A field study on heavy metals phytoattenuation potential of monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or legumes in weakly alkaline soils

The study focused on the phytoattenuation effects of monocropping and intercropping of maize (Zea mays) and/or legumes on Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in weakly alkaline soils. Nine growth stages of monocropping maize were chosen to study the dynamic process of extraction of heavy metals. The total content of heavy metals extracted by the aerial part of monocropped maize increased in a sigmoidal pattern over the effective accumulative temperature. The biggest biomass, highest extraction content, and lowest heavy metals bioaccumulation level occurred at physiological maturity. Among the different planting patterns, including monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or soybean (Glycine max), pea (Pisum sativum), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the extraction efficiency of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd varied greatly. Only intercropping of maize and soybean yielded relatively higher extraction efficiency for the four metals with no significant difference in the total biomass. Moreover, the heavy metals concentrations in dry biomass from all the planting patterns in the present study were within China's national legal thresholds for fodder use. Therefore, slightly polluted alkaline soils can be safely used through monocropping and intercropping of maize and/or legumes for a range of purposes. In particular, this study indicated that intercropping improves soil ecosystems polluted by heavy metals compared with monocropping.     

Diversification among coffee smallholders in the highlands of South Sumatra,Indonesia

Over the past decade international organizations and developing countries have been trying to promote agricultural diversification among smallholders under the assumption that smallholders are too dependent upon a narrow range of crops. The International Coffee Organization and the Government of Indonesia have promoted agricultural diversification among coffee farmers to curb production and, thereby, increase prices. In South Sumatra, Indonesia, coffee smallholders diversify on their own initiative and depend upon numerous resource systems. They diversify out of coffee and even agriculture because other investments yield attractive returns and because further diversification within agriculture is often limited by agronomic and financial constraints.The Center for Policy and Implementation Studies (CPIS), Ministry of Finance, in Indonesia funded this research.     

The livelihood impacts of oil palm: smallholders in Indonesia

The biodiversity and climate consequences of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) expansion across South East Asia have received considerable attention. The human side of the issue, highlighted with reports of negative livelihood outcomes and rights abuses by oil palm companies, has also led to controversy. Oil palm related conflicts have been widely documented in Indonesia yet uptake by farmers has also been extensive. An assessment of the livelihood impacts of oil palm development, including sources of conflict, is needed to shed light on the apparent contradiction between these reports and the evident enthusiasm of farmers to join the oil palm craze thereby informing future expansion. We assessed the impact of oil palm development on the economic wellbeing of rural farmers in Indonesia. We found that many smallholders have benefited substantially from the higher returns to land and labour afforded by oil palm but district authorities and smallholder cooperatives play key roles in the realisation of benefits. Conflicts between communities and companies have resulted almost entirely from lack of transparency, the absence of free, prior, and informed consent and unequal benefit sharing, and have been exacerbated by the absence of clear land rights. We make specific recommendations to improve the present situation and foster the establishment of smallholder friendly production regimes. Oil palm expansion in Indonesia is set to continue. If environmental standards can be raised and policy interventions targeted at the broader social impacts of land development this expansion may be achieved to the significant benefit of large numbers of rural smallholders.     

新疆长期棉花连作对土壤理化性状与线虫群落的影响

土壤线虫群落特征是评价和指示土壤生态系统健康状况的重要依据。本研究选取不同连作年限(5、10、15、20和25年)的棉田为样地,采用高通量测序技术,探究土壤性状和线虫群落对棉田长期连作的响应。结果表明: 棉田连作10～15年后,土壤pH、电导率显著升高,有机碳、全氮、有效磷、有效钾、硝态氮含量和土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)显著降低。在连作棉田中共鉴定出土壤线虫3纲7目18科25属,其中螺旋属在不同连作年限的棉田土壤中均为优势属;土壤植物寄生类线虫在不同连作年限中均为优势营养类群,呈现先降低后增加的趋势,连作25年较其他连作年限植物寄生类线虫增加9.1%～208.6%,其中螺旋属线虫增加了392%。随着连作年限的增加,矮化属、茎属、Discopersicus、中环属和中轮属等植物寄生类线虫被检出。连作15年的棉田土壤中,土壤线虫丰富度指数和自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著降低,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数/自由生活线虫成熟度指数显著升高,Shannon多样性指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数最低;有效磷和MBC是影响土壤线虫群落变化的主要环境因子。这说明棉田连作10～15年会发生土壤养分失衡,土壤线虫多样性降低,土壤食物网稳定性变差,棉花致病类植物寄生线虫增加,产生连作障碍。     

The emergence of political homophobia in Indonesia: masculinity and national belonging

This paper explores an unprecedented series of violent acts against ‘gay’ Indonesians beginning in September 1999. Indonesia is often characterized as ‘tolerant’ of homosexuality. This is a false belief, but one containing a grain of truth. To identify this grain of truth I distinguish between ‘heterosexism’ and ‘homophobia,’ noting that Indonesia has been marked by a predominance of heterosexism over homophobia. I examine the emergence of a political homophobia directed at public events where gay men stake a claim to Indonesia's troubled civil society. That such violence is seen as the properly masculine response to these events indicates how the nation may be gaining a new masculinist cast. In the new Indonesia, male–male desire can increasingly be construed as a threat to normative masculinity, and thus to the nation itself.     

