太湖河蚬种群组成及生长特征研究

为掌握太湖河蚬种群的大小组成、年龄结构及其生长特征,在太湖设置6个采样点,通过采集太湖河蚬样品,测量河蚬的壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重,判定河蚬的年龄,建立河蚬壳长、体重的生长方程。研究结果表明:(1)河蚬壳长、壳宽、壳高及体重范围分别为5.45—40.34 mm、6.68—24.89 mm、7.15—37.41 mm、0.15-19.27 g,其均值分别为(20.17±0.60) mm、(13.57±0.33) mm、(19.13±0.53) mm和(4.09±0.32) g。(2)河蚬种群由0⁺至4⁺龄共5个年龄组组成,其中0⁺至2⁺龄的个体数量占比91.85%.3⁺至4⁺龄的个体数量占比8.15%。(3)河蚬的壳长与体重的关系式为W=2.0×10^-3L^2.477(R²=0.954),表明河蚬呈异速生长。(4)河蚬的壳长生长方程L_t=41.99×[1-e~(-0.27(t...     

长江中游养殖湖泊大通湖河蚬种群动态及次级生产力（英文）

2011年3月至2012年2月,通过逐月调查的方式,分析了大通湖河蚬的种群动态,并采用体长频率分布法计算其次级生产力。调查共采集分析河蚬4108个,壳长(SL)和湿重(WW)范围分别为3.41—29.58 mm和0.005—10.03 g。大通湖河蚬SL和WW之间的关系为WW=–3.52+3.08logSL (R2=0.97),表明其种群呈异速生长;繁殖高峰主要集中在3—4月和8—10月。河蚬的年平均密度和生物量(,以无灰干重计, AFDW)分别为(274±95) ind./m2和(20.1±5.7) g AFDW/m2,年次级生产力(P)为23.90 g AFDW/(m2·年), P/系数为1.20/年,周转率为298d。基于VonBertalanffy季节生长方程估算的河蚬生长参数为:渐近壳长L∞=31.91 mm,生长速率K=0.45,振幅C=0.84,冬季点WP=0.09,表明大通湖河蚬生长呈明显的季节性, 1月生长速率最低。河蚬最长寿命(tmax)约为4.44年,年总死亡系数(Z)为1.68,自然死亡系数(M)为0.89,捕捞死亡系数(F)为0.79,年开发率(E)为0.47。结果表明大通湖河蚬资源处于过度开发状态,急需采取有效的措施对其资源进行合理保护。     

长江口滨岸带河蚬的时空分布特征及其指示作用

以长江口滨岸湿地生态系统习见的大型底栖动物河蚬为对象,研究了河蚬种群密度、生物量的时空分布特征,分析了河蚬及环境中悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中的重金属含量.结果表明,不同季节、不同采样点以及相同采样点的不同断面河蚬的分布都有差异.河蚬种群密度、生物量的季节分布趋势是春、秋两季＞夏季;其中,浒浦河蚬的年度平均种群密度与平均生物量最高;河蚬在崇明中潮滩的种群密度、生物量高于低潮滩和高潮滩.研究表明,河蚬对沉积物中的重金属元素Cu、Zn富集能力强,对Pb、Cr的富集能力弱,其中,河蚬体内Pb含量与沉积物中Pb含量呈显著负相关(R=-0.924,P<0.01).     

巢湖富营养化对河蚬和环棱螺分布及种群密度影响

2001年9月和2002年9月两次对巢湖河蚬和环棱螺的调查表明,在富营养化程度较重的西湖区,河蚬生物量分别为17.87和47.29g·m^-2;环棱螺生物量分别为4.4和12.6g·m^-2.而在富营养化程度较轻的东湖区,河蚬的生物量分别为67.86和96.18g·m^-2;环棱螺的生物量分别为32.00和31.21g·m^-2.河蚬和环棱螺的种群密度和生物量均随水体富营养化的加剧而下降.近岸带河蚬和环棱螺的密度和生物量明显高于敞水区.河蚬的分布型为核心型,而环棱螺更接近随机性分布.河蚬和环棱螺的种群密度和生物量与水深均无明显相关(P＞0.05).环棱螺生物量与总氮TN、硝态氮NO₃-N、总磷TP和溶解性磷PO₄-P浓度呈显著负相关,而河蚬生物量仅与PO₄-P呈负相关.现有河蚬资源量与1981年相比有较大幅度的下降.探讨了其它环境因子对河蚬和环棱螺分布和生长的影响.     

