日本蜘蛛学家八木沼健夫访问我国

日本东亚蜘蛛学会理事长、大阪市追手门学院大学生物研究室八木沼健夫教授应武汉师范学院、中国科学院动物研究所、白求恩医科大学和湖南师范学院的联合邀请于1984年5月16日至6月5日来我国进行为期三周的访问。八木沼先生分别做了题为“日本蜘蛛学的现状和日本的蜘蛛”的报告,内容分5方面:1.日本蜘蛛学的沿革,2.日本蜘蛛学研究者实态,3.日本的蜘蛛研究团体,4.日本蜘蛛学的现状以及5.主要日本蜘蛛的生态。并与中国蜘蛛学者就共同关心的中日两国蜘蛛分类中的疑难问题进行了广泛的讨论。通过这次交流,加强了两国蜘蛛学者的协作,并推动了研究工作的进展。     

2020年中国蜘蛛分类年报

本文总结了2020年发表的中国蜘蛛新分类单元和中国分类学者发表的国外蜘蛛新分类单元。基于国内标本, 2020年共发表中国蜘蛛223个新分类单元, 其中中国学者在12种期刊的56篇文章中命名了1新亚科、12新属和201新种, 国外学者命名了9新种, 合计210新种。云南是发现新种数量最多的省份, 占全国发现新种总数的38.1%。基于缅甸等12个国家标本, 2020年中国分类学者发表了外国蜘蛛95个新分类单元, 包括2新科、7新属和86新种。本文还总结了过去5年中国分类学者对全球蜘蛛分类的贡献, 2016‒2020年有1位中国学者发表771个新分类单元。     

蜘蛛的精子发生

通过研究蜘蛛的精子形态和精子发生来探讨蜘蛛目的的系统发生,目前已越来越受到各国学者的重视。本文介绍国外近二十年来在这一领域的研究进展和成果,希望有助于在我国加速开展这方面的研究,深化对蜘蛛目的系统进化研究工作。     

2021年世界蜘蛛新分类单元

蜘蛛是陆地生态系统中重要的捕食者, 也是多样性最高的陆生节肢动物类群之一。定期对蜘蛛目新分类单元进行汇总整理, 有助于更好地了解蜘蛛多样性研究的发展动态。本文总结了2021年全球发表的蜘蛛新分类单元。2021年全世界304位学者在64种刊物的254篇文章中发表了81个国家的975个蜘蛛新分类单元(含琥珀), 包括47新属928新种, 隶属81科。中国是发现新种最多的国家, 占世界新种总数的28.7%; 中国学者李枢强命名的新分类单元最多, 占世界新分类单元总数的21.8%。数码图像已成为蜘蛛分类研究中最重要的类型图, 使用数码图的论文占总数的95.2%; 基于两性标本发表的新种多于单性的新种, 占比达到60.3%。2021年中国学者发表了中国、缅甸等15个国家的330个新分类单元, 包括13新属317新种, 隶属39科; 中国学者2021年发表的新分类单元对世界的贡献率达到了33.8%, 高于2016-2020年的平均贡献率(28.1%)。     

蜘蛛多肽毒素研究进展

蜘蛛肽类神经毒素按分子量大小可分为2种,除了黑寡妇蜘蛛毒素属于高分子量多肽,其余的毒素均属于小分子量肽类。不同的多肽毒素其功能不同,它们或仅作用于昆虫,或仅作用于哺乳动物,或对二者皆有影响。本文综述了近十年来这方面的研究成果,根据功能将毒素分成4类,逐一介绍了毒素的结构与作用机制。这些毒素的研究对神经生物学,新药的研究与开发及植物的抗虫育种等方面的发展具有重要的意义。     

拖鞋肋园蛛

<正>蜘蛛是节肢动物门Arthropoda蛛形纲Arachnida蜘蛛目Araneae)种的通称。《应用昆虫学报》不仅发表昆虫(节肢动物门的昆虫纲Insecta)的各类研究成果,同时也从广义角度关注蜘蛛等相关研究成果的报道,同时很多蜘蛛是昆虫的天敌。本期封面照片提供了拖鞋肋园蛛Alenatea touxie Song et Zhu(园蛛科Araneidae,李枢强鉴定物种名称,张润志拍摄照片)的皮蜕和蜘蛛,2020年9月27日拍摄于北京农业展览馆院内。蜘蛛在发育过程中,在激素的作用下,要经历多次蜕皮才能慢慢长大。     