间作药材与接种内生真菌对连作花生土壤微生物区系及产量的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了药用植物间作及接种内生菌拟茎点霉B3的菌丝对连作花生(Archis hypogaea)红壤微生物区系及花生产量的影响,以探索花生连作障碍的生物防治措施。结果表明,药材间作和接种B3能够显著减少土壤霉菌数量、增加土壤细菌数量和土壤蔗糖酶活性,增加花生超氧化物歧化酶(SOD酶)活性和花生产量。与花生单作相比,茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea)/京大戟(Euphorbia pekinensis)间作花生产量增加9%-22%,接种B3处理花生产量增加24%。茅苍术/京大戟和花生间作处理配合接种B3后,花生产量分别较未接种B3处理增加30%和4%。其中茅苍术花生间作配合接种B3处理的花生产量最高,比对照(P)花生产量高59%,比单独接种B3处理(PB3)的花生产量高28%;京大戟花生间作配合接种B3处理(PEB3)的花生产量比对照增加13%,但不及单独接种B3处理(PB3)。这表明茅苍术间作和接种B3具有协同提高花生产量的作用,而京大戟或许对B3的功能发挥有一定抑制作用。     

保护地间作芹菜对温室粉虱的防治作用

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是严重危害葫芦科、茄科和豆科等多种蔬菜的主要害虫,具有分布范围广、种群数量大、繁殖力强等特性。作者通过田间试验研究了蔬菜保护地内间作温室粉虱非嗜食植物芹菜(Apium graveliens L.)对其的防治效果。结果表明:与空白处理和常规化学防治相比,在番茄和黄瓜保护地内间作芹菜对温室粉虱均具有显著的防治效果,驱避效果分别达到98.0%和84.5%。这些结果是初步的,但其为进一步研究温室粉虱的寄主选择机制和非化学防治方法提供了依据。     

The profile of tropical alfalfa in Indonesia: A review

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), or lucerne, is a subtropical plant popularly known as the “Queen of Forages”. It has a superior nutritional profile that includes high levels of crude protein, secondary metabolites, as well as macro and micro minerals, making it one of the best feed fodders in the world. Alfalfa is also highly adaptable to both warm and cold climates in addition to being highly nutritious. These features have led to the cultivation of alfalfa in tropical areas, such as Indonesia. Studies have been conducted on the vegetative and generative aspects of alfalfa cultivation in tropical regions to increase crop yield and sustainability. Progress in the cultivation and use of alfalfa in tropical regions has been encouraging and has led to the potential emergence of a new stock, namely tropical alfalfa, which is now a high-quality green forage source in tropical regions. Cultivation of tropical alfalfa provides breeders with a high-quality feed, leading to significant improvement in the condition and health of livestock and an increase in the production of meat, milk, and eggs. This review will be very important source of information not only for researchers but also for businessman who have a concern to develop alfalfa tropic either for feed or food (growth characteristic, function and nutrient content).     

Catch composition and reproductive biology of whaler sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) caught by fisheries in Indonesia

The first detailed information on the biological aspects of members of the economically important shark family Carcharhinidae in Indonesian waters is given. Carcharhinids dominated the landings of sharks at sites visited, comprising almost 60% of the total biomass of all sharks recorded, over an intensive 5 year sampling period. A total of 26 species of carcharhinids, representing half of the species in the Carcharhinidae, were recorded. The most abundant species, in terms of numbers recorded, were Scoliodon laticaudus and Carcharhinus falciformis , while the most abundant in terms of biomass were Prionace glauca , C. falciformis and Carcharhinus obscurus . Biological data are presented for 22 of the 26 species. The total length at which males attain maturity ( L ₅₀) was determined for 10 species. The biological aspects of a number of species, most notably Carcharhinus sorrah and Loxodon macrorhinus , were found to differ from those recorded in the literature for other regions.     