巢湖富营养化对河蚬和环棱螺分布及种群密度影响

2001年9月和2002年9月两次对巢湖河蚬和环棱螺的调查表明,在富营养化程度较重的西湖区,河蚬生物量分别为17.87和47.29 g·m^-2;环棱螺生物量分别为45.45和12.56 g·m^-2.而在富营养化程度较轻的东湖区,河蚬的生物量分别为67.86和96.18 g·m^-2;环棱螺的生物量分别为32.00和31.21 g·m^-2.河蚬和环棱螺的种群密度和生物量均随水体富营养化的加剧而下降.近岸带河蚬和环棱螺的密度和生物量明显高于敞水区.河蚬的分布型为核心型,而环棱螺更接近随机性分布.河蚬和环棱螺的种群密度和生物量与水深均无明显相关(P>0.05).环棱螺生物量与总氮TN、硝态氮NO₃-N、总磷TP和溶解性磷PO₄-P浓度呈显著负相关,而河蚬生物量仅与PO₄-P呈负相关.现有河蚬资源量与1981年相比有较大幅度的下降.探讨了其它环境因子对河蚬和环棱螺分布和生长的影响.     

湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬的性别组成与精子形态特征

本研究以湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为研究对象,在进一步验证该群体性别组成的基础上,分析壳长组成与性别比例之间关系,探讨该群体雄性、雌性和雌雄同体之间关系;同时以单鞭毛精子为参照,分析比较双鞭毛精子的形态特征,以期为我国河蚬的性别发生及生殖适应策略研究提供基础资料。结果显示：沅江鼎城段河蚬(n = 770)雄性、雌性和雌雄同体最小性成熟壳长分别为2.92 mm、5.66 mm和5.30 mm。697只性成熟河蚬中雄性、雌性和雌雄同体的比例近似1︰1︰6。雌雄同体的平均壳长[(22.55 ± 0.33)mm,n = 517]显著大于雄性[(20.44 ± 1.03)mm,n = 95]和雌性[(19.79 ± 0.99)mm,n = 85](P < 0.05),但雄性与雌性的平均壳长之间差异不显著(P > 0.05)。河蚬可以产生单鞭毛和双鞭毛两种类型的精子,单鞭毛精子头长范围4.93 ~ 21.79 μm,平均值(14.27 ± 0.82)μm(n = 30),双鞭毛精子头长范围10.29 ~ 22.04 μm,平均值(15.62 ± 0.62)μm(n = 26)。单、双鞭毛精子头长差异不显著(P > 0.05)。双鞭毛精子(n = 26)长尾的平均长度[(38.07 ± 1.44)μm]显著大于其短尾[(31.08 ± 1.60)μm]和单鞭毛精子(n = 30)尾部长度[(30.15 ± 1.75)μm](P < 0.01),但其短尾与单鞭毛精子的尾部平均长度之间无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。结果表明：湖南沅江鼎城段河蚬为雄性先熟,且可能存在雄性和(或)雌性向雌雄同体转换现象。河蚬具有单鞭毛型和双鞭毛型2种类型的精子,且双鞭毛精子的2个尾部不等长。同域共存河蚬的单鞭毛与双鞭毛精子在运动及受精能力方面的差异值得深入研究。     

钱塘江干流(清渚江至七堡江段)软体动物的定量调查

本文是对钱塘江干流清渚江至七堡江段软体动物定量调查的结果。标本经鉴定计有 1 6种 ,其中腹足纲 1 1种 ,瓣鳃纲 5种 ,优势种为河蚬。该江段软体动物的全年平均生物量为 ( 1 1 4 5± 1 0 0 2 )g m2 ,密度为 ( 64 5 2± 1 1 80 )个 m2 ,其中河蚬平均生物量为 ( 1 0 9 5 3± 1 6 96)g m2 ,密度为 ( 3 6 45± 6 3 6)个 m2 。探讨了该江段河蚬的主产区和河蚬种群内分布的类型 ,提出了软体动物渔业利用的建议。     

