21个野生,培育及地方猪种免疫及生化遗传标记基因位点的遗传分化研究

分析了亚,欧,美,非２１个野生,培育及地方猪种４个免疫遗传标记基因位点（Ｅ,Ｆ,Ｇ,Ｌ系统）和３人生化遗传标记基因位点（Ｃｐ,Ａｍ和Ｔｆ）的遗传多态性,认为Ｅ＾ａｅｇ,Ｆ＾ａ,Ｔｆ＾ｃ基因在亚洲猪种与欧美猪种间存在显著差异,是亚洲猪种３个重要的遗传标记基因,根据Ｆ＾ａ基因频率在亚,欧,美,非猪种的变化规律分析了其基因流向特点,证明欧美猪的育种过程中利用了中国地方猪种的血缘,计算了所测猪种间的Ｎｅｉ     

小麦亲本遗传距离与产量杂种优势间的相关性研究

本文以10个小麦品种和按双列杂交配制的45个组合为材料,对遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系进行了研究,结果表明:亲本遗传距离与产量杂种优势有极显著的非线性回归关系.遗传距离等于零时,杂种优势等于零;随着遗传距离的增大,杂种优势迅速达到最大值,然后缓慢下降,为通过原点的不对称抛物线.并对玉米、棉花的遗传距离与杂种优势的关系重新进行了探讨,一致表明,非线性回归关系优于抛物线回归关系.     

利用微卫星标记分析贵州白水牛与普通水牛的遗传多样性与亲缘关系

利用11对微卫星引物对贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的有效等位基因数、基因杂合度、多态信息含量和遗传距离进行了分析。结果表明,11个微卫星基因座在7个水牛群体中均存在多态性,可以用于水牛的遗传多样性评估。贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0·7450～0·7922和0·7021～0·7605。贵州白水牛和遵义普通水牛的亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0·0910。由UPGMA聚类法得到的系统聚类图反映了贵州白水牛和6个普通水牛群体的亲缘关系远近程度,贵州白水牛没有单独聚为一类,而是与同分布区的遵义普通水牛首先聚类,然后依次与其余地区的普通水牛聚类。研究提出了贵州白水牛应是其产地的普通水牛群体中的一个突变群的见解,为开展贵州白水牛的遗传资源评估、保护与利用提供了分子水平的遗传学依据。     

玉米自交系间遗传距离与产量杂种优势,杂种产量的关系

以13个玉米自交系及其按双列杂交配制的78个单交种为材料,研究性状选择、亲本选择对遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量关系的影响,结果表明:(1)当性状数较少时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系因性状的不同而异;当性状数较多时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势、杂种产量的关系为抛物线,受性状影响较小;(2)当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较大时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为抛物线;当所选亲本材料的遗传差异较小时,遗传距离与产量杂种优势的关系为直线或不相关。     

高原鼠兔四个地理种群的遗传多样性与遗传分化

采用7 个多态微卫星DNA 标记分析了4 个高原鼠兔地理种群(海晏种群、西大滩东种群、西大滩西种群和昆仑山种群)的遗传多样性和遗传分化。采用多态信息含量(PIC)、期望杂合度(H_e )、观测杂合度(H_o)、基因流(N_m )和基因分化系数(F_st )对种群及物种的遗传多样性水平进行分析;计算各种群间的遗传距离(GD)、遗传相似度(GI)以及遗传距离与地理距离的相关系数,并进行UPGMA 聚类分析。研究结果显示,高原鼠兔的遗传多样性在小哺乳动物中处于较高水平, 其H_e 和H_o 的平均值分别为0. 5332 和0. 6003, 其F_st 为0. 0975,即有9. 75% 的变异存在于种群之间,即变异主要存在于种群内部。4 个种群间的杂合度与多态信息含量均无显著差异,说明它们的遗传多样性水平基本相当。海晏种群与其余3 个种群的遗传分化均达到了中度分化水平(F_st = 0.1043),而另3 个种群间几乎没有分化(F_st = 0. 0253)。Mantel test 结果表明地理距离与遗传距离间没有显著的相关性。     

微卫星标记对高原蕨麻猪的遗传多样性研究

目的探讨蕨麻猪的亲缘关系,遗传多样性,是否受外来血缘的影响。方法用9个微卫星DNA标记对5群猪进行等位基因频率、遗传距离、系统发生树构建和主成分等分析。结果微卫星标记在125个个体中,共检测出148个等位基因,蕨麻猪最少(55个)。蕨麻猪与兰州猪的遗传距离DA和标准遗传距离DS最大,分别为0.6781和1.3312,DA、DS分别用UPGMA和NJ构建了四种系统发生树,都是蕨麻猪聚为一类,其余4种猪聚为一类。主成分1(PC1)为62.174%,看作是蕨麻猪的代表,与其他4群猪差异较大。结论蕨麻猪与兰州、武威、临洮和青海四群猪相比,遗传距离大,主成分差异大,亲缘关系较远,蕨麻猪比较纯,没有受到这4群猪血缘的影响。     