拖鞋肋园蛛

正蜘蛛是节肢动物门Arthropoda蛛形纲Arachnida蜘蛛目Araneae)种的通称。《应用昆虫学报》不仅发表昆虫(节肢动物门的昆虫纲Insecta)的各类研究成果,同时也从广义角度关注蜘蛛等相关研究成果的报道,同时很多蜘蛛是昆虫的天敌。本期封面照片提供了拖鞋肋园蛛Alenatea touxie Song et Zhu(园蛛科Araneidae,李枢强鉴定物种名称,张润志拍摄照片)的皮蜕和蜘蛛,2020年9月27日拍摄于北京农业展览馆院内。蜘蛛在发育过程中,在激素的作用下,要经历多次蜕皮才能慢慢长大。     

东南亚森林蜘蛛

荷兰蛛形学家Christa L.Deeleman—Reinhold女士新著《Forest Spiders of South East Asia(东南亚森林蜘蛛)》一书已于今年初出版,全书591页。本书对东南亚地区的管巢蛛科、圆颚蛛科、光盔蛛科、平腹蛛科、粗螯蛛科和转蛛科等6个科蜘蛛首次进行了全面的分类学记述。据作者介绍,这几科蜘蛛约占本地区种类总数的12％。本书共记述10亚科57属。对各科、亚科和属的鉴别特征均有详细的记述。在书的开始部分有本地区已知47个科的检索,然后在本书述及的类群有亚科和属的检索。各分类阶元均有引用文献和分类讨论。书中发表了许多新属和新种,为搞清楚本地区的蜘蛛区系增补了大量新资料,是作者多年来对本地区蜘蛛研究成果的部分总结。凡本书记述的类群的全部种类的分布在书中50幅地图上分     

《中国蜘蛛》评介

宋大祥教授主编的《The Spiders of China(中国蜘蛛)》一书已于今年4月由河北科技出版社出版.全书640页,包括330个图版在内,约百万余字。蜘蛛是陆生动物中除昆虫外最大的类群,在生物多样性、农林害虫生物防治及维持生态平衡中起重要的作用。我国虽自古代早已认识到蜘蛛的重要性,但是作为一门蜘形学,只是在18世纪末才开始由外国学者研究中国的蜘蛛,而在国内,只是到木世纪70年代末才有较多的学者重视研究这一类动物。 近20年来国内外学者相继发表的中国蜘蛛论文达数百篇。一方面极大地推动了这一领域的研究工作,另一方面由于     

蜘蛛毒素的研究进展及其相关应用

蜘蛛毒素含有多种化学成分,除毒性作用外这些物质对机体产生多重影响并具有多种活性。近年来,大量新的毒性组分不断被分离纯化,其结构和功能性作用被广泛深入研究,蜘蛛毒素成为了生物毒素领域新的研究热点。本文对蜘蛛毒素在离子通道作用机制方面的最新研究进展进行了阐述,同时还探讨了蜘蛛毒素在医学实践中新的应用和发展。     

Contrasting responses of web-building spiders to deer browsing among habitats and feeding guilds

We examined web-building spider species richness and abundance in forests across a deer density gradient to determine the effects of sika deer browsing on spiders among habitats and feeding guilds. Deer decreased the abundance of web-building spiders in understory vegetation but increased their abundance in the litter layer. Deer seemed to affect web-building spiders in the understory vegetation by reducing the number of sites for webs because vegetation complexity was positively correlated with spider density and negatively correlated with deer density. In contrast, the presence of vegetation just above the litter layer decreased the spider density, and deer exerted a negative effect on this vegetation, possibly resulting in an indirect positive effect on spider density. The vegetation just above the litter layer may be unsuitable as a scaffold for building webs if it is too flexible to serve as a reliable web support, and may even hinder spiders from building webs on litter. Alternatively, the negative effect of this vegetation on spiders in the litter may be as a result of reduced local prey availability under the leaves because of the reduced accessibility of aerial insects. The response to deer browsing on web-building spiders that inhabit the understory vegetation varied with feeding guild. Deer tended to affect web-invading spiders, which inhabit the webs of other spiders and steal prey, more heavily than other web-building spiders, probably because of the accumulated effects of habitat fragmentation through the trophic levels. Thus, the treatment of a particular higher-order taxon as a homogeneous group could result in misleading conclusions about the effects of mammalian herbivores.     

Poor Display Repertoire, Tolerance and Kleptobiosis: Results of Specialization in an Ant-Eating Spider (Araneae, Zodariidae)

The agonistic display repertoire of myrmecophagous Zodarion rubidum has five displays. This is fewer than in other spiders, which is a result of the short time spent in contests (4 s). Such a short duration seems to be an adaptation to living among foraging ants, which are dangerous to spiders. The interaction procedure was markedly affected by the presence of preyimmobilized ant. Contests between individuals without prey, or each holding prey, were usually resolved by leg waving. But contests between an individual without and an individual with prey escalated to more aggressive levels. Nevertheless, spiders were never observed to harm or cannibalize one another. Absence of cannibalism is explained as a result of diet specialization: only ants elicit a predatory behavior and provide Zodarion spiders with optimal nutrients. Some spiders used kleptobiosis to gain ants. They first tried to gain immobilized prey aggressively and if failed they adopted a stealthy tactic and shared the prey with the owner. Kleptobiosis is an alternative foraging strategy for Zodarion spiders as it reduces risks associated with hunting dangerous ants.     