背瘤丽蚌稚蚌的生长与发育

利用显微技术连续观察了背瘤丽蚌(Lamprotula leai)稚蚌发育、行为、生长和壳型变化等重要生物学特征。结果表明,刚脱落的稚蚌平均壳长208.5μm,在水温23.9～32.8℃条件下,经过75 d生长发育,进入幼蚌阶段,此时幼蚌平均壳长10.12 mm。壳长(L)、壳高(H)与日龄(t)的关系分别为L=0.220 4 e0.051 2t(R2=0.993 5)和H=0.227 7 e0.041 8t(R2=0.994 2),壳高(H)与壳长(L)的关系为H=0.781 5 L0.814(R2=0.998 1)。以稚蚌行为特征变化为依据,将背瘤丽蚌稚蚌发育划分为爬行期和埋栖期,再以稚蚌壳形状变化为依据,将爬行期稚蚌发育分为稚蚌脱落期、背部平直期、壳顶突出期,反映了背瘤丽蚌稚蚌生长与发育过程的动态变化。     

桂西南喀斯特山地蚬木幼龄植株的天然更新

分析了桂西南喀斯特山地蚬木幼龄植株的结构特征、空间分布格局和生长动态,以及影响其种群更新的环境因子.结果表明: 该区域的幼龄蚬木种群为稳定型,种群空间分布格局呈集群型分布;幼龄植株的地径和株高生长趋势相同,且地径随株高的增长而增加,实生苗的地径和株高生长受到种群密度的抑制;群落乔木和灌木层对蚬木幼龄植株的更新有重要影响,而草本层的影响不显著;岩石裸露率对蚬木天然更新未产生显著影响,不同坡度、坡位上蚬木幼龄植株的株高和地径的差异极显著,不同坡向植株的密度、株高和地径差异极显著.蚬木的天然更新受到物种的生物学特性,种内、种间竞争,生境异质性及人为干扰等因素的综合影响.     

林分结构对桂西南蚬木种群天然更新的影响

研究垂直结构(树冠指数、大树比例、小树比例和树高)及密度因素(基面积、乔木密度、灌木密度、灌木盖度和蚬木比例)对桂西南喀斯特山地典型蚬木种群天然更新的影响.结果表明: 群落平均更新密度为1742～3861株·hm^-2,密度相对较低.垂直结构和密度因素对蚬木幼龄植株个体数影响不显著,对地径和株高生长有一定影响.在垂直结构变量中,树冠指数与蚬木幼苗株高呈显著负相关,与幼苗地径的相关性不显著;大树比例和树高与幼苗的地径和株高均呈显著负相关,小树比例与幼苗地径和株高呈显著正相关.在密度变量中,乔木密度与幼苗地径、株高呈显著正相关;蚬木比例与幼苗地径呈显著负相关.多元回归分析显示,林分结构因子与蚬木幼龄植株个体数的拟合较差(P>0.05),蚬木幼苗的数量分布在一定程度上受到垂直结构的综合影响;林分结构因子模型对蚬木幼苗地径和株高的拟合较好(P<0.01),幼苗地径生长主要受乔木密度影响,株高生长主要受乔木密度和基面积的共同影响.     

RIVERINE HABITAT PREFERENCES OF BOTOS (INIA GEOFFRENSIS) AND TUCUXIS (SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS) IN THE CENTRAL AMAZON

The distribution and density of the Amazon's two contrasting endemic dolphins–boto, or Amazon river dolphin, Inia geoffrensis , and tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis –were examined on two adjoining large rivers in western Brazil. Using a 17-m river boat as a sightings platform, strip transects were used to cover areas within 150 m of the river margin and line transects were used in all other areas. Highest densities of both dolphins occurred near the margin, and lowest in the center of rivers. Seven different habitats were identified along river margins. The boto and the tucuxi differed in some elements of habitat choice, but they shared a preference for areas with diminished current and where two channels joined. Neither species favored the two most common edge types in this region of the Amazon-mud banks and flooded forest margins. Overall, the most preferred habitat type was the least common, and known as "meeting of the waters." In these areas a channel of sediment-rich white water meets one carrying acidic black water; the resultant mixing produces particularly productive, and obviously attractive, conditions for dolphins. These results demonstrate that Amazonian dolphins selectively occur in areas known to be favored for gill net deployment by local fishermen, and may explain why entanglement is apparently a common cause of mortality.     

DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE AMAZON RIVER DOLPHIN (INIA GEOFFRENSIS) AND THE TUCUXI (SOTALIA FLUVIATILIS) IN THE UPPER AMAZON RIVER

A boat survey was conducted from 5 to 26 June 1993 to estimate the abundance of the Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) and the tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) along ca . 120 km of the Amazon River bordering Colombia, Peru, and Brazil. Two survey methods were used: line transects during 5 d and strip transects during 15 d. The line transects were used to estimate the abundance of both species in the main channels of the Amazon at distances greater than 200 m from river banks and islands, and strip transects were used to estimate abundance in the remainder of the habitat. A total of 29 sightings was obtained using line transects, including 8 of Inia , 15 of Sotalia , and 6 with both species present. The total number of sightings made while using strip transects was 143, including 78 of Inia , 51 of Sotalia , and 14 with both species present. The distributions of sightings with respect to distance from the nearest bank were not significantly different between the two species. Based on the results from the two methods, we estimate that there are 346 (CV = 0.12) Inia and 409 (CV = 0.13) Sotalia in the study area. Overall, the mean group size for Inia was 2.9 individuals and for Sotalia was 3.9 individuals. Inia density (dolphin/km²) was highest in tributaries (4.8), followed by areas around islands (2.7) and along main banks (2.0); while Sotalia density was highest in lakes (8.6), followed by areas along main banks (2.8) and around islands (2.0). These are among the highest densities measured to date for any cetacean.     

近年来我国关于白鱀豚Lipotes vexillifer的研究

白鱀豚是我国特有的珍贵水生哺乳动物,也是世界现存的4种淡水豚(拉河豚Pontoporia blainvillei,亚河豚Inia geoffrensis,恒河豚Platanista gangetica和白鱀豚)中存活头数最少的一种。近几年来,白鱀豚已为很多人所熟知,并像大熊猫一样,被视为我国的“国宝”。 对白鱀豚进行系统的研究工作,开始在中华人民共和国成立之后。特别是七十年代以来,我国的科学工作者对其进行了大量的调查研究。     

Nymphal biology of Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791) (Ephemeroptera,Polymitarcyidae) in an Apenninic river (NW Italy)

Life cycle, feeding habits and nymphal density of a population of Ephoron virgo from the Bormida river (Northwestern Italy) were studied. Nymphs were present in the river from the beginning of May until August, with the highest density of nymphs recorded at the end of May–beginning of June. The life cycle was univoltine and the nymphal growth was fast. During the life cycle, an obligatory egg diapause occurs and individuals remain in this stage for up to nine months. Nymphs fed mainly on detritus, although mineral matter constituted a considerable percentage of the gut contents, predominantly in smaller nymphs.     

三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局

研究对2005—2012年长江上游合江、木洞、万州和秭归江段的鱼类群聚结构进行了调查, 以分析三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局。结果显示, 在三峡蓄水后, 在合江至秭归江段累计采集到土著鱼类368706尾, 合计132种, 隶属于17科, 其中鲤科鱼类为优势类群。沿河流-水库纵向梯度, 土著鱼类物种数下降而外来鱼类物种数增加。对应分析表明, 合江至秭归江段的鱼类群聚呈现出明显分化: 库区以上河段鱼类组成以流水性鱼类为主, 库区鱼类则以静水缓流型为主。指示物种分析进一步指出, 河流区鱼类以犁头鳅(Lepturichthys fimbriata)、红唇薄鳅(Leptobotia rubrilabris)、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、圆筒吻(Rhinogobio cylindricus)等22种鱼类为指示物种, 其功能群特征表现为偏好流水生境、生活史为均衡主义及食性为昆虫食性; 库区鱼类以宽口光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus monticolus)、宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、鳊(Parabramis pekinensis)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)等16种鱼类为指示物种, 其功能群特征表现为偏好静水生境、食性为草食性或浮游食性。以上研究表明, 三峡水库蓄水导致的水环境变化是影响长江上游鱼类纵向格局的主要驱动力。建议相关管理部门根据不同河段鱼类群聚特征制定不同的渔业管理措施, 如保护土著鱼类资源、控制外来入侵鱼类。     

THE BIRDS OF THE PORT HERALD DISTRICT. (PART I)

Coppinger, M. P., Williams, G. D. &; Maclean, G. L. 1988. Distribution and breeding biology of the African Skimmer on the Upper and Middle Zambezi River. Ostrich 59: 85–96.