Anthropometric and genetic distance between Gonds of Central India

A morphological and genetic study was undertaken on five Gondi-speaking populations of Central India (Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra States). There has been no systematic biological study on this large Dravidian-speaking tribal group, 4 million in number, amounting to 13% of the total tribal population of India. Data was collected on 16 anthropometric measurements and seven genetic markers (blood groups, hemoglobin, G6PD and plasma protein polymorphisms) on the Raj Gonds, Kolams, Manne, Koyas and Plains Maria Gonds. Various genetic distance measures such as Mahalanobis's D2 and Nei's and Sanghvi's measures and cluster analysis techniques were used to determine the relationship between these groups based on anthropometrics and genetic variables. The statistical analysis revealed the Gonds to be a heterogenous group in both morphology and genetic characteristics. The morphological and genetic distances between these five groups when projected graphically revealed that the spatial distribution of these Gonds generally corresponds to their present geographical distribution. However, the actual relationships among each of the Gond populations show differences when based on these two biological variables, the possible reasons for this being discussed in the paper. The emphasis of this study is on the importance of geographical proximity in producing morphological and genetic similarity between populations, brought about by a short distance as well as similar geographical factors (such as soil, terrain, flora, etc.) drawing these populations together under a common ecocultural umbrella.     

Genetic diversity and structure of the noxious alien grass Praxelis clematidea in southern China

Praxelis clematidea (Asteraceae), a plant species native to South America, is a noxious weed in southern China. We examined the genetic variation and population structure of 12 populations (76 individuals) of P. clematidea from Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan Provinces in China using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. From an initial set of 69 ISSR primers, 10 were selected which yielded 80 reproducible bands. Polymorphic bands (P) were 100%, Shannon's information index (I) was 0.4226, and Nei's gene diversity (H) was 0.2791. We infer that the high levels of genetic diversity exhibited by P. clematidea may have contributed to its invasiveness. Gene flow among populations was 2.4930, which has led to homogenization. The coefficient of population differentiation (Gst = 0.1671) indicated low levels of genetic variation among populations and high levels of genetic polymorphism within populations. There was a negative correlation between population elevation and genetic diversity, while there was a significant positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance based on a Mantel test (r = 0.5820, P < 0.01). Some populations from different provinces clustered together in principal coordinate and UPGMA analyses indicating that human-mediated events may have contributed to the dispersal of the species.     

植物种质群体遗传结构改变的测度

本文旨在探讨植物种质资源保存中由于人为和自然缘故导致遗传结构改变的评价指标和评价方法.在介绍植物种质资源保存研究一些基本概念的基础上,归纳了测度种质库(收集品)遗传潜势的6种遗传多样性统计指标,包括同一变异层次的类型数、类型分布均衡度、遗传相似性与遗传距离、遗传方差与遗传变异系数、多元变异指数以及亲本系数.指出若无遗传丰富度相伴,单有遗传离散度并未提供遗传多样性的完整测度.探讨了人为条件导致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传流失、环境胁迫所致植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传脆弱性和种子扩繁所引发的植物种质资源遗传结构改变的遗传漂变和遗传漂移等的统计指标.文末给出了自花授粉植物和异花授粉植物群体适宜样本容量研究的个例.     

A population genetic study in the Ochamchir region, Abkhazia, SSR

The reported longevity of residents of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Caucasus has focused considerable attention on this population. However, little is known of the genetic composition of this population. With this in mind, several village populations of the Ochamchir Region, Abkhazia, SSR, were typed for 37 discrete genetic blood groups, erythrocyte and plasma protein loci. Gene and haplotype frequencies calculated for the polymorphic markers were determined and the results used in an analysis of intervillage heterogeneity and genetic distance analysis comparing the Abkhazians to European and Asian reference populations. The Abkhazians are approximately equal distance from European and West Asian populations in a genetic sense, and this is consistent with their geographical location. In addition to the usual genetic polymorphisms, rare electrophoretic variants were encountered at the lactate dehydrogenase A and phosphohexose isomerase loci. These results suggest that the population of the Ochamchir Region is relatively homogeneous and not distinctly different from its geographical neighbors.     