应用RAPD技术对蜘蛛系统演化的初步研究

利用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ 技术检测了３ 类不同蜘蛛的系统发生关系．用１２ 个随机引物对各实验蜘蛛的基因组ＤＮＡ 进行扩增,选择其中扩增谱带清晰的８ 个引物进行分析并计算不同类蜘蛛间的遗传距离．结果表明：所有８ 个引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带均表现为不同程度的多态性;地穴型蜘蛛与结网型蜘蛛间的遗传距离及结网型与游猎型之间的遗传距离,均比地穴型与游猎型之间的遗传距离近,体现了蜘蛛由地穴→结网→游猎的系统演化进程．这一结论与根据古生物学、胚胎学、形态学及生态学等得出的结论一致,从而进一步从ＤＮＡ 分子水平上为蜘蛛系统演化提供了新的证据．     

Function of being colorful in web spiders: attracting prey or camouflaging oneself?

Bright body colorations of orb-weaving spiders have been hypothesizedto be attractive to insects and thus function to increase foragingsuccess. However, the color signals of these spiders are alsoconsidered to be similar to those of the vegetation background,and thus the colorations function to camouflage the spiders.In this study, we evaluated these 2 hypotheses by field experimentsand by quantifying the spiders' visibility to insects. We firstcompared the insect interception rates of orbs constructed bythe orchid spider, Leucauge magnifica, with and without thespider. Orbs with spiders intercepted significantly more insectsthan orbs without. Such a result supported the prey attractionbut not the camouflaging hypothesis. We then tested whetherbright body colorations were responsible for L. magnifica'sattractiveness to insects by manipulating the spiders' colorsignals with paint. Alteration of color signals significantlyreduced L. magnifica's insect interception and consumption rates,indicating that these spiders' bright body parts were attractiveto insects. Congruent with the finding of field manipulationswere the color contrasts of various body parts of these spiders.When viewed against the vegetation background, the green bodyparts were lower, but the bright parts were significantly higherthan the discrimination threshold. Results of this study thusprovide direct evidence that bright body colorations of orbweavers function as visual lures to attract insects.     

从12S rRNA基因第三结构域序列分析探讨蜘蛛若干重要类群的亲缘关系

本文将12S rRNA基因序列分析应用于研究若干重要蜘蛛类群的系统关系,以对传统的分类研究结论进行验证和补充,并且探讨12S rRNA基因序列分析在蜘蛛系统发生研究中的适用性。根据12S rRNA基因第3结构域构建的分子系统树得出结论:1.圆网类(即妖面蛛总科与园蛛总科)并非单系;2.隙蛛与暗蛛较漏斗蛛具有更近的亲缘关系;3.壁钱和拟壁钱并不近缘;4.有筛器类蜘蛛为复系类群;5.12S rRNA基因第3结构域片段对推断近缘科属间的系统发生关系是有效的遗传标记。     

Intraguild interactions between spiders and ants and top-down control in a grassland food web

In most terrestrial ecosystems ants (Formicidae) as eusocial insects and spiders (Araneida) as solitary trappers and hunters are key predators. To study the role of predation by these generalist predators in a dry grassland, we manipulated densities of ants and spiders (natural and low density) in a two-factorial field experiment using fenced plots. The experiment revealed strong intraguild interactions between ants and spiders. Higher densities of ants negatively affected the abundance and biomass of web-building spiders. The density of Linyphiidae was threefold higher in plots without ant colonies. The abundance of Formica cunicularia workers was significantly higher in spider-removal plots. Also, population size of springtails (Collembola) was negatively affected by the presence of wandering spiders. Ants reduced the density of Lepidoptera larvae. In contrast, the abundance of coccids (Ortheziidae) was positively correlated with densities of ants. To gain a better understanding of the position of spiders, ants and other dominant invertebrate groups in the studied food web and important trophic links, we used a stable isotope analysis (¹⁵N and ¹³C). Adult wandering spiders were more enriched in ¹⁵N relative to ¹⁴N than juveniles, indicating a shift to predatory prey groups. Juvenile wandering and web-building spiders showed δ¹⁵N ratios just one trophic level above those of Collembola, and they had similar δ¹³C values, indicating that Collembola are an important prey group for ground living spiders. The effects of spiders demonstrated in the field experiment support this result. We conclude that the food resource of spiders in our study system is largely based on the detrital food web and that their effects on herbivores are weak. The effects of ants are not clear-cut and include predation as well as mutualism with herbivores. Within this diverse predator guild, intraguild interactions are important structuring forces.     