Observations were made on the distribution and breeding biology of the African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris from May to November 1986 and April to December 1987, along 1550 km of the Zambezi River from its source to the Luangwa-Zambezi confluence at the Mozambique border. The 280-km Angolan section was omitted. Bird habitats along the river were mapped and the distribution of the African Skimmer was compared with the availability of its breeding habitat. 35 breeding colonies were found of which 33 were on the Barotse floodplain. Eggs were noted during August, September and October; they were laid in scrapes on bare sand in clutches of mostly 2–3. 260 eggs were measured from 101 clutches (a 39,6 x 28,4 mm). Both parents incubated and cared for the young. In hot weather, adults drank often and belly-wetted at nest relief. Chicks stayed in the nest for two days and were almost constantly shaded by the parents. Distraction displays by the adults were observed. The Upper and Middle Zambezi African Skimmer population was estimated to be 1428 birds. The important breeding areas were noted and possible threats to their conservation are discussed.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CALOGLOSSA LEPRIEURII (RHODOPHYTA) IN THE BRISBANE RIVER,AUSTRALIA1

The role of salinity as a factor determining the distribution of two red algal taxa, Caloglossa leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. var. leprieurii and Caloglossa leprieurii var. angusta Jao, along the course of the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia, was investigated. In the field, C. leprieurii var. angusta tolerated a narrower salinity range (mean salinity = 0.0–18.9) than C. leprieurii var. leprieurii (mean salinity = 2.0–33.8) and occupied areas of lower salinity (salinity expressed according to the Practical Salinity Scale of 1978). Both taxa coexisted for a distance of 23 km along the middle reaches of the river. Cell measurements of specimens of both taxa collected along the river showed an increase in cell sizes upstream from the mouth. Results of a reciprocal transplant experiment and growth responses in a series of laboratory culture studies of the two taxa in a range of salinities are presented. These could be correlated with the field distribution of the algae, demonstrating their euryhalinity and the presence of distinct salinity ecotypes.     

塔里木盆地胡杨分布区的消退和林地更新复壮的初步研究

 本文从塔里木盆地的胡杨(Populus euphratica)与其生境间的关系,分析胡杨的消退原因和更新途径。泛滥因素支配了胡杨在裸地侵移过程;干旱气候使单优林地主要靠地下水生存而不能自然更新;林地生境受胡杨的生活周期支配,靠荒漠河道的摆动维持种群相对稳定。近年来,洪水被控制,改变了胡杨继续生存的条件、滥伐又加速了林地消退,林地难以通过种子恢复,桩萌矮林效益欠佳。用挖桩残留的断根萌株,类似插条繁殖、是更新与复壮林地较理想的方法。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE GROWTH RATE OF MPASA,OPSABIDIUM MICROLEPIS (GUNTHER, 1864) (PISCES: CRYPRINIDAE), BY LENGTH FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

SUMMARY

The mpasa, Opsaridium microlepis, is an important commercial species in areas of Lake Malawi near major inflowing rivers during annual spawning migrations. Plots of length frequency data collected over a series of years from mpasa catches in the Bua and North Rukuru Rivers show consistent peaks and these are believed to represent year classes. Growth in length is approximately linear, about 11 cm per year, until about five years of age. Males and females have similar growth rates.

Catch per unit effort is positively related to river level at time of sampling, and to river levels in earlier years, thus high river levels improve recruitment.     

UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA'S STANDING WATERS

SUMMARY

An examination of the nature of the stratification in polymictic and monomictic Southern African reservoirs is presented. Wind stirring is the principal mode of heat transfer during spring heating. In high summer radiation from stable heated surface layers is responsible for the generation of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) as a consequence of cascading of high density water downwards to neutral density levels. Entrainment of warm layers by inflow gradients in the reservoirs of the summer rainfall regions of the subcontinent is a further important mechanism setting up TKE in the epilimnion. It may become dominant during periods of high river inflow and often precedes autumnal turnover.