中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼引进群体间遗传关系分析

为了从分子水平上评价中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）主要引进群体间遗传关系、遗传分化及基因流状况,研究利用12对多态性微卫星引物,以埃及土著群体为对照组,分析中国大陆尼罗罗非鱼9个代表性引进群体的遗传关系。结果显示:①群体间四种遗传距离[D_A、D_C、D_SW和（δμ）2]同时表明,USA群体和EGY群体间的遗传距离最小[D_A=0.2174,D_C=0.4140,D_SW=0.8769,（δμ）2=22.6904];D_A和D_C表明GD群体和XJF群体间遗传距离最大（D_A=0.5851,D_C=0.6789）;D_SW和（δμ）2表明USA群体与XJF群体间遗传距离最大[D_SW=4.0907,（δμ）2=138.18]。② EGY群体和GD群体间遗传分化最小（F_ST=0.0326,R_ST=0.0337）,XJF群体和LY群体间遗传分化最大（F_ST=0.2098,R_ST=0.2655）。所有成对群体间均存在显著的遗传分化（P < 0.05）。③群体间系统树显示,WY群体、GD群体、EGY群体和USA群体被聚为一类,BL群体、LY群体和EW群体被聚为一类,JNM群体和GLD群体被聚为一类,XJF群体位于独立的分支;贝叶斯聚类分析将10个群体划分为2类,XJF、BL、LY、EW群体被归入第一类,WY、GD、EGY、USA、GLD和JNM群体被归入第二类。分子方差分析和主成分分析支持了系统树和贝叶斯聚类分析的结果。④根据成对F_ST值和R_ST值估算的群体间历史基因流平均值分别为2.4427和2.1983。群体间近期基因流检测结果显示,各群体中发生第一代迁移的个体数在0-7个,占样本数的0-23.3%。总体而言,我国尼罗罗非鱼引进群体间遗传分化显著,群体间存在一定程度的历史基因流和近期基因流。研究结果为开展我国尼罗罗非鱼引进群体的种质资源保护和综合利用提供了科学依据。     

基于mtDNA Cyt b序列分析齐口裂腹鱼群体遗传多样性

研究测定了长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)野生群体(重庆巫溪、重庆城口、四川雅安、四川阿坝)共104个个体的线粒体Cyt b基因部分序列, 以探讨齐口裂腹鱼野生群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明: 在104个个体Cyt b序列中共检测到43个多态性位点, 25个单倍型。4个齐口裂腹鱼群体的单倍型多样性介于0.704—0.884, 核苷酸多样性介于0.007—0.012。群体间Kimura双参数遗传距离介于0.008—0.017, 其中四川雅安群体与四川阿坝群体间遗传距离最近, 基因交流频繁。重庆城口群体与四川雅安群体间遗传距离最远, 基因交流受阻。AMOVA分析表明, 齐口裂腹鱼的遗传分化主要来自群体内部, 且组群间、组群内群体间和群体内存在显著的遗传分化。中性检验得到Tajima’s D和 Fu’s F_s的值不显著, 且歧点分布图呈多峰, 表明长江上游4个齐口裂腹鱼野生群体未经历过种群扩张。研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼野生资源保护提供必要参考意见, 同时为齐口裂腹鱼种质资源合理开发和利用提供理论依据。     

不同地理区域蛤蚧的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术,对6个不同地域（河池、南宁、桂林、百色、越南、泰国）的蛤蚧（Gekko gecko）进行了遗传多样性和系统发育分析。21个RAPD引物共扩增了218个位点,片段大小在200～2000bD,其中184个是多态位点,占84．4％。地域之间的遗传距离指数在0．0112～0．9631,遗传相似性系数在0．3817～0．9888之间,根据遗传距离指数和遗传相似性系数,用NTSYSpc 2．10软件包中的UPGMA法构建了系统聚类图,结果均显示南宁地区、桂林地区、百色地区和河池地区先聚在一起,再和越南聚在一起,最后和泰国群体聚类。这与形态地理分布特征相一致。     

SSR markers development and their application in genetic diversity evaluation of garlic (Allium sativum) germplasm