云南省魔芋与玉米多样性栽培控制魔芋软腐病

在云南省富源县魔芋与玉米多样性栽培区设置田间试验,分析了魔芋软腐病的发病规律、植株的生长情况及发病植株病原菌的分离频率。结果表明:魔芋与玉米轮作是控制魔芋软腐病的主要措施,它可以显著降低魔芋软腐病的死亡率,且将发病高峰期延迟1个月,轮作条件下间种控病效果比单种提高59%,间种茎基部带菌率显著低于单种;间作体系内不同栽培行植株株高差异显著,发病率差异不显著,但行间发病植株欧文氏杆菌的分离频率存在显著差异,散叶期和换头期根部和茎基部病原菌分离频率与行间距呈正相关。因此,玉米魔芋轮作间种互作条件下对软腐病的防治效果最好,间作系统内部玉米对魔芋病原菌具有一定阻隔效应。     

玉米与番茄间作对土壤镉吸收的影响

为探究间作对作物吸收重金属镉(Cadmium,Cd)的影响,以Cd相对高积累番茄(中蔬4号)和相对低积累玉米(金珠蜜甜玉米)为试验材料,在Cd 3.70 mg/kg的污染水平下以单作、限制性间作、间作3种种植方式进行了盆栽试验,研究间作后作物各部位Cd积累差异及其形成原因。结果表明,番茄和玉米间作和限制性间作所产番茄根、茎、叶中Cd含量均有所提高(叶中Cd含量从13.52mg/kg分别升高至24.94mg/kg和27.30mg/kg);与未种植作物的对照组相比,非单作条件下番茄根围土壤的pH有所下降,酸性磷酸酶活性上升,而脲酶活性下降,且间作组变化幅度较大;间作还能改变作物根围微生物种群结构,提高对重金属吸收有促进作用的微生物种群的丰度,最终实现Cd高积累番茄对Cd的吸收能力提高。研究结果可为利用间作模式修复土壤重金属污染和保障食品安全提供参考。     

黄土塬区玉米大豆不同间作方式对产量和经济收益的影响及其机制

利用不同玉米品种(郑单958和豫玉22)和大豆品种(中黄24和中黄13)在单作和两种(2∶2和2∶4)间作方式下,研究品种、间作方式对间作系统产量和经济效益的影响,探讨其潜在的作用过程和机制,以期为旱区农业高产高效服务。实验结果表明:(1)两种间作方式的土地当量比(LER),相对拥挤系数(K)都高于单作,表明玉米、大豆在两种间作方式下较单作具有显著的间作优势,玉米间作相比单作增产显著。K、实际产量损失(AYL)、侵占力(A)和竞争比率(CR)的变化规律均表明在间作栽培条件下,玉米相对于大豆为竞争优势物种;郑单958相对于豫玉22,中黄24相对于中黄13均占有一定竞争优势。郑单958与中黄24以2∶4比例间作的间作优势(IA)及货币优势指数(MAI)值最高。(2)相比单作,间作种植模式下玉米的水分利用效率明显增加,而且玉米∶大豆以2∶4间作的水分利用效率显著高于2∶2。郑单958与中黄24在2∶4间作方式下的产量和经济效益都最高,适合在当地应用和推广。     

间套种植复合群体根系时空分布特征

选择小麦／大豆和玉米／甘蓝2种典型间套种植模式,探讨了复合群体根系营养竞争与补偿的生态学机制．结果表明,小麦／大豆复合群体根系生长在年生长期内显示出双峰交错性,小麦总根重峰值出现在6月初,而大豆峰值出现在8月上、中旬．根重与根长密度的生长还表现出异步性,根重峰值的出现早于根长．复合群体各配对作物根系的垂直分布呈层次递减性,玉米拔节前根重的85％以上都分布于0～20cm土层,且垂直生长呈多波顾次递推特点．间套作物根系的分布呈明显的“偏态”不均衡分布,套作玉米根系偏甘蓝行20．4～40．7cm,而甘蓝根系偏玉米行仅8．5～12．6cm．施肥使套作玉米与甘蓝根系的交叉幅宽由40．2cm下降到20．1cm,2种作物根系的交叉点位置由20．5cm上升到12．4cm．     

Between Religion and Desire: Being Muslim and Gay in Indonesia

Thousands of Indonesian men now identify as both "gay" and "Muslim." How do these men understand the relationship between religion and sexuality? How do these understandings reflect the fact that they live in the nation that is home to more Muslims than any other? In this article, I address questions such as these through an ethnographic study of gay Muslims. I argue that dominant social norms render being gay and being Muslim "ungrammatical" with each other in the public sphere that is crucial to Muslim life in Indonesia. Through examining doctrine, interpretation, and community, I explore how gay Muslim subjectivity takes form in this incommensurability between religion and desire.     