Contributions of detrital subsidies to aboveground spiders during secondary succession, revealed by radiocarbon and stable isotope signatures

Prey subsidies originating from detritus add nutrients and energy to arboreal communities. Measurement of this subsidy is required in the understanding of how food web dynamics respond to changes in surrounding environments. Shrub spiders are one of the key predators involved in food web coupling. We evaluate the effects of potential changes in prey availabilities during secondary succession on the contribution of subsidy from detrital food webs to shrub spiders and how different spider feeding guilds used the subsidy of prey from detrital food webs. We measured the relative importance of the subsidy for the spider feeding guilds, using the ratios of stable isotopes of C (δ¹³C), and N (δ¹⁵N) and C isotope discrimination (Δ¹⁴C). Diet age was calculated from Δ¹⁴C values, because old diet ages of spiders indicate that the spiders consume prey from detrital food sources. Dominant aerial prey (Diptera) had a distinctively old diet age compared with arboreal prey, which indicates that aerial prey were subsidized from detrital food webs. Sit-and-wait spiders tended to have an older diet age than active hunting spiders, which indicates that sit-and-wait spiders depended more on subsidies. Diet age varied only slightly for spiders in stands of different ages, indicating that rates at which spiders use grazing and detrital prey are probably determined more by foraging strategies and not by stand age. A dominance of sit-and-wait predators will lead to higher detrital subsidy inputs in shrub habitats. This study highlights the effect of shrub spider community structure (feeding guild composition) on the volume of the subsidy received from the detrital food web.     

Choosing hunting sites with little information: patch-choice responses of crab spiders to distant cues

Adult female crab spiders (Misumena valid) released in a meadowmoved to milkweed stems more often than to other sites and alsomoved to flowering milkweed stems more often than to equallyavailable nonflowering ones. Preferences of the spiders as apopulation were similar during initial and second trials, butgiven individuals did not repeat their initial choices moreoften than predicted by chance. Thus, spiders probably respondeddirectly to cues present, rather than to information retainedfrom earlier experience. Spiders placed at the base of floweringmilkweed stems did not choose these sites more often than predictedby chance or more often than did spiders released in the grass,suggesting that this increase in localization provided no additionalinformation for choosing a hunting site. However, spiders placedat the bases of nonflowering stems selected them less oftenthan predicted. Second trials with these spiders also resembledinitial trials, but, as with the spiders released in the grass,given individuals did not repeat their initial performance moreoften than predicted. Thus, spiders released in the grass probablyresponded directly to cues present, as did spiders releasedat the base of stems. The choices of these spiders, combinedwith flexible giving-up times, caused the spiders to be concentratedon flowering stems. Although this strategy results in a better-than-randompattern of selecting hunting sites, the spiders lose considerableforaging time in the process.     

Rearing environment affects behaviour of jumping spiders

We tested the effect of rearing conditions on the behaviour of jumping spiders, Phidippus audax. Spiders were assigned randomly to either small or large cages that either were empty or contained a painted dowel. Laboratory-reared spiders were raised from second instar to adult in these environments. Field-caught adults also were randomly assigned to these containers and were held for approximately 4 months prior to testing. We presented spiders with three tests designed to examine a range of behaviours. Field-caught spiders were more likely than laboratory-reared spiders to (1) react to videotaped prey, (2) progress further on a detour test, and (3) be less stereotactic and more active in an open field. Larger cage size and the presence of the dowel also improved performance in several tests. Our results suggest that the rearing conditions we used, which are commonly employed by behavioural researchers, may profoundly influence the behaviour of adult spiders. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

Scorpions,spiders and solpugids: predation and competition among distantly related taxa

Summary Scorpions, spiders and solpugids are generalist predators on the same types of arthropod prey. However, these potential competitors also frequently eat one another (=intraguild predation). In a 29 mo. experiment, >6,000 scorpions were removed from 300 (10x10m) quadrats. Significantly more spiders (but not solpugids) occurred in removal versus control quadrats. Two alternate hypotheses potentially explain this result: exploitation competition for jointly exploited prey or intraguild predation. There was no evidence of exploitation competition: no differences existed between removal and control quadrats in prey abundance or spider size and reproductive characteristics. It appears that the release from predation pressure in areas from which scorpions were removed produced the observed increase in spider abundance. Current ecological theory does not fully apply to situations whereby species at the same trophic level interact as both predators and potential competitors.