Garlic (Allium sativum), an asexually propagated vegetable and medicinal crop, has abundant genetic variation. Genetic diversity evaluation based on molecular markers has apparent advantages since their genomic abundance, environment insensitivity, and non-tissue specific features. However, the limited number of available DNA markers, especially SSR markers, are insufficient to conduct related genetic diversity assessment studies in garlic. In this study, 4372 EST-SSR markers were newly developed, and 12 polymorphic markers together with other 17 garlic SSR markers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 127 garlic accessions. The averaged polymorphism information content (PIC) of these 29 SSR markers was 0.36, ranging from 0.22 to 0.49. Seventy-nine polymorphic loci were detected among these accessions, with an average of 3.48 polymorphic loci per SSR. Both the clustering analyses based on either the genotype data of SSR markers or the phenotypic data of morphological traits obtained genetic distance divided the 127 garlic accessions into three clusters. Moreover, the Mantel test showed that genetic distance had no significant correlations with geographic distance, and weak correlations were found between genetic distance and the phenotypic traits. AMOVA analysis showed that the main genetic variation of this garlic germplasm collection existed in the within-population or cluster. Results of this study will be of great value for the genetic/breeding studies in garlic and enhance the utilization of these garlic germplasms.     

蒙新区子午沙鼠种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构

为了探讨蒙新干旱区景观和环境因素对子午沙鼠种群遗传结构的影响,我们利用8 个多态性的微卫星位点,对子午沙鼠14 个局域种群的160 个个体进行了种群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。微卫星结果显示种群具有高的遗传多样性,微卫星位点的等位基因数(A)为22. 50 ±3.02 (19 ～ 28),多态信息含量(PIC)为0.912 ±0. 02 (0.872 ～ 0. 929);种群观测杂合度(HO )为0.68 ± 0. 19 (0. 52 ～0.85),期望杂合度(HE )为0.79 ± 0. 08(0. 71 ～ 0.85)。分子变异分析(AMOVA)结果显示,所得到的3 个组之间已发生显著的遗传分化(P < 0. 001)。
Mantel 检测结果表明,子午沙鼠种群遗传结构与地理距离无显著的相关性(P = 0.270 0),而在多元线性模型中,蒙新干旱区的海拔高度是影响种群遗传结构的关键因素。     

Genetic variation in the Aleuts of the Pribilof Islands and the Eskimos of Kodiak Island

A sample of Aleuts residing in the Pribilof Islands of St. Paul (N = 163) and St. George (N = 62) and Eskimo residents of Kodiak Island (N = 294) have been typed for genetic variation at 31 discrete genetic markers. Of these, 16 were polymorphic and 15 were monomorphic. Several private polymorphisms previously reported in Eskimo or Alaskan Amerindian populations were absent in both the Aleuts and Kodiak Island Eskimos. Genetic distance analysis shows considerable genetic differentiation between Aleuts and Kodiak Island Eskimos.     

The Use of Morphological and AFLP Markers in Diversity Analysis of Linseed

Different methods of genetic diversity measures could give better judgment of differentiating important accessions for growers, germplasm curators and plant breeders. Data of 60 accessions of linseed, mainly from Ethiopia, were used to assess their genetic diversity, employing morphological and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methods. Analyses of genetic distance, principal components and clusters showed the presence of a wide range of diversity among the studied accessions. The mean for genetic distance estimates of the entire 1770 pairwise accessions was 0.6684 for morphology, while that of AFLP was 0.5734. These genetic distances varied from zero to one for morphology in contrast to 0.29 to 0.71 of the AFLP. Morphological and AFLP based clusters and their accompanying analyses showed different hierarchical patterns of genetic diversity among the accessions. Despite their disparity, the two diversity measures were found independently useful for assessing the degree of relatedness and the overall patterns of genetic variation among the analysed linseed accessions.     

陕西渭南地区汉族人群17个Y-STR基因座多态性及遗传关系分析

调查陕西渭南地区汉族群体17个Y-STR基因座的多态性,探讨其群体遗传学及法医学应用价值。应用Y-fi ler荧光标记复合扩增系统,对413名陕西渭南地区汉族无关男性个体17个Y-STR基因座进行复合扩增,用ABI3130遗传分析仪进行基因分型,计算各基因座的群体遗传学参数,并结合已经发表的其他10个群体相应基因座的单倍型资料,分析各群体间的遗传距离。413名陕西渭南汉族个体共检出405种单倍型,其中397种单倍型仅出现1次,单倍型多样性达0.9999,基因多样性(GD)为0.4130(DYS391)~0.9734(DYS385a/b),累计GD值为0.9999。遗传距离分析提示,陕西渭南汉族与辽宁满族的遗传距离最小(0.00110),与青海藏族的遗传距离最大(0.22333)。结果表明,17个Y-STR基因座在陕西渭南汉族群体中具有丰富的遗传多态性和较高的非父排除能力,在法医学和人类群体遗传学研究中具有重要价值。