小麦-大豆间作中小麦对大豆磷吸收的促进作用

采用塑料膜,２０μｍ尼龙网分司以及不分隔两种俄根系的盆栽装置研究了小麦,大豆间作种间磷吸收的促进作用。结果表明,两种作物根系用尼龙网分隔后,即种间磷竞争作用基本消除后,小麦对大豆磷吸收具有明显的促进和,表现为大豆生物学产量明显提高,是塑料膜分隔的２．５倍,是无分隔４．６倍,尼龙网分隔,大豆分隔,大豆的根系活力高于塑料膜分隔４５．２％,达显著水平,此外,尼龙网分隔形成小麦根面,大豆的根系呈偏向小麦根     

The odour of things: Smell and the cultural elaboration of disgust in Eastern Indonesia

Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of calls for anthropology to devote more attention to non‐visual modes of perception. Frequently, the implicit suggestion of these calls has been that the acknowledgement of different ways of organising the senses could help us escape the supposed malaise of modern ‘ocular‐centrism ‘. This paper explores the sense and symbolism of smell in Buli, a village in eastern Indonesia, to argue that smell is part of an ontology that catches Buli people in a malaise of their own. ‘Bad’ smell attests to an ambiguous moral order that can be traced across myth, ritual and everyday life. Ambiguity is ever‐present because ‘bad’ or disgusting smells destabilise the very conceptual order they also help support. The analysis of smells as they relate to local notions of disgust is therefore suggested as an alternative way to conceptualise the contradictory nature of power.     

间作番茄对花椰菜田主要害虫和天敌的调控作用

【目的】已有研究表明花椰菜 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis田合理间作番茄Lycopersicon esculentum对菜田主要害虫具有抑制作用。本研究旨在进一步探明提高花椰菜田生态系统保益控害服务功能的番茄最佳间作比例。【方法】2014年2-5月,试验在福建省闽清县省级标准农田示范区(26°10′41″N, 118°48′10″E)内进行,按番茄株数占花椰菜田总植株数中的比例设置4个梯度小区,分别为0%, 10%, 30%和50%,小区采用随机区组设计,通过目测法对花椰菜菜田节肢动物的种类和个体数量进行观察并记录。【结果】间作番茄显著降低了花椰菜田中菜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi 的个体数量,且控制效果随番茄间作比例的上升而增强（50%＞30%＞10%）。间作30%和50%番茄显著降低了黄曲条跳甲 Phyllotreta striolata 的个体数量,但2种间作比例的效果差异不显著。间作番茄不影响菜青虫 Pieris rapae 和蜘蛛的个体数量。3种间作比例都提高了菜蛾绒茧蜂 Cotesia plutellae 的个体数量和蜂/蛾比,但三者差异不显著。【结论】在花椰菜田中间作30%的番茄,对害虫控制最有利。     

The Production of Urban Space by Violence and its Aftermath in Jakarta and Kota Ambon,Indonesia

Violence has an enormous potential impact on the production of urban space. This article presents an analysis of how violence has made an impact on Indonesian cities since 1998. Using case material from communal violence in Kota Ambon, and lynching and vigilantism in Jakarta, the article addresses the question what impact did violence have on the spatial restructuring of some Indonesian cities and, conversely, – assuming that the people who used violence are slowly relinquishing its use – what impact does the restoration of law and order have on urban space? How enduring are some of the underlying, historical patterns of violence and do many of them still exist, hidden under the surface, today?     

Mites of the genus Holostaspella (Acari: Gamasida: Macrochelidae) in Indonesia

The genus Holostaspella of the family Macrochelidae consists of more than 30 species. Of these, seven species have been recorded from Indonesia. In the present study, we review the genus in Indonesia, record two species ( H. pulchella and H. similiornata ) for the first time from Indonesia, and describe two new species ( H. oblonga n. sp. and H. villosa n. sp.) on the basis of the specimens collected in Java and Sulawesi. A key to the species of the genus in Indonesia is also provided.     

The role of intercropping different cereal species in controlling lepidopteran stemborers on maize in Kenya

Abstract:  The effects of mixed cropping systems containing maize, sorghum, millet and beans on infestations of cereals by lepidopteran stemborers and on associated parasitoids, as well as on yields and land equivalent ratios (LER) were assessed during four consecutive rainy seasons at two sites in the semi-arid eastern region of Kenya. Systems containing the non-host bean were more efficient in reducing pest densities than those with millet or sorghum only. Higher parasitism in diversified systems compared to monocrops was due to density-dependent effects rather than superior suitability of such systems to parasitoids. The maize–bean system, which had the highest proportion of bean plants, had LERs >1.65 while most other systems had LERs <1. It is concluded that mixed cropping with several cereal species has little advantages in terms of yield loss abatement due to stemborers and land use efficiency. However, including the drought-tolerant crops such as sorghum and millet in the system stabilizes food security in drought-prone areas such as eastern Kenya.