-linked at varying densities to agarose beads of a specific diameter ³. Automated column scouting allows for an efficient approach for determining which HIC media should be employed for future, more exhaustive optimization experiments and protein purification runs ⁴.The specific protein being purified here is recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP); however, the approach may be adapted for purifying other proteins with one or more hydrophobic surface regions. GFP serves as a useful model protein, due to its stability, unique light absorbance peak at 397 nm, and fluorescence when exposed to UV light ⁵. Bacterial lysate containing wild type GFP was prepared in a high-salt buffer, loaded into a Bio-Rad DuoFlow medium pressure liquid chromatography system, and adsorbed to HiTrap HIC columns containing different HIC media. The protein was eluted from the columns and analyzed by in-line and post-run detection methods. Buffer blending, dynamic sample loop injection, sequential column selection, multi-wavelength analysis, and split fraction eluate collection increased the functionality of the system and reproducibility of the experimental approach.Download video file.^{(63M, mov)}     

精制破伤风类毒素产毒及精制工艺的改进

用超滤、硫酸铵二段盐析法取代等电点沉淀法后,精制破伤风类毒素（精破类）的纯度由８０７Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ提高到１８８３Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ,纯度提高一倍以上。使用双胨培养基取代酪素培养基后,产毒水平由４７Ｌｆ／ｍｌ提高到８８Ｌｆ／ｍｌ（ｔ＝６．４６,ｐ＜０．００１）;用新法精制后,精破类纯度分别为１９４９Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ及１７８５Ｌｆ／ｍｇＰＮ（ｔ＝０．３３４,ｐ＞０．０５）,引用双胨培养基后可提高产毒水平,但不影响精破类的纯度。     

Extension of the selection of protein chromatography and the rate model to affinity chromatography

The rational selection of optimal protein purification sequences, as well as mathematical models that simulate and allow optimization of chromatographic protein purification processes have been developed for purification procedures such as ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and gel filtration chromatography. This paper investigates the extension of such analysis to affinity chromatography both in the selection of chromatographic processes and in the use of the rate model for mathematical modelling and simulation. Two affinity systems were used: Blue Sepharose and Protein A. The extension of the theory developed previously for ion-exchange and HIC chromatography to affinity separations is analyzed in this paper. For the selection of operations two algorithms are used. In the first, the value of η, which corresponds to the efficiency (resolution) of the actual chromatography and, Σ, which determines the amount of a particular contaminant eliminated after each separation step, which determines the purity, have to be determined. It was found that the value of both these parameters is not generic for affinity separations but will depend on the type of affinity system used and will have to be determined on a case by case basis. With Blue Sepharose a salt gradient was used and with Protein A, a pH gradient. Parameters were determined with individual proteins and simulations of the protein mixtures were done. This approach allows investigation of chromatographic protein purification in a holistic manner that includes ion-exchange, HIC, gel filtration and affinity separations for the first time.     

疏水层析用于大规模纯化重组HBsAg的工艺研究

应用疏水层析法从CHO细胞培养液中纯化HBsAg,每根制备柱每次可处理细胞收液350L,在适宜的上样流速和层析温度条件下,层析后可去除96％的杂蛋白,再经超速离心和凝胶过滤层析,可获HBsAg纯品。经检定,HPLC纯度高于95％,其余各项检定指标均符合《中国生物制品规程》要求。结果表明,此方法纯化效率高、处理样品量大、成本低,适于大规模